WEBVTT

b04117d9-0a1c-457b-ae10-b756eba7bcfe-0
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Always sounds a bit like an
obituary when people start start

b04117d9-0a1c-457b-ae10-b756eba7bcfe-1
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listing all the things you've
you've done.

995382b2-655b-416c-81e0-65cb9a729861-0
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You like one of those new news,
new types of funerals that they

995382b2-655b-416c-81e0-65cb9a729861-1
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have in South America, where the
the deceased is there to hear

995382b2-655b-416c-81e0-65cb9a729861-2
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all the lovely things being said
about them. I think they've got

995382b2-655b-416c-81e0-65cb9a729861-3
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the idea from this. This could
well be where they got it from.

ef2d1c2a-2fec-4cc8-a49a-186c803da212-0
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It was very much appreciated and
very heartfelt. I mean it's uh,

ef2d1c2a-2fec-4cc8-a49a-186c803da212-1
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thank you very much for the
introduction. Uh, thank you all

ef2d1c2a-2fec-4cc8-a49a-186c803da212-2
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for, for being here, for
attending this uh this short

ef2d1c2a-2fec-4cc8-a49a-186c803da212-3
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seminar. I'm extremely happy
we're able to do this because I

ef2d1c2a-2fec-4cc8-a49a-186c803da212-4
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mean for various reasons, but
one of the reasons being that

ef2d1c2a-2fec-4cc8-a49a-186c803da212-5
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University of Warwick, as you
all know, is a dear partner of

ef2d1c2a-2fec-4cc8-a49a-186c803da212-6
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our university in the utopian
network. We are currently

ef2d1c2a-2fec-4cc8-a49a-186c803da212-7
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looking into collaboration with
university where I called level

ef2d1c2a-2fec-4cc8-a49a-186c803da212-8
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of both.

708446e6-ac8f-48c9-9c8b-f399a68e6f8b-0
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Education and uh and research
also outreach. So it's a it's

708446e6-ac8f-48c9-9c8b-f399a68e6f8b-1
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good that things are are coming
together and I'm extremely happy

708446e6-ac8f-48c9-9c8b-f399a68e6f8b-2
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that this is a kind of spin off
of of other negotiations and

708446e6-ac8f-48c9-9c8b-f399a68e6f8b-3
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collaborations that are that are
ongoing and that are developing

708446e6-ac8f-48c9-9c8b-f399a68e6f8b-4
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in an exciting directions. So I
very much look forward to

708446e6-ac8f-48c9-9c8b-f399a68e6f8b-5
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continuing that collaboration. I
think if that works out both on

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the occasional level and
research level, we'll have some

708446e6-ac8f-48c9-9c8b-f399a68e6f8b-7
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good times.

432dc4d4-a182-40ba-8d41-90c385e51eae-0
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Yeah that we can do a very
interesting things. And once

432dc4d4-a182-40ba-8d41-90c385e51eae-1
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again my deep appreciation for
the the colleagues at Warwick,

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I've seen, I've seen their work.
I've seen their their

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investments in in research and
education and also in

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collaboration. And I must say
that of the many many

432dc4d4-a182-40ba-8d41-90c385e51eae-5
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collaborations I've been
involved in over the past years,

432dc4d4-a182-40ba-8d41-90c385e51eae-6
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this really is one of the most
rewarding. Also one of the

432dc4d4-a182-40ba-8d41-90c385e51eae-7
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warmest collaborations I've had
the pleasure of of being

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involved in. So from my side.

afb70948-0012-4ae4-8cd1-2902b1e5febe-0
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You thank you very much for
everything you are doing

afb70948-0012-4ae4-8cd1-2902b1e5febe-1
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together with our university and
uh uh with our colleagues for

afb70948-0012-4ae4-8cd1-2902b1e5febe-2
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the way you are supporting us in
in in common projects and goals.

afb70948-0012-4ae4-8cd1-2902b1e5febe-3
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And without further ado, let's
dive into into a talk that is

afb70948-0012-4ae4-8cd1-2902b1e5febe-4
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closely related to many of the
things we are trying to do

afb70948-0012-4ae4-8cd1-2902b1e5febe-5
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together. Um. I was asked to um
to give a talk on uh um on uh

afb70948-0012-4ae4-8cd1-2902b1e5febe-6
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social linguistic issues related
to Belgium slash Brussels and I

afb70948-0012-4ae4-8cd1-2902b1e5febe-7
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prepared a kind of very broad.

b7be530d-85f4-4383-b33f-77d2e259a877-0
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Which basically means that if
you want to interrupt me if

b7be530d-85f4-4383-b33f-77d2e259a877-1
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something is unclear, if you
want to ask additional

b7be530d-85f4-4383-b33f-77d2e259a877-2
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questions, please feel free to
do so. I may not be able to see

b7be530d-85f4-4383-b33f-77d2e259a877-3
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your hand pop up on on my very
small team screen, which I have

b7be530d-85f4-4383-b33f-77d2e259a877-4
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in the corner, but just coming
to the meeting, switch on your

b7be530d-85f4-4383-b33f-77d2e259a877-5
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mic and I will be most happy to
try and answer any questions. If

b7be530d-85f4-4383-b33f-77d2e259a877-6
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I can't answer immediately, I'll
come back to it later on. If I

b7be530d-85f4-4383-b33f-77d2e259a877-7
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can, uh, no problem whatsoever,
we can we can make this talk

b7be530d-85f4-4383-b33f-77d2e259a877-8
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developing in various
directions.

1e9584c7-281b-4a09-bba9-e0742d1e0c7e-0
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As general title, I proposed um,
um, friendly prompted four times

1e9584c7-281b-4a09-bba9-e0742d1e0c7e-1
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or five times because postponing
and and and kind of

1e9584c7-281b-4a09-bba9-e0742d1e0c7e-2
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procrastinating when having to
submit titles is one of my, uh,

1e9584c7-281b-4a09-bba9-e0742d1e0c7e-3
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my major traits um, I submitted
the title multilingual Brussels

1e9584c7-281b-4a09-bba9-e0742d1e0c7e-4
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in the 21st century.

1c6e382a-55c9-4440-953d-c28c1df25085-0
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People as chaos or blueprint for
modern metropolis. The

1c6e382a-55c9-4440-953d-c28c1df25085-1
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metropolis was a nice touch,
suggested not by me, but by the

1c6e382a-55c9-4440-953d-c28c1df25085-2
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their colleagues from from
Warwick. The image you see on

1c6e382a-55c9-4440-953d-c28c1df25085-3
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the screen is actually an image
copied from a book by Philip

1c6e382a-55c9-4440-953d-c28c1df25085-4
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compares on language policy in
Europe. It's a photo compilation

1c6e382a-55c9-4440-953d-c28c1df25085-5
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which is a typical for the work
of a Belgian artist on top of

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the.

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Kind of like Tower of Babel, you
see the the central building of

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the European Commission
administration in Brussels.

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Below that you see various
Brussels houses which have been

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compiled into a kind of big
babylonic battlescape tower.

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Kind of an an metaphorical image
for all issues to do with

5a87567c-38c1-48bc-8128-5a821985b378-5
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language and policy in Belgium
and Europe at large. And where

5a87567c-38c1-48bc-8128-5a821985b378-6
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do I speak from? Some things
were already mentioned.

8b55b612-989b-44a8-94ac-668ad8ad9bb6-0
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Said I'm a I was trained as a
sociolinguist and I also have a

8b55b612-989b-44a8-94ac-668ad8ad9bb6-1
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keen interest in language
history and my main feel of of

8b55b612-989b-44a8-94ac-668ad8ad9bb6-2
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expertise is Dutch linguistics.
But as things go you try to

8b55b612-989b-44a8-94ac-668ad8ad9bb6-3
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branch out to other languages
and and other spheres as well.

8b55b612-989b-44a8-94ac-668ad8ad9bb6-4
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Most of those things have come
together in my my research focus

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on historical sociolinguistics
and um, when working on that I

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try to focus or I have one more
try to supervise work on

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language contract language.

ce94b21a-63fc-4e02-b30b-6a5f5d2d1ac3-0
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Conflict and language policy.
Uh, I do that as an academic at

ce94b21a-63fc-4e02-b30b-6a5f5d2d1ac3-1
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the Flemish speaking or Dutch
speaking university in Brussels.

ce94b21a-63fc-4e02-b30b-6a5f5d2d1ac3-2
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I also do that based in a number
of learned societies, as said

ce94b21a-63fc-4e02-b30b-6a5f5d2d1ac3-3
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before uh which?

eb6fb5c9-a65e-4baf-9753-0aa9d722efe9-0
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For advocates of the the
position of Dutch, both in

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Belgium and worldwide. Uh, the
Royal Academy, which was

eb6fb5c9-a65e-4baf-9753-0aa9d722efe9-2
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mentioned before. I also, um,
double this language policy

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advisor for our university. I'm
on the board of the Council for

eb6fb5c9-a65e-4baf-9753-0aa9d722efe9-4
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multilingualism of the UH the
Brussels region, and have the

eb6fb5c9-a65e-4baf-9753-0aa9d722efe9-5
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extreme pleasure and privilege
of being head of the

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International Association for
Dutch Studies. So a couple of

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things come together on the
academic side and on the

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outreach side. Um, now one of
the things you.

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You, you are often confronted
with when uh talking to

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students, especially first year
bachelor students, 18 year old

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students, when speaking on on
language contact, on major

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terms, one of the cliche images
who are often confronted with is

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the myth of the monolingual
metropolis. Now we all know and

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all people in this meeting know
that the monolingual metropolis

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is really in fact a myth. But
what I usually try to ask my

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students when they arrive here
in Brussels is a basic question

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like.

