Gobbets

• Olmsted pp153-155
• Ball Chs 10-11
• Kemble extract

Questions

What was the informal or internal economy? How and where did it arise? How did it alter the perception of work among slaves? How did it change the material standard of living among slaves?

Core Reading

• Morgan, Philip D., 'The ownership of property by slaves in the mid-nineteenth century lowcountry', JSH, XLIX, (1983), 399-420.
• Wood, Betty, '"White society" and the "informal" economies of lowcountry Georgia c.1763-1830', S&A, XI, (1990), 313-331.
• Damian Alan Pargas ‘Various Means of Providing for Their Own Tables’: Comparing Slave Family Economies in the Antebellum South American Nineteenth Century History (2006) 361-387

E-resources

• Lockley, T, ‘Trading Encounters between Non-Elite whites and African Americans in Savannah, 1790-1860.’ Journal of Southern History 66 (February, 2000), pp25-48
• Forret, Jeff. 'Slaves, Poor Whites, and the Underground Economy of the Rural Carolinas,' Journal of Southern History, 70, 4 (2004), pp. 783-824.
• Parish, Peter, 'The edges of slavery in the Old South: or do exceptions prove rules?" S&A 4 (1983) 106-125
• Schweniger, Loren, 'The underside of slavery: the internal economy, self hire and quasi freedom in Virginia' S&A 12.2 (1991) 1-22
• Walvin, James, 'Slaves, free time and the question of leisure' S&A 16 (1995) 1-13
• Hughes, Sarah S., 'Slaves for hire: the allocation of black labor in Elizabeth County Virginia 1782-1810' WMQ 35 (1978) 260-286
• Eaton, Clement, 'Slave hiring in the Upper South: a step toward freedom' MVHR 46 (1959-60) 603-678

Further reading

• Berlin, Ira & Morgan, Philip, The slaves' economy: independent production by slaves in the Americas. (Also published as Cultivation and Culture)
• Morgan, Philip, Slave Counterpoint (pt 1)
• Wood, Betty, '"Never on a Sunday?": Slavery and the Sabbath in lowcountry Georgia, 1750-1830', in From chattel slaves to wage slaves: the dynamics of labour bargaining in the Americas. Turner, Mary, [ed.], 79-96.
• Wood, Betty, 'Women's work, men's work': the informal slave economies of lowcountry Georgia, 1750-1830
• Penningroth, Dylan C., The claims of Kinfolk: African American Property and community
• Martin, Jonathan D., Divided Mastery: Slave Hiring in the American South
• McDonald, Roderic A., The economy and material culture of slaves: goods and chattels on the sugar plantations of Jamaica and Louisiana. 
• Olwell, Robert, 'A reckoning of accounts: patriarchy, market relations and control on Henry Laurens's lowcountry plantations, 1762-1785' in Larry Hudson [ed], Working toward freedom p33-52
• Syndor, C. S. Slavery in Mississippi (ch 7)
• Bolland, O. Nigel, 'Proto-Proletarians: Slave wages in the Americas' in Turner (ed), From chattel slaves to wage slaves
• Olwell, Robert, 'Loose, idle and disorderly: slave women in the 18thC Charleston marketplace' in Gaspar & Hine (eds) More than chattel