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What do you think of, of what's
the linguistic profile you think

0ef399b1-03ce-4cf7-a1f2-80f58b5df43d-1
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of when you think of it? Unlike
London and New York and they

0ef399b1-03ce-4cf7-a1f2-80f58b5df43d-2
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usually answer, well, those are
English speaking towns, yes. I

0ef399b1-03ce-4cf7-a1f2-80f58b5df43d-3
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mean you have some other
languages, but they're nowhere

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apparent or not very apparent.
London and you're clearly

0ef399b1-03ce-4cf7-a1f2-80f58b5df43d-5
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qualify as towns where English
dominant and I always like to

0ef399b1-03ce-4cf7-a1f2-80f58b5df43d-6
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show them images you may be
familiar with. The first one is

0ef399b1-03ce-4cf7-a1f2-80f58b5df43d-7
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this, based on the census data
from 2011, this is London with a

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kind of beautiful um.

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Dripping, painting, mosaic,
symbolising all languages

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present in Greater London,
excluding English.

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And what this makes clear, and
this is something which strikes

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students very much, is that
below the the cover of English,

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the unifying cover of English,
you could say there's this wide

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variety, this mosaic of all
different languages, often

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clustering together in various
parts of the town, which clearly

3ac42d57-e4e0-4bbf-a5fc-995a5d1052c5-5
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shows that even when you think
of a metropolis as monolingual,

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there are many, many layers,
many multilingual layers, below

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that superficial level of the
dominant language, which are not

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always as present in the public
sphere.

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And in the social linguistic
landscape, the same can be done

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for New York. You may have seen
this before. July made a very

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nice graph using census data for
the US and for New York, where

1aac71a7-d655-473e-a77c-4bd951b8b64d-3
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she looks at the most dominant
language in New York, and that's

1aac71a7-d655-473e-a77c-4bd951b8b64d-4
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this light, bluish, greyish
colour, which is obviously

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English. There's a few pockets
where you see other languages

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appear. If you take away
English, you see that New York,

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and I apologise for the the
lines that something which went

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wrong in the in the PowerPoint
you see that the next dominant

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languages.

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Which appears is the darker
blue, greyish purple one. That's

b640e356-7f83-4394-a645-86dde726d933-1
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Spanish, but you see different
pockets up there. And if you

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also take Spanish away, like the
two dominant languages in that

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town, you get this beautiful
mosaic of different languages

b640e356-7f83-4394-a645-86dde726d933-4
00:07:52.230 --> 00:07:55.917
which are spread out over the
full the full town of New York

b640e356-7f83-4394-a645-86dde726d933-5
00:07:55.917 --> 00:07:56.220
City.

b40a45df-c1c0-4de0-a00d-477c2221891e-0
00:07:57.830 --> 00:08:02.340
This idea of the monolingual
metropolis is clearly something

b40a45df-c1c0-4de0-a00d-477c2221891e-1
00:08:02.340 --> 00:08:07.145
we need to, we need to put into
perspective. But when looking at

b40a45df-c1c0-4de0-a00d-477c2221891e-2
00:08:07.145 --> 00:08:11.877
the way my tongue, my very small
metropolis, Brussels, is being

b40a45df-c1c0-4de0-a00d-477c2221891e-3
00:08:11.877 --> 00:08:15.796
portrayed, for example,
international, international

b40a45df-c1c0-4de0-a00d-477c2221891e-4
00:08:15.796 --> 00:08:16.240
press.

71ade1c9-4d56-4211-a3f0-4bdee2ccc6b7-0
00:08:17.740 --> 00:08:21.494
When I look at that, at the at
that depiction, you always see

71ade1c9-4d56-4211-a3f0-4bdee2ccc6b7-1
00:08:21.494 --> 00:08:25.310
that Brussels is clearly defined
in terms of Dutch and French.

9213eeba-a11b-498d-b48e-bbaff847ef5d-0
00:08:26.360 --> 00:08:29.765
Whenever there is an article,
for example in the Guardian or

9213eeba-a11b-498d-b48e-bbaff847ef5d-1
00:08:29.765 --> 00:08:33.170
in the times, I believe aside,
less well informed media like

9213eeba-a11b-498d-b48e-bbaff847ef5d-2
00:08:33.170 --> 00:08:36.743
Fox News or or or whatever, uh,
whenever um, language issues in

9213eeba-a11b-498d-b48e-bbaff847ef5d-3
00:08:36.743 --> 00:08:39.590
Brussels and Belgium at large
are being discussed.

e995ca9f-0590-496e-a8c6-ede19bce1d16-0
00:08:40.230 --> 00:08:44.607
2 languages are being mentioned.
There's Dutch on the one hand,

e995ca9f-0590-496e-a8c6-ede19bce1d16-1
00:08:44.607 --> 00:08:48.848
there's French on the other, and
that is basically it. So you

e995ca9f-0590-496e-a8c6-ede19bce1d16-2
00:08:48.848 --> 00:08:52.952
clearly get a a picture of a
bilingual sound of a bilingual

e995ca9f-0590-496e-a8c6-ede19bce1d16-3
00:08:52.952 --> 00:08:57.056
country, and it seems to be the
case that no other language

e995ca9f-0590-496e-a8c6-ede19bce1d16-4
00:08:57.056 --> 00:08:59.040
plays a role in that context.

f7ebb201-9205-471f-81da-a8bb365dea77-0
00:08:59.850 --> 00:09:02.650
Now we all know as
sociolinguists, and we all know

f7ebb201-9205-471f-81da-a8bb365dea77-1
00:09:02.650 --> 00:09:05.835
that linguists at large, that
that cliche image cannot be

f7ebb201-9205-471f-81da-a8bb365dea77-2
00:09:05.835 --> 00:09:06.110
true.

2b5cfade-2a85-4cb8-9136-7a927559d20d-0
00:09:06.900 --> 00:09:10.634
Very much the way London is not
a monolingual town, very much

2b5cfade-2a85-4cb8-9136-7a927559d20d-1
00:09:10.634 --> 00:09:14.008
the way New York is not a
monolingual town, Brussels is

2b5cfade-2a85-4cb8-9136-7a927559d20d-2
00:09:14.008 --> 00:09:17.924
not a bilingual city. And if you
take similar census data, these

2b5cfade-2a85-4cb8-9136-7a927559d20d-3
00:09:17.924 --> 00:09:21.839
are recent census data where you
see the distribution for people

2b5cfade-2a85-4cb8-9136-7a927559d20d-4
00:09:21.839 --> 00:09:25.574
from Southern Europe and from
northern Europe. Across town on

2b5cfade-2a85-4cb8-9136-7a927559d20d-5
00:09:25.574 --> 00:09:29.430
the left side of the slide you
see the distribution of Italian,

2b5cfade-2a85-4cb8-9136-7a927559d20d-6
00:09:29.430 --> 00:09:32.803
Spanish, Spanish, Portuguese,
Greek, Turkish people and

2b5cfade-2a85-4cb8-9136-7a927559d20d-7
00:09:32.803 --> 00:09:36.478
Moroccan people. On the right
hand slide you see people from

2b5cfade-2a85-4cb8-9136-7a927559d20d-8
00:09:36.478 --> 00:09:36.900
the UK.

5e76ab83-1d3a-4d8b-8730-29a96ba1110a-0
00:09:37.090 --> 00:09:40.551
Germany, France, Northern
America and Japan. Well, if you

5e76ab83-1d3a-4d8b-8730-29a96ba1110a-1
00:09:40.551 --> 00:09:44.251
look at those images, you also
see that in Brussels there are

5e76ab83-1d3a-4d8b-8730-29a96ba1110a-2
00:09:44.251 --> 00:09:47.533
pockets, there are clear
concentrations of people from

5e76ab83-1d3a-4d8b-8730-29a96ba1110a-3
00:09:47.533 --> 00:09:51.054
various national backgrounds,
various cultural backgrounds

5e76ab83-1d3a-4d8b-8730-29a96ba1110a-4
00:09:51.054 --> 00:09:54.695
across town. And if you go into,
if you go deeper into these

5e76ab83-1d3a-4d8b-8730-29a96ba1110a-5
00:09:54.695 --> 00:09:58.634
data, you get a similar image as
the image we just just so showed

5e76ab83-1d3a-4d8b-8730-29a96ba1110a-6
00:09:58.634 --> 00:10:02.095
four sorry for London and for
New York. So Brussels is as

5e76ab83-1d3a-4d8b-8730-29a96ba1110a-7
00:10:02.095 --> 00:10:05.974
diverse linguistically as bigger
metropolis are as Londoners and

5e76ab83-1d3a-4d8b-8730-29a96ba1110a-8
00:10:05.974 --> 00:10:06.870
as New Yorkers.

3d1a1868-024a-4cd9-8a36-b0bf5c74c69f-0
00:10:07.110 --> 00:10:10.962
Once again, on the policy level,
all discussions seem to concern

3d1a1868-024a-4cd9-8a36-b0bf5c74c69f-1
00:10:10.962 --> 00:10:14.697
French and Dutch only and these
other languages, some of which

3d1a1868-024a-4cd9-8a36-b0bf5c74c69f-2
00:10:14.697 --> 00:10:18.134
may be traditional heritage
languages, some others may be

3d1a1868-024a-4cd9-8a36-b0bf5c74c69f-3
00:10:18.134 --> 00:10:22.046
languages spoken by expats which
not really qualify as a heritage

3d1a1868-024a-4cd9-8a36-b0bf5c74c69f-4
00:10:22.046 --> 00:10:25.899
languages. Well, those languages
are seem to be forgotten as far

3d1a1868-024a-4cd9-8a36-b0bf5c74c69f-5
00:10:25.899 --> 00:10:28.330
as official policy is concerned
because.

6264a479-6263-4d7c-b4c2-7855386ab0b9-0
00:10:28.970 --> 00:10:32.904
Ladies and gentlemen, Brussels
is officially bilingual French,

6264a479-6263-4d7c-b4c2-7855386ab0b9-1
00:10:32.904 --> 00:10:36.277
Dutch, and that is clearly
apparent in the linguistic

6264a479-6263-4d7c-b4c2-7855386ab0b9-2
00:10:36.277 --> 00:10:39.961
landscape. If you look at the
small name signs, the street

6264a479-6263-4d7c-b4c2-7855386ab0b9-3
00:10:39.961 --> 00:10:43.958
name signs, you will find those
street name signs in French and

6264a479-6263-4d7c-b4c2-7855386ab0b9-4
00:10:43.958 --> 00:10:47.768
in Dutch across the town, but
not in any other language. I'm

6264a479-6263-4d7c-b4c2-7855386ab0b9-5
00:10:47.768 --> 00:10:51.328
not completely correct here.
There are a couple of extra

6264a479-6263-4d7c-b4c2-7855386ab0b9-6
00:10:51.328 --> 00:10:55.262
signs where the the historical
name or the Anecdotical name of

6264a479-6263-4d7c-b4c2-7855386ab0b9-7
00:10:55.262 --> 00:10:58.885
the folkloric name of specific
places is mentioned in the

6264a479-6263-4d7c-b4c2-7855386ab0b9-8
00:10:58.885 --> 00:10:59.259
local.

45f397b1-2b0f-4d63-bc78-ff836730e8b6-0
00:10:59.440 --> 00:11:03.158
Elective Brussels, the local
dialect of Brussels, which is a

45f397b1-2b0f-4d63-bc78-ff836730e8b6-1
00:11:03.158 --> 00:11:07.059
moribund variety of Dutch which
is about to die out in 10 to 20

45f397b1-2b0f-4d63-bc78-ff836730e8b6-2
00:11:07.059 --> 00:11:10.290
years from now. But there's a
kind of folk folkloric

45f397b1-2b0f-4d63-bc78-ff836730e8b6-3
00:11:10.290 --> 00:11:13.764
recognition of the of the value
of that dialect. This is

45f397b1-2b0f-4d63-bc78-ff836730e8b6-4
00:11:13.764 --> 00:11:17.360
sometimes mentioned, but of
course this these names cannot

45f397b1-2b0f-4d63-bc78-ff836730e8b6-5
00:11:17.360 --> 00:11:20.774
be used in any official
function. So basically Brussels

45f397b1-2b0f-4d63-bc78-ff836730e8b6-6
00:11:20.774 --> 00:11:24.553
is officially bilingual French
Dutch and all law texts govern

45f397b1-2b0f-4d63-bc78-ff836730e8b6-7
00:11:24.553 --> 00:11:28.210
Brussels from a Dutch, French
perspective only, there is no

45f397b1-2b0f-4d63-bc78-ff836730e8b6-8
00:11:28.210 --> 00:11:29.430
room whatsoever for.

6d95b932-c584-4e04-93df-f04807e9ac9e-0
00:11:29.510 --> 00:11:34.542
Any other language as far as the
official UM policy in Brussels

6d95b932-c584-4e04-93df-f04807e9ac9e-1
00:11:34.542 --> 00:11:38.710
is concerned now, this kind of
reflects the overall.

4fe28ce6-f2e0-4aa9-be2a-b50176751a40-0
00:11:39.390 --> 00:11:40.660
Belgian structure.

4130e60f-08db-4760-ae30-dc6d4a35ded5-0
00:11:41.630 --> 00:11:44.859
Belgian where they're always
tension between the political

4130e60f-08db-4760-ae30-dc6d4a35ded5-1
00:11:44.859 --> 00:11:48.253
status of the language and the
everyday reality. Um, I do not

4130e60f-08db-4760-ae30-dc6d4a35ded5-2
00:11:48.253 --> 00:11:51.374
have the time to give a a big
introductory course on all

4130e60f-08db-4760-ae30-dc6d4a35ded5-3
00:11:51.374 --> 00:11:54.822
things Belgium here, but there's
a small map on the right hand

4130e60f-08db-4760-ae30-dc6d4a35ded5-4
00:11:54.822 --> 00:11:58.380
side which captures a number of
the crucial elements. Belgium is

4130e60f-08db-4760-ae30-dc6d4a35ded5-5
00:11:58.380 --> 00:12:01.829
divided into various language
areas. The the yellowish area in

4130e60f-08db-4760-ae30-dc6d4a35ded5-6
00:12:01.829 --> 00:12:05.004
the north, also known as
Flanders, is an area where Dutch

4130e60f-08db-4760-ae30-dc6d4a35ded5-7
00:12:05.004 --> 00:12:08.124
is spoken. The purplish area in
the South, also known as

4130e60f-08db-4760-ae30-dc6d4a35ded5-8
00:12:08.124 --> 00:12:11.300
Wallonia, is an area where
French is spoken and dominant.

cde91f1c-9821-4ee6-8e16-7f51c359e9ca-0
00:12:11.570 --> 00:12:14.767
Disease on the border with
Germany, uh, there's this

cde91f1c-9821-4ee6-8e16-7f51c359e9ca-1
00:12:14.767 --> 00:12:18.448
greenish greyish area green
coral blind. So this is a really

cde91f1c-9821-4ee6-8e16-7f51c359e9ca-2
00:12:18.448 --> 00:12:22.310
tempting and and testing for me.
But you where it says open for

cde91f1c-9821-4ee6-8e16-7f51c359e9ca-3
00:12:22.310 --> 00:12:25.869
example, that is the area close
to Germany where Germany's

cde91f1c-9821-4ee6-8e16-7f51c359e9ca-4
00:12:25.869 --> 00:12:29.369
official language spoken by
about 70,000 people. And then

cde91f1c-9821-4ee6-8e16-7f51c359e9ca-5
00:12:29.369 --> 00:12:33.291
you have Brussels in the centre
of the country which as some may

cde91f1c-9821-4ee6-8e16-7f51c359e9ca-6
00:12:33.291 --> 00:12:36.610
say is surrounded by Flanders
others may say which is.

c99e943f-6421-4889-bb81-f8d77abd6a2e-0
00:12:37.480 --> 00:12:40.685
Taken hostage by Flanders,
depending on your political

c99e943f-6421-4889-bb81-f8d77abd6a2e-1
00:12:40.685 --> 00:12:43.948
points of view, Brussels is an
area which is officially

c99e943f-6421-4889-bb81-f8d77abd6a2e-2
00:12:43.948 --> 00:12:47.387
bilingual. So Belgium is a state
which is organised on the

c99e943f-6421-4889-bb81-f8d77abd6a2e-3
00:12:47.387 --> 00:12:50.883
principle of territoriality.
Territoriality basically means

c99e943f-6421-4889-bb81-f8d77abd6a2e-4
00:12:50.883 --> 00:12:54.671
that the language of the region
also is the dominant or even the

c99e943f-6421-4889-bb81-f8d77abd6a2e-5
00:12:54.671 --> 00:12:56.420
unique language of government.

8eac905c-ca72-40f7-8968-a43d96cf5b06-0
00:12:57.300 --> 00:13:00.933
In Flanders, this is such an
Wallonia. This is French.

8eac905c-ca72-40f7-8968-a43d96cf5b06-1
00:13:00.933 --> 00:13:04.500
Brussels is governed by the
principle of personality.

1f86b3ea-d888-4140-acb1-56be8fbba166-0
00:13:05.170 --> 00:13:07.320
And that basically means that
the individual.

f65ba499-f1df-468b-934b-60730e234b80-0
00:13:08.030 --> 00:13:11.676
He, him or herself, can choose
the language in which in with

f65ba499-f1df-468b-934b-60730e234b80-1
00:13:11.676 --> 00:13:15.203
which he or she communicates
with the government, and that

f65ba499-f1df-468b-934b-60730e234b80-2
00:13:15.203 --> 00:13:18.311
should also be the language in
which the government

f65ba499-f1df-468b-934b-60730e234b80-3
00:13:18.311 --> 00:13:21.419
communicates with the
individual. There's this nice

f65ba499-f1df-468b-934b-60730e234b80-4
00:13:21.419 --> 00:13:24.886
phrase, this legal phrase,
saying it is what you pair the

f65ba499-f1df-468b-934b-60730e234b80-5
00:13:24.886 --> 00:13:28.652
family. It's the right of the
father of the family. Of course,

f65ba499-f1df-468b-934b-60730e234b80-6
00:13:28.652 --> 00:13:32.299
mothers of families also have
these rights, but you have the

f65ba499-f1df-468b-934b-60730e234b80-7
00:13:32.299 --> 00:13:35.527
individual rights to choose the
language in which you

f65ba499-f1df-468b-934b-60730e234b80-8
00:13:35.527 --> 00:13:37.439
communicate with the government.

5bcb7808-ab3b-451e-be04-614b896268dc-0
00:13:39.960 --> 00:13:43.611
I won't go into great history,
uh, a lot of history as far as

5bcb7808-ab3b-451e-be04-614b896268dc-1
00:13:43.611 --> 00:13:47.086
uh Belgium is concerned. But a
number of things need to be

5bcb7808-ab3b-451e-be04-614b896268dc-2
00:13:47.086 --> 00:13:50.855
mentioned in order to understand
how we end up at the beginning

5bcb7808-ab3b-451e-be04-614b896268dc-3
00:13:50.855 --> 00:13:54.036
of the 21st century in the
country that appears to be

5bcb7808-ab3b-451e-be04-614b896268dc-4
00:13:54.036 --> 00:13:57.805
conflict ridden and appears to
be based on an eternal perennial

5bcb7808-ab3b-451e-be04-614b896268dc-5
00:13:57.805 --> 00:14:01.044
conflict between speakers of
Dutch on the one hand and

5bcb7808-ab3b-451e-be04-614b896268dc-6
00:14:01.044 --> 00:14:04.696
speakers of French on the other.
Even if this image is rather

5bcb7808-ab3b-451e-be04-614b896268dc-7
00:14:04.696 --> 00:14:08.465
cliche like, even if it does not
correspond to everyday reality

5bcb7808-ab3b-451e-be04-614b896268dc-8
00:14:08.465 --> 00:14:09.290
as we live it.

0b5a1493-fab3-4981-88e9-b06b4b382dac-0
00:14:10.210 --> 00:14:13.452
The important thing to know is
that French and Dutch have

0b5a1493-fab3-4981-88e9-b06b4b382dac-1
00:14:13.452 --> 00:14:14.570
always been present.

909af6b7-a535-41bc-87a8-c647727bc03d-0
00:14:15.390 --> 00:14:16.370
In the territory.

7e2e954a-3ecb-4532-bed2-9cafd9523750-0
00:14:17.100 --> 00:14:20.349
Which is now occupied by
Belgium, even before the Belgian

7e2e954a-3ecb-4532-bed2-9cafd9523750-1
00:14:20.349 --> 00:14:23.710
state came into being in 1830.
If you go back to the Middle

7e2e954a-3ecb-4532-bed2-9cafd9523750-2
00:14:23.710 --> 00:14:26.791
Ages in the low countries,
whether they be Burgundy or

7e2e954a-3ecb-4532-bed2-9cafd9523750-3
00:14:26.791 --> 00:14:30.376
Habsburg, Dutch and French were
already in contact. Also in the

7e2e954a-3ecb-4532-bed2-9cafd9523750-4
00:14:30.376 --> 00:14:33.625
Dutch speaking area, French
typically was the language of

7e2e954a-3ecb-4532-bed2-9cafd9523750-5
00:14:33.625 --> 00:14:36.930
prestige also of the people who
were in power in the Dutch

7e2e954a-3ecb-4532-bed2-9cafd9523750-6
00:14:36.930 --> 00:14:40.515
speaking area. The rest of the
population in the Dutch speaking

7e2e954a-3ecb-4532-bed2-9cafd9523750-7
00:14:40.515 --> 00:14:42.700
area used to speak a dialect of
Dutch.

29cb5e1a-9c12-47aa-9970-010de6234a6b-0
00:14:43.410 --> 00:14:47.060
In the present day French
speaking area of Belgium, French

29cb5e1a-9c12-47aa-9970-010de6234a6b-1
00:14:47.060 --> 00:14:50.710
was always present, but Dutch
and French always touched in

29cb5e1a-9c12-47aa-9970-010de6234a6b-2
00:14:50.710 --> 00:14:54.423
those areas over centuries ever
since the Middle Ages. Also

29cb5e1a-9c12-47aa-9970-010de6234a6b-3
00:14:54.423 --> 00:14:58.197
during the early modern times,
there were a number of policy

29cb5e1a-9c12-47aa-9970-010de6234a6b-4
00:14:58.197 --> 00:15:02.033
changes at the end of the 18th
century that the Polish troops

29cb5e1a-9c12-47aa-9970-010de6234a6b-5
00:15:02.033 --> 00:15:05.993
came into the territory present
which is a nowadays occupied by

29cb5e1a-9c12-47aa-9970-010de6234a6b-6
00:15:05.993 --> 00:15:09.520
Belgium. The podium prior to
frenchified this whole area

29cb5e1a-9c12-47aa-9970-010de6234a6b-7
00:15:09.520 --> 00:15:12.985
because this area was part of
the French Empire and you

29cb5e1a-9c12-47aa-9970-010de6234a6b-8
00:15:12.985 --> 00:15:13.480
defined.

53e824a9-2829-4888-adf5-ddf28aca8342-0
00:15:13.560 --> 00:15:16.831
Yourself, you were defined as a
citizen of the French Empire by

53e824a9-2829-4888-adf5-ddf28aca8342-1
00:15:16.831 --> 00:15:20.001
the fact that you spoke French.
This French frication did not

53e824a9-2829-4888-adf5-ddf28aca8342-2
00:15:20.001 --> 00:15:23.272
really work out very well. After
that. The Dutch marched in and

53e824a9-2829-4888-adf5-ddf28aca8342-3
00:15:23.272 --> 00:15:25.777
they tried to reduce YIFY, the
very same area we

53e824a9-2829-4888-adf5-ddf28aca8342-4
00:15:25.777 --> 00:15:28.845
dutchification, which was a
success up to a certain extent,

53e824a9-2829-4888-adf5-ddf28aca8342-5
00:15:28.845 --> 00:15:31.810
but maybe not, for example in
education and then in 1830.

da993b65-ae10-45a0-bd55-1efe69455e30-0
00:15:32.530 --> 00:15:36.557
The Kingdom of Belgium came into
me. Kingdom of Belgium came into

da993b65-ae10-45a0-bd55-1efe69455e30-1
00:15:36.557 --> 00:15:40.096
being as a state in which the
language issue needed to be

da993b65-ae10-45a0-bd55-1efe69455e30-2
00:15:40.096 --> 00:15:40.890
decided upon.

6a76f3f6-c9db-4485-8e8e-f6a270aacc9e-0
00:15:41.960 --> 00:15:46.167
And the new constitution made in
1831, clearly says and stores

6a76f3f6-c9db-4485-8e8e-f6a270aacc9e-1
00:15:46.167 --> 00:15:50.375
news that the use of languages
in Belgium is free and can only

6a76f3f6-c9db-4485-8e8e-f6a270aacc9e-2
00:15:50.375 --> 00:15:54.717
be governed by the law de facto.
In practise this meant that the

6a76f3f6-c9db-4485-8e8e-f6a270aacc9e-3
00:15:54.717 --> 00:15:59.058
Prestige position of French was
maintained and that little to no

6a76f3f6-c9db-4485-8e8e-f6a270aacc9e-4
00:15:59.058 --> 00:16:03.199
political action was taken in
favour of Dutch at the time. So

6a76f3f6-c9db-4485-8e8e-f6a270aacc9e-5
00:16:03.199 --> 00:16:07.207
French clearly remained the
language of prestige. Obviously

6a76f3f6-c9db-4485-8e8e-f6a270aacc9e-6
00:16:07.207 --> 00:16:11.348
Monia, also in Flanders, where
the majority of the population

6a76f3f6-c9db-4485-8e8e-f6a270aacc9e-7
00:16:11.348 --> 00:16:12.149
spoke Dutch.

e9932f45-fbca-4275-a187-84473ff96ce4-0
00:16:12.230 --> 00:16:14.990
And also in Brussels, where?

45e0111b-f72f-4061-a663-50d5f6029e7b-0
00:16:16.270 --> 00:16:19.038
The majority of the population
at the beginning of 19th century

45e0111b-f72f-4061-a663-50d5f6029e7b-1
00:16:19.038 --> 00:16:20.250
was actually Dutch speaking.

51f68552-c97b-4db2-852f-1386fa142b19-0
00:16:21.140 --> 00:16:24.427
We'll see. Nowadays that
situation has been completely

51f68552-c97b-4db2-852f-1386fa142b19-1
00:16:24.427 --> 00:16:28.194
reversed, but around 1830 the
majority of population in Russia

51f68552-c97b-4db2-852f-1386fa142b19-2
00:16:28.194 --> 00:16:32.020
in Brussels spoke a dialect of
Dutch, the other social classes.

d5c16fb6-bd99-406c-8899-51343a564642-0
00:16:33.220 --> 00:16:36.919
Spoke French as the language of
procedure, so a major language

d5c16fb6-bd99-406c-8899-51343a564642-1
00:16:36.919 --> 00:16:37.800
shift occurred.

fd8dede3-f150-44a1-8159-dbc4c072c95a-0
00:16:38.600 --> 00:16:42.309
During the 19th century,
language shift occurred for all

fd8dede3-f150-44a1-8159-dbc4c072c95a-1
00:16:42.309 --> 00:16:46.149
the reasons that still explain
and motivate language shift

fd8dede3-f150-44a1-8159-dbc4c072c95a-2
00:16:46.149 --> 00:16:50.054
nowadays. Economic reasons,
social reasons. French was seen

fd8dede3-f150-44a1-8159-dbc4c072c95a-3
00:16:50.054 --> 00:16:53.894
as a means of upward social
mobility, and you saw, you see

fd8dede3-f150-44a1-8159-dbc4c072c95a-4
00:16:53.894 --> 00:16:54.220
that.

d460c682-c6bb-44d5-9245-a60614c47fc6-0
00:16:55.670 --> 00:17:00.351
Very, very big proportion of the
population decided to raise

d460c682-c6bb-44d5-9245-a60614c47fc6-1
00:17:00.351 --> 00:17:02.270
their children in French.

af36093c-a68e-47ba-8d9a-f30d9f46c6f2-0
00:17:03.130 --> 00:17:06.113
So you get the language shift,
especially on the middle

af36093c-a68e-47ba-8d9a-f30d9f46c6f2-1
00:17:06.113 --> 00:17:09.256
classes, which changed the
situation from dominantly Dutch

af36093c-a68e-47ba-8d9a-f30d9f46c6f2-2
00:17:09.256 --> 00:17:12.506
speaking 1830 to dominantly
French speaking in 1900s. If you

af36093c-a68e-47ba-8d9a-f30d9f46c6f2-3
00:17:12.506 --> 00:17:15.543
look at the figures from
eighteen 6646% back then, still

af36093c-a68e-47ba-8d9a-f30d9f46c6f2-4
00:17:15.543 --> 00:17:18.899
declares him or herself to be
speaker of Dutch of Netherlands.

c5220890-dade-4737-871a-f912378449db-0
00:17:20.060 --> 00:17:24.510
Only 90% said claimed themselves
to be speaker French. 50 years

c5220890-dade-4737-871a-f912378449db-1
00:17:24.510 --> 00:17:28.544
later, 22% says Dutch, 27 says
French and the rest of the

c5220890-dade-4737-871a-f912378449db-2
00:17:28.544 --> 00:17:30.770
population has become bilingual.

5361d912-665e-4bc6-b0df-6e2dc03cb252-0
00:17:31.800 --> 00:17:35.239
And, as was traditionally the
case in Belgium history, the

5361d912-665e-4bc6-b0df-6e2dc03cb252-1
00:17:35.239 --> 00:17:37.980
bilinguals were annexed as
speakers of French.

46fb2946-0cc0-4da8-831d-e2bd5e0ddcd5-0
00:17:39.070 --> 00:17:42.566
This, just as a side note, is
exactly the opposite of what

46fb2946-0cc0-4da8-831d-e2bd5e0ddcd5-1
00:17:42.566 --> 00:17:46.062
happened in other Flemish
cities. In other Flemish cities,

46fb2946-0cc0-4da8-831d-e2bd5e0ddcd5-2
00:17:46.062 --> 00:17:47.839
Dutch gained ever more rights.

add6a69a-fe9f-421a-90a1-e8477ff5eb6e-0
00:17:48.630 --> 00:17:51.839
And also on the local
governmental level, Dutch became

add6a69a-fe9f-421a-90a1-e8477ff5eb6e-1
00:17:51.839 --> 00:17:55.399
the language of government. In
Brussels exactly the opposite

add6a69a-fe9f-421a-90a1-e8477ff5eb6e-2
00:17:55.399 --> 00:17:59.018
happened. Brussels frenchified
due to a major language shift,

add6a69a-fe9f-421a-90a1-e8477ff5eb6e-3
00:17:59.018 --> 00:18:02.402
and in Brussels the language of
government clearly stayed

add6a69a-fe9f-421a-90a1-e8477ff5eb6e-4
00:18:02.402 --> 00:18:05.029
French. So French was a
stronghold as far as

add6a69a-fe9f-421a-90a1-e8477ff5eb6e-5
00:18:05.029 --> 00:18:07.130
governmental language is
concerned.

08769166-06bc-48af-83f2-9c80fa42691d-0
00:18:08.670 --> 00:18:13.121
If you look at the official
census data from the 19 communes

08769166-06bc-48af-83f2-9c80fa42691d-1
00:18:13.121 --> 00:18:17.719
which nowadays make up Brussels
from 1846 until 1947, and this

08769166-06bc-48af-83f2-9c80fa42691d-2
00:18:17.719 --> 00:18:22.171
becomes really apparent. The
dotted line are the speakers of

08769166-06bc-48af-83f2-9c80fa42691d-3
00:18:22.171 --> 00:18:26.477
Dutch, and you see that the
dotted line kind of fluctuates

08769166-06bc-48af-83f2-9c80fa42691d-4
00:18:26.477 --> 00:18:31.294
around the 150,000 mark and then
goes down around 1947 to um, uh,

08769166-06bc-48af-83f2-9c80fa42691d-5
00:18:31.294 --> 00:18:34.359
less than 100,000. The um, the
full line.

2038911e-bb17-4667-ae5c-d74cf9904b5e-0
00:18:35.210 --> 00:18:38.220
Indicates bilingual speakers,
and the hyphenated line

2038911e-bb17-4667-ae5c-d74cf9904b5e-1
00:18:38.220 --> 00:18:41.732
indicates speakers are French.
So what you clearly see is that

2038911e-bb17-4667-ae5c-d74cf9904b5e-2
00:18:41.732 --> 00:18:45.133
the amount of speakers of French
goes up, that the amount of

2038911e-bb17-4667-ae5c-d74cf9904b5e-3
00:18:45.133 --> 00:18:48.645
bilingual speakers goes up, and
that the number of speakers of

2038911e-bb17-4667-ae5c-d74cf9904b5e-4
00:18:48.645 --> 00:18:51.935
Dutch gradually declines,
especially at the turn of the 19

2038911e-bb17-4667-ae5c-d74cf9904b5e-5
00:18:51.935 --> 00:18:53.050
to the 20th century.

6bcdf45f-cbb2-4d49-bc82-f5194326a32f-0
00:18:55.660 --> 00:18:59.760
This language struggle went on
in Brussels after the Second

6bcdf45f-cbb2-4d49-bc82-f5194326a32f-1
00:18:59.760 --> 00:19:04.066
World War and sometimes took a
very, very nasty turn. Uh, this

6bcdf45f-cbb2-4d49-bc82-f5194326a32f-2
00:19:04.066 --> 00:19:08.167
is a a billboard which I have
still seen as a young kids in

6bcdf45f-cbb2-4d49-bc82-f5194326a32f-3
00:19:08.167 --> 00:19:12.405
Brussels, which clearly says
Brussels, Flemish never supports

6bcdf45f-cbb2-4d49-bc82-f5194326a32f-4
00:19:12.405 --> 00:19:16.506
the democratic front for the
francophones democratic front.

6bcdf45f-cbb2-4d49-bc82-f5194326a32f-5
00:19:16.506 --> 00:19:20.812
And Francophones was a political
party defending the rights of

6bcdf45f-cbb2-4d49-bc82-f5194326a32f-6
00:19:20.812 --> 00:19:25.049
the francophones in Brussels. So
there was a clear sentiment.

081694a1-a09a-4c3f-8cbb-8a19bed5eb70-0
00:19:25.150 --> 00:19:30.319
In the 1960s and the 1970s, and
also in the early 1980s against

081694a1-a09a-4c3f-8cbb-8a19bed5eb70-1
00:19:30.319 --> 00:19:31.370
the possible.

43c6a669-1730-4b87-84e3-9e02a4d1deca-0
00:19:32.020 --> 00:19:35.325
Not read dutchification of
Brussels, but against the

43c6a669-1730-4b87-84e3-9e02a4d1deca-1
00:19:35.325 --> 00:19:39.068
possible attribution of more
rights to speakers of Dutch in

43c6a669-1730-4b87-84e3-9e02a4d1deca-2
00:19:39.068 --> 00:19:39.630
Brussels.

b8df402e-9458-4736-a0bf-6b729dd5c368-0
00:19:40.610 --> 00:19:44.346
To make this very clear, the
political party was by number

b8df402e-9458-4736-a0bf-6b729dd5c368-1
00:19:44.346 --> 00:19:48.273
means a majority. A majority
party had a pretty good share of

b8df402e-9458-4736-a0bf-6b729dd5c368-2
00:19:48.273 --> 00:19:52.326
voters at the time. But the fact
that this could be seen in the

b8df402e-9458-4736-a0bf-6b729dd5c368-3
00:19:52.326 --> 00:19:55.873
public image in in the public
sphere, in the linguistic

b8df402e-9458-4736-a0bf-6b729dd5c368-4
00:19:55.873 --> 00:19:59.610
landscape during the 1960s and
1970s and also early 1980s,

b8df402e-9458-4736-a0bf-6b729dd5c368-5
00:19:59.610 --> 00:20:00.750
clearly indicates.

184aef75-8e28-407d-a0f4-396a958513ef-0
00:20:01.820 --> 00:20:05.582
How sharp the language struggle
still was at the time, and also

184aef75-8e28-407d-a0f4-396a958513ef-1
00:20:05.582 --> 00:20:08.816
how verbally violent that
language struggle was at the

184aef75-8e28-407d-a0f4-396a958513ef-2
00:20:08.816 --> 00:20:09.109
time.

8dab63e1-ae54-487c-833a-eb954987bd3f-0
00:20:10.590 --> 00:20:13.850
Language struggle, which
affected many parts of society.

d5d93456-dabf-4c98-9158-844ba1fbe5b0-0
00:20:14.750 --> 00:20:18.266
And especially during the 1960s
when the, let's say, the student

d5d93456-dabf-4c98-9158-844ba1fbe5b0-1
00:20:18.266 --> 00:20:21.511
revolution may 68 came up and
they used May 68 as a kind of

d5d93456-dabf-4c98-9158-844ba1fbe5b0-2
00:20:21.511 --> 00:20:24.865
umbrella term for the social and
the political revolution and

d5d93456-dabf-4c98-9158-844ba1fbe5b0-3
00:20:24.865 --> 00:20:28.003
also the Cultural Revolution at
the time. Well, when that

d5d93456-dabf-4c98-9158-844ba1fbe5b0-4
00:20:28.003 --> 00:20:30.600
happened, when that revolution
reached Belgium.

1bf1fd46-7d5e-449e-a688-3b5d788f1321-0
00:20:32.170 --> 00:20:35.844
The linguistic issue kind of
merged with the social

1bf1fd46-7d5e-449e-a688-3b5d788f1321-1
00:20:35.844 --> 00:20:37.470
revolution at the time.

038d25f1-929c-4d8f-8da8-1215b5235c36-0
00:20:38.980 --> 00:20:42.982
And especially at universities,
the two came together. So during

038d25f1-929c-4d8f-8da8-1215b5235c36-1
00:20:42.982 --> 00:20:46.924
the 1960s. In the late 1960s you
see that previously nationally

038d25f1-929c-4d8f-8da8-1215b5235c36-2
00:20:46.924 --> 00:20:50.557
organised structures start to
split up in a Dutch speaking

038d25f1-929c-4d8f-8da8-1215b5235c36-3
00:20:50.557 --> 00:20:54.375
faction and the French speaking
factions, unions for example,

038d25f1-929c-4d8f-8da8-1215b5235c36-4
00:20:54.375 --> 00:20:54.930
split up.

5735bd06-59d3-4053-be06-7ed3844b9861-0
00:20:55.780 --> 00:21:00.128
Political parties split up. Even
the Communist Party split up in

5735bd06-59d3-4053-be06-7ed3844b9861-1
00:21:00.128 --> 00:21:04.009
a Dutch faction and the French
faction. So all previously

5735bd06-59d3-4053-be06-7ed3844b9861-2
00:21:04.009 --> 00:21:07.890
national organisation, all
political parties split up and

5735bd06-59d3-4053-be06-7ed3844b9861-3
00:21:07.890 --> 00:21:08.760
universities.

d0ec068d-e16f-479f-84e0-51c1ae3e190a-0
00:21:09.910 --> 00:21:10.640
Followed suit.

2adae635-4e6f-4ba0-b750-f4eee0ce1141-0
00:21:12.300 --> 00:21:15.792
And up until 1968, universities
could still organise their

2adae635-4e6f-4ba0-b750-f4eee0ce1141-1
00:21:15.792 --> 00:21:18.220
teaching in the language they
preferred.

e2cf41d4-c55a-44c8-bde2-98f4cecbc3d0-0
00:21:18.960 --> 00:21:22.391
Which basically means that in
the town of Leuven, for example

e2cf41d4-c55a-44c8-bde2-98f4cecbc3d0-1
00:21:22.391 --> 00:21:25.601
living, a lot of courses were
still held in French at the

e2cf41d4-c55a-44c8-bde2-98f4cecbc3d0-2
00:21:25.601 --> 00:21:26.210
university.

bcd77b04-e0e0-4b79-88ed-9fc121263e2d-0
00:21:28.500 --> 00:21:31.673
At my university, the drizzle
which did not exist at the time

bcd77b04-e0e0-4b79-88ed-9fc121263e2d-1
00:21:31.673 --> 00:21:34.641
we were part of the French
speaking, University of Ibadan

bcd77b04-e0e0-4b79-88ed-9fc121263e2d-2
00:21:34.641 --> 00:21:37.661
said at the time. At that French
speaking university, many

bcd77b04-e0e0-4b79-88ed-9fc121263e2d-3
00:21:37.661 --> 00:21:40.732
courses have been organised or
were organised in Dutch, but

bcd77b04-e0e0-4b79-88ed-9fc121263e2d-4
00:21:40.732 --> 00:21:43.239
there was no separate Dutch
speaking university.

fd11529d-ecae-4e77-b741-032b10e61d73-0
00:21:44.080 --> 00:21:47.329
Well, in Leuven in 1968, after
the stewards ruled or because of

fd11529d-ecae-4e77-b741-032b10e61d73-1
00:21:47.329 --> 00:21:50.121
the student revolt, the
university split up in a Dutch

fd11529d-ecae-4e77-b741-032b10e61d73-2
00:21:50.121 --> 00:21:53.117
speaking university which
remained where it was in Leuven,

fd11529d-ecae-4e77-b741-032b10e61d73-3
00:21:53.117 --> 00:21:56.112
and a news French speaking
university was organised at the

fd11529d-ecae-4e77-b741-032b10e61d73-4
00:21:56.112 --> 00:21:57.890
other side of the language
border.

2a82c0a6-a6e1-456f-bfca-c4fbbbeadc1c-0
00:21:58.640 --> 00:22:02.231
So you've basically got a lot of
money. They bought a whole plot

2a82c0a6-a6e1-456f-bfca-c4fbbbeadc1c-1
00:22:02.231 --> 00:22:05.657
of land and they basically built
a Newtown, Luva, Laneve, new

2a82c0a6-a6e1-456f-bfca-c4fbbbeadc1c-2
00:22:05.657 --> 00:22:09.028
lover. You can still go there
today. It's a major university

2a82c0a6-a6e1-456f-bfca-c4fbbbeadc1c-3
00:22:09.028 --> 00:22:12.233
town in Belgium, and if you
arrive there by train, you do

2a82c0a6-a6e1-456f-bfca-c4fbbbeadc1c-4
00:22:12.233 --> 00:22:15.825
not get the impression that you
arrive at university. You really

2a82c0a6-a6e1-456f-bfca-c4fbbbeadc1c-5
00:22:15.825 --> 00:22:19.141
arrive at the village at the
time, it's completely sprawled

2a82c0a6-a6e1-456f-bfca-c4fbbbeadc1c-6
00:22:19.141 --> 00:22:19.970
out. It's huge.

b716fa30-c8e4-4b92-a8f1-1ee865a374a0-0
00:22:21.350 --> 00:22:24.351
In Brussels, Brussels, a similar
thing happened at our

b716fa30-c8e4-4b92-a8f1-1ee865a374a0-1
00:22:24.351 --> 00:22:27.680
university. The university also
split up in a Dutch speaking

b716fa30-c8e4-4b92-a8f1-1ee865a374a0-2
00:22:27.680 --> 00:22:31.063
faction in the French speaking
faction, but intent instead of

b716fa30-c8e4-4b92-a8f1-1ee865a374a0-3
00:22:31.063 --> 00:22:32.810
buying a whole new plot of land.

56cbf9bf-858d-4758-833d-6cda7422d93d-0
00:22:33.560 --> 00:22:37.230
Um, the uh, the people in favour
of a Dutch speaking university

56cbf9bf-858d-4758-833d-6cda7422d93d-1
00:22:37.230 --> 00:22:40.729
decided to stay very close to
their mother university, which

56cbf9bf-858d-4758-833d-6cda7422d93d-2
00:22:40.729 --> 00:22:44.113
nowadays we call our sister
university. There's a Freudian

56cbf9bf-858d-4758-833d-6cda7422d93d-3
00:22:44.113 --> 00:22:45.490
slip in there somewhere.

0dc5bbd5-0aa9-473f-9668-057f31157645-0
00:22:46.890 --> 00:22:50.517
We stayed very close. We
actually bought a new plot of

0dc5bbd5-0aa9-473f-9668-057f31157645-1
00:22:50.517 --> 00:22:53.881
land which was a previous
training terrain for the

0dc5bbd5-0aa9-473f-9668-057f31157645-2
00:22:53.881 --> 00:22:57.905
military police where they could
do horse riding etcetera. A

0dc5bbd5-0aa9-473f-9668-057f31157645-3
00:22:57.905 --> 00:23:01.863
train of land which has a still
has the size of a horseshoe

0dc5bbd5-0aa9-473f-9668-057f31157645-4
00:23:01.863 --> 00:23:05.952
which you can see here, which is
still called exercise during

0dc5bbd5-0aa9-473f-9668-057f31157645-5
00:23:05.952 --> 00:23:09.844
open plan in Dutch and when we
made the design for the new

0dc5bbd5-0aa9-473f-9668-057f31157645-6
00:23:09.844 --> 00:23:10.570
university.

55c84529-2c20-4107-8bc0-9523977ac3ad-0
00:23:11.460 --> 00:23:15.494
Many different projects were put
forward and I I, I like to show

55c84529-2c20-4107-8bc0-9523977ac3ad-1
00:23:15.494 --> 00:23:19.280
these original plans because
they illustrate something about

55c84529-2c20-4107-8bc0-9523977ac3ad-2
00:23:19.280 --> 00:23:23.004
the very nature of the language
conflict. Before I do that,

55c84529-2c20-4107-8bc0-9523977ac3ad-3
00:23:23.004 --> 00:23:26.604
Lovan split up in a Dutch
speaking in the French speaking

55c84529-2c20-4107-8bc0-9523977ac3ad-4
00:23:26.604 --> 00:23:30.390
university. One of the many
things they had to solve was how

55c84529-2c20-4107-8bc0-9523977ac3ad-5
00:23:30.390 --> 00:23:31.880
to split up the library.

53d46cf7-2ccc-4634-a151-658e057441db-0
00:23:33.830 --> 00:23:35.320
And you can do that in many
ways.

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-0
00:23:36.140 --> 00:23:39.528
You could split up the library
according to to subject, you

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-1
00:23:39.528 --> 00:23:42.464
could say we keep one Central
Library with flexible

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-2
00:23:42.464 --> 00:23:45.740
interlibrary loans, etcetera.
Know what happened was very

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-3
00:23:45.740 --> 00:23:48.732
Belgian. And it is no
coincidence that honey magrets

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-4
00:23:48.732 --> 00:23:51.669
is the one of the greatest
international surrealist

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-5
00:23:51.669 --> 00:23:55.001
painters and he was actually
Belgium. What they did is all

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-6
00:23:55.001 --> 00:23:58.389
odd numbered books went to
university and all even numbered

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-7
00:23:58.389 --> 00:24:01.608
books went to the other
university. True story. And then

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-8
00:24:01.608 --> 00:24:04.827
they bought extra books.
Collections were kept together.

09f56eab-20c9-4712-9b6e-1ecfc661bc2d-9
00:24:04.827 --> 00:24:06.860
But that's basically what
happened.

cf2c6051-5c77-4067-afe2-ca65dc3bc631-0
00:24:07.620 --> 00:24:11.308
We also had our kind of
serialist library issue, but

cf2c6051-5c77-4067-afe2-ca65dc3bc631-1
00:24:11.308 --> 00:24:12.770
before we went there.

d10c29de-e6c1-4958-9b39-62240083a848-0
00:24:14.010 --> 00:24:17.674
We are putting designs for the
new campus and you see a design

d10c29de-e6c1-4958-9b39-62240083a848-1
00:24:17.674 --> 00:24:19.420
top left, top right and below.

5c9bb21b-5e32-4472-886a-c152877abc07-0
00:24:20.300 --> 00:24:23.627
And what you see here is that is
very hard to distinguish between

5c9bb21b-5e32-4472-886a-c152877abc07-1
00:24:23.627 --> 00:24:26.400
the Dutch speaking and the
French speaking part of the

5c9bb21b-5e32-4472-886a-c152877abc07-2
00:24:26.400 --> 00:24:29.374
university. We really had the
idea of we'll stay together,

5c9bb21b-5e32-4472-886a-c152877abc07-3
00:24:29.374 --> 00:24:31.995
we'll mix all buildings and
we'll stay one academic

5c9bb21b-5e32-4472-886a-c152877abc07-4
00:24:31.995 --> 00:24:32.500
community.

55c99b36-c584-4ee6-b718-58af4d386b5f-0
00:24:33.680 --> 00:24:36.580
Now none of these three designs
one.

4ad4e8b8-d6d8-45a0-828b-58dfe2494b7b-0
00:24:37.980 --> 00:24:38.940
The design that one.

fd1cdaa2-46cc-4cb2-808b-f320471bdde1-0
00:24:39.740 --> 00:24:40.200
Is this one?

f9230eef-b946-48b0-a2ca-032c652f04c3-0
00:24:41.530 --> 00:24:43.910
You get 2 C's back-to-back.

769dad79-9ac7-4d03-a1e9-9dab9580ed49-0
00:24:45.050 --> 00:24:48.130
And to make things even worse,
between those two plots of

769dad79-9ac7-4d03-a1e9-9dab9580ed49-1
00:24:48.130 --> 00:24:51.156
buildings, between those two
collections of buildings, 1

769dad79-9ac7-4d03-a1e9-9dab9580ed49-2
00:24:51.156 --> 00:24:54.608
horseshoe and another horseshoe
back-to-back via be on the left,

769dad79-9ac7-4d03-a1e9-9dab9580ed49-3
00:24:54.608 --> 00:24:57.901
where we still are today, you
will be on the right. They even

769dad79-9ac7-4d03-a1e9-9dab9580ed49-4
00:24:57.901 --> 00:24:58.910
installed the road.

708272f8-3222-4749-a15a-ab6e5b7dfa4c-0
00:24:59.850 --> 00:25:03.740
Which now kind of figures as the
last part of the Berlin Wall in

708272f8-3222-4749-a15a-ab6e5b7dfa4c-1
00:25:03.740 --> 00:25:07.272
Europe still standing. And to
make things even worse, they

708272f8-3222-4749-a15a-ab6e5b7dfa4c-2
00:25:07.272 --> 00:25:11.043
paint a giant hill next to the
road which makes which makes it

708272f8-3222-4749-a15a-ab6e5b7dfa4c-3
00:25:11.043 --> 00:25:14.875
very hard to move from one side
of the campus to the other side

708272f8-3222-4749-a15a-ab6e5b7dfa4c-4
00:25:14.875 --> 00:25:18.526
of the campus. Where nowadays
during the uh the classes with

708272f8-3222-4749-a15a-ab6e5b7dfa4c-5
00:25:18.526 --> 00:25:22.297
my first year students, I asked
my students after eight months

708272f8-3222-4749-a15a-ab6e5b7dfa4c-6
00:25:22.297 --> 00:25:26.009
of campus who are the students?
Has been at the other side of

708272f8-3222-4749-a15a-ab6e5b7dfa4c-7
00:25:26.009 --> 00:25:29.241
the campus. Hardly anyone
answers apart from that one

708272f8-3222-4749-a15a-ab6e5b7dfa4c-8
00:25:29.241 --> 00:25:29.960
student who.

d0553dad-cbe4-4e57-9896-4597ac3f6ff6-0
00:25:30.050 --> 00:25:34.597
Thought of 1 Metro stop too late
and found himself in completely

d0553dad-cbe4-4e57-9896-4597ac3f6ff6-1
00:25:34.597 --> 00:25:38.864
unknown territory. So yes, we
are two universities trying to

d0553dad-cbe4-4e57-9896-4597ac3f6ff6-2
00:25:38.864 --> 00:25:43.201
work together, but in some way
the spirit of the 1960s of the

d0553dad-cbe4-4e57-9896-4597ac3f6ff6-3
00:25:43.201 --> 00:25:46.350
split up can still be seen in
the landscape.

e7e5248d-eba9-4fef-8fa9-a12bd2d20600-0
00:25:48.490 --> 00:25:52.180
Nowadays was 50 years beyond
that situation. The big language

e7e5248d-eba9-4fef-8fa9-a12bd2d20600-1
00:25:52.180 --> 00:25:53.490
struggle has been won.

2608cd55-8232-4438-a557-adcd7f7b0756-0
00:25:54.280 --> 00:25:57.871
It is clear that neither Dutch
nor French is the language of

2608cd55-8232-4438-a557-adcd7f7b0756-1
00:25:57.871 --> 00:26:01.346
prestige, but the clear prestige
isn't being bilingual and

2608cd55-8232-4438-a557-adcd7f7b0756-2
00:26:01.346 --> 00:26:04.938
multilingual. It is clear that
the rights of the speakers of

2608cd55-8232-4438-a557-adcd7f7b0756-3
00:26:04.938 --> 00:26:08.235
Dutch in Belgium have seriously
increased and are fully

2608cd55-8232-4438-a557-adcd7f7b0756-4
00:26:08.235 --> 00:26:11.768
respected nowadays, which may
not always have been the case

2608cd55-8232-4438-a557-adcd7f7b0756-5
00:26:11.768 --> 00:26:15.007
before the 1960s. But in
Brussels we find ourselves in

2608cd55-8232-4438-a557-adcd7f7b0756-6
00:26:15.007 --> 00:26:18.363
this situation where we still
have speakers of Dutch and

2608cd55-8232-4438-a557-adcd7f7b0756-7
00:26:18.363 --> 00:26:21.955
French living together in the
same town and having to govern

2608cd55-8232-4438-a557-adcd7f7b0756-8
00:26:21.955 --> 00:26:23.310
the same town together.

6e942ba7-3de6-45fe-aa85-c55c3e829242-0
00:26:24.090 --> 00:26:27.420
And the important thing to
notice that speakers of Dutch in

6e942ba7-3de6-45fe-aa85-c55c3e829242-1
00:26:27.420 --> 00:26:30.806
Brussels may very well qualify
as the world's best protected

6e942ba7-3de6-45fe-aa85-c55c3e829242-2
00:26:30.806 --> 00:26:34.469
minority. And why do I say this?
The amount of speakers of Dutch,

6e942ba7-3de6-45fe-aa85-c55c3e829242-3
00:26:34.469 --> 00:26:37.966
you know they come to that in a
minute is far below the amount

6e942ba7-3de6-45fe-aa85-c55c3e829242-4
00:26:37.966 --> 00:26:41.463
of speakers French in the town.
And yet speakers of Dutch have

6e942ba7-3de6-45fe-aa85-c55c3e829242-5
00:26:41.463 --> 00:26:44.626
the right to use their language
in all contacts with the

6e942ba7-3de6-45fe-aa85-c55c3e829242-6
00:26:44.626 --> 00:26:46.070
government and vice versa.

bddb2e70-a4a6-4a1c-970f-f905db58587a-0
00:26:46.940 --> 00:26:50.080
If as an inhabitant of Brussels,
I define myself as a speaker of

bddb2e70-a4a6-4a1c-970f-f905db58587a-1
00:26:50.080 --> 00:26:50.370
Dutch.

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-0
00:26:51.400 --> 00:26:54.560
I can demand that all my tax
documents come in Dutch, and if

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-1
00:26:54.560 --> 00:26:57.825
they come in French I can send
them back. And I'm not supposed

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-2
00:26:57.825 --> 00:27:01.089
even to pay those taxes because
the document was sent to me in

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-3
00:27:01.089 --> 00:27:04.198
the wrong language. If I go to
the police, I can expect the

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-4
00:27:04.198 --> 00:27:07.618
officer in the police station to
speak Dutch. To me. This doesn't

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-5
00:27:07.618 --> 00:27:10.727
always work out, also depends a
bit on where you are in the

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-6
00:27:10.727 --> 00:27:13.940
town, but basically you have the
right to use language in all

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-7
00:27:13.940 --> 00:27:17.256
contacts with the government. As
far as the Brussels Government

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-8
00:27:17.256 --> 00:27:20.624
is concerned, the ministers, we
have a guaranteed representation

fba26892-d38d-4524-854f-a83f341e8dfa-9
00:27:20.624 --> 00:27:21.350
which exceeds.

f92eec30-ccd0-4273-86a8-13329e09637d-0
00:27:21.420 --> 00:27:25.809
By far the numerical value, the
numerical presence of the

f92eec30-ccd0-4273-86a8-13329e09637d-1
00:27:25.809 --> 00:27:29.820
speakers of Dutch in Brussels.
There's a veto right.

fc21eae7-61a0-4957-8d5c-67d8b588ae67-0
00:27:30.610 --> 00:27:34.525
In regional administrative
bodies in Brussels, if the Dutch

fc21eae7-61a0-4957-8d5c-67d8b588ae67-1
00:27:34.525 --> 00:27:38.441
speaking faction of politicians
feels that their rights are

fc21eae7-61a0-4957-8d5c-67d8b588ae67-2
00:27:38.441 --> 00:27:42.487
being infringed, we even have a
Commission for Dutch speaking

fc21eae7-61a0-4957-8d5c-67d8b588ae67-3
00:27:42.487 --> 00:27:46.338
cultural indication and in civil
service. 1/3 of all civil

fc21eae7-61a0-4957-8d5c-67d8b588ae67-4
00:27:46.338 --> 00:27:50.188
servants in Brussels civil
service needs to be speakers of

fc21eae7-61a0-4957-8d5c-67d8b588ae67-5
00:27:50.188 --> 00:27:50.580
Dutch.

c3c79a2a-d7a3-4db9-ba04-3b673f9d7955-0
00:27:51.630 --> 00:27:55.848
So there is a clear protection
of that Dutch minority which

c3c79a2a-d7a3-4db9-ba04-3b673f9d7955-1
00:27:55.848 --> 00:27:58.380
continues up until the present
day.

c6ccfd20-c26f-4d4a-8360-a9e2981bd4ce-0
00:28:00.690 --> 00:28:03.622
Now those are policies which
were designed in the 1960s,

c6ccfd20-c26f-4d4a-8360-a9e2981bd4ce-1
00:28:03.622 --> 00:28:06.350
which were decided upon in the
1960s by politicians.

b2f938d4-0cec-421a-b717-1e1ef49f5d3c-0
00:28:07.420 --> 00:28:09.100
But we're 50 years later
nowadays.

ca429cdc-d5ca-4a2e-9508-490104d56b98-0
00:28:10.050 --> 00:28:13.442
And our previous rector,
Professor Elzbieta, first female

ca429cdc-d5ca-4a2e-9508-490104d56b98-1
00:28:13.442 --> 00:28:17.128
rector of University in Belgium
at the time and uh, one of the

ca429cdc-d5ca-4a2e-9508-490104d56b98-2
00:28:17.128 --> 00:28:20.579
best known scholars of Belgian
language history, well, was

ca429cdc-d5ca-4a2e-9508-490104d56b98-3
00:28:20.579 --> 00:28:23.680
really published a lot on on
language policy issues.

907e483e-cb0e-4309-accf-9b8cb7e30872-0
00:28:24.310 --> 00:28:27.270
And she repeatedly claimed that
monolingual strategies.

bd544e44-79c0-4d15-855e-2f10c97f7da8-0
00:28:28.000 --> 00:28:31.673
Either Dutch or French have
become outdated and she also

bd544e44-79c0-4d15-855e-2f10c97f7da8-1
00:28:31.673 --> 00:28:35.090
indicates that they no longer
work because she says.

41d19b9b-722c-456b-9427-42657fbbb8bf-0
00:28:35.850 --> 00:28:38.190
For one, French no longer is the
Prestige language.

4247f9a4-9f0b-4160-a266-49e5dec82c4f-0
00:28:38.850 --> 00:28:43.801
And two, in Brussels there is a
third factor which comes in a

4247f9a4-9f0b-4160-a266-49e5dec82c4f-1
00:28:43.801 --> 00:28:44.440
kind of.

12c7a787-1c48-4112-85ed-559b125d6007-0
00:28:45.440 --> 00:28:47.720
Usurping factor which comes in
and that is English.

0eadae97-63b0-45ad-b95e-45f779c68a0d-0
00:28:48.710 --> 00:28:52.359
English, which is not recognised
at any official level. English

0eadae97-63b0-45ad-b95e-45f779c68a0d-1
00:28:52.359 --> 00:28:55.495
has become an even more
important factor in that town,

0eadae97-63b0-45ad-b95e-45f779c68a0d-2
00:28:55.495 --> 00:28:57.320
so basically governing Brussels.

de5789f0-62d7-4841-b727-1ab3768b044c-0
00:28:58.500 --> 00:29:01.758
In terms of only Dutch and
French, it's a kind of

de5789f0-62d7-4841-b727-1ab3768b044c-1
00:29:01.758 --> 00:29:02.540
anachronism.

1966e31d-459a-4078-9c7e-b5e2b1889906-0
00:29:04.090 --> 00:29:08.179
I do realise I will go into this
later on, that it is anything

1966e31d-459a-4078-9c7e-b5e2b1889906-1
00:29:08.179 --> 00:29:11.879
but easy to try and change
current policies. It's a mind

1966e31d-459a-4078-9c7e-b5e2b1889906-2
00:29:11.879 --> 00:29:15.450
break and it may be also
political dynamite, but it is

1966e31d-459a-4078-9c7e-b5e2b1889906-3
00:29:15.450 --> 00:29:19.410
something which can be said on
the basis of objective facts.

2b5cb236-9840-493a-a94f-a0b01f727909-0
00:29:20.350 --> 00:29:24.604
Speaking of facts, one of the
things we do at our university

2b5cb236-9840-493a-a94f-a0b01f727909-1
00:29:24.604 --> 00:29:28.650
is um make a um four annual five
annual assessment of the

2b5cb236-9840-493a-a94f-a0b01f727909-2
00:29:28.650 --> 00:29:32.626
linguistic situation in
Brussels. I need to mention here

2b5cb236-9840-493a-a94f-a0b01f727909-3
00:29:32.626 --> 00:29:36.811
that it is officially forbidden
in Belgium to do a language

2b5cb236-9840-493a-a94f-a0b01f727909-4
00:29:36.811 --> 00:29:37.300
census.

c9c93762-1030-4861-88f2-f7afbc9d95c7-0
00:29:38.170 --> 00:29:41.676
After the language struggle had
been pacified in the 1960s,

c9c93762-1030-4861-88f2-f7afbc9d95c7-1
00:29:41.676 --> 00:29:44.948
politicians decided that we
could no longer do language

c9c93762-1030-4861-88f2-f7afbc9d95c7-2
00:29:44.948 --> 00:29:47.520
senses because that would be too
sensitive.

46358cb3-4956-43b1-b182-d1229a55c1d5-0
00:29:48.890 --> 00:29:51.950
As academics tend to do, we find
ways around that.

8e73a4e4-83fa-4798-a95c-335b9a9bc635-0
00:29:52.700 --> 00:29:56.014
And every four or five years we
make an assessment of dealing

8e73a4e4-83fa-4798-a95c-335b9a9bc635-1
00:29:56.014 --> 00:29:59.115
Ristic situation in Brussels.
And one of the questions we

8e73a4e4-83fa-4798-a95c-335b9a9bc635-2
00:29:59.115 --> 00:30:01.895
usually ask, and this was
research initiated by our

8e73a4e4-83fa-4798-a95c-335b9a9bc635-3
00:30:01.895 --> 00:30:04.890
fantastic colleague Gudjohnsen's
who sadly passed away.

406d6626-2911-4922-8d2e-290a267e02a0-0
00:30:06.440 --> 00:30:10.381
Last year. But his work is being
continued and we keep carrying

406d6626-2911-4922-8d2e-290a267e02a0-1
00:30:10.381 --> 00:30:13.830
the flame. One of the main
questions in those analysis,

406d6626-2911-4922-8d2e-290a267e02a0-2
00:30:13.830 --> 00:30:17.895
which started in the years about
2000, 2001, is what languages do

406d6626-2911-4922-8d2e-290a267e02a0-3
00:30:17.895 --> 00:30:19.990
Brussels residents speak at
home?

82b3bbdb-c972-4b7e-8b79-52c3f98f8006-0
00:30:20.630 --> 00:30:21.710
What is their own language?

d47090f2-a733-47df-98a7-e132395f3da9-0
00:30:22.490 --> 00:30:26.120
And if you look at the situation
in 2000, 2001 which is TB1

d47090f2-a733-47df-98a7-e132395f3da9-1
00:30:26.120 --> 00:30:29.750
language barometer one, you see
that half of the population

d47090f2-a733-47df-98a7-e132395f3da9-2
00:30:29.750 --> 00:30:33.501
claim to be francophone, 9% of
the calculation said Ohh speak

d47090f2-a733-47df-98a7-e132395f3da9-3
00:30:33.501 --> 00:30:37.312
Dutch at home, 10% said I speak
French and Dutch. And then you

d47090f2-a733-47df-98a7-e132395f3da9-4
00:30:37.312 --> 00:30:41.245
have a combination about 30% of
other languages situation you've

d47090f2-a733-47df-98a7-e132395f3da9-5
00:30:41.245 --> 00:30:44.754
evolved overtime language
barometer 2 into third language

d47090f2-a733-47df-98a7-e132395f3da9-6
00:30:44.754 --> 00:30:48.505
barometer, the amount of the
percentage of speakers of French

d47090f2-a733-47df-98a7-e132395f3da9-7
00:30:48.505 --> 00:30:52.074
really dropped to 32.4. So the
population, but look at the

d47090f2-a733-47df-98a7-e132395f3da9-8
00:30:52.074 --> 00:30:52.679
evolution.

8a6aa4d6-1213-4cf6-b6eb-fab809825a42-0
00:30:52.770 --> 00:30:57.352
The speakers of Dutch over 20
years time you go from 9.3 / 6.9

8a6aa4d6-1213-4cf6-b6eb-fab809825a42-1
00:30:57.352 --> 00:31:01.717
to 5.5 to 5.6 at the uh, the
last assessment which was made

8a6aa4d6-1213-4cf6-b6eb-fab809825a42-2
00:31:01.717 --> 00:31:06.373
three to four years ago. So you
see that the amount of speakers

8a6aa4d6-1213-4cf6-b6eb-fab809825a42-3
00:31:06.373 --> 00:31:10.810
of Dutch who have Dutch as their
home language has basically

8a6aa4d6-1213-4cf6-b6eb-fab809825a42-4
00:31:10.810 --> 00:31:11.320
shrunk.

2a27c186-ff9b-4165-826c-f70794da3e60-0
00:31:12.470 --> 00:31:15.531
I mean, I wouldn't be surprised
if you wouldn't have reached the

2a27c186-ff9b-4165-826c-f70794da3e60-1
00:31:15.531 --> 00:31:18.310
5% nowadays, the amount of
people speaking French at home.

383b54b2-210c-409f-a72b-4bced097d1c3-0
00:31:18.960 --> 00:31:22.798
It's still around 50%. What is
very interesting of course is

383b54b2-210c-409f-a72b-4bced097d1c3-1
00:31:22.798 --> 00:31:24.560
that 45% of your population.

6d6d2f5f-7ffd-4554-9c2c-4f1d50b7d28b-0
00:31:26.660 --> 00:31:29.040
Lives in a multilingual
situation.

b4eae908-b7f5-46c3-84ea-c2699e086e65-0
00:31:30.660 --> 00:31:34.292
Multilingualism in Brussels
nowadays has become the norm

b4eae908-b7f5-46c3-84ea-c2699e086e65-1
00:31:34.292 --> 00:31:38.244
because we kind of suspect that
the figure of 52.2 for French

b4eae908-b7f5-46c3-84ea-c2699e086e65-2
00:31:38.244 --> 00:31:41.430
only is an average of
exaggeration. Many of those

b4eae908-b7f5-46c3-84ea-c2699e086e65-3
00:31:41.430 --> 00:31:44.617
people may actually also
function in multilingual

b4eae908-b7f5-46c3-84ea-c2699e086e65-4
00:31:44.617 --> 00:31:48.313
households. Bilingualism has
become the norm in Brussels.

b4eae908-b7f5-46c3-84ea-c2699e086e65-5
00:31:48.313 --> 00:31:52.264
Monolingualism no longer is and
we are now conducting the 5th

b4eae908-b7f5-46c3-84ea-c2699e086e65-6
00:31:52.264 --> 00:31:56.280
assessment. And I wouldn't be
surprised if we'd find that more

b4eae908-b7f5-46c3-84ea-c2699e086e65-7
00:31:56.280 --> 00:31:59.721
than 50% of all people in
Brussels actually live in a

b4eae908-b7f5-46c3-84ea-c2699e086e65-8
00:31:59.721 --> 00:32:00.550
multilingual.

09c839e4-8fb1-4a7b-9502-857750bcfc59-0
00:32:00.620 --> 00:32:04.461
Household. And yet as far as
policy is concerned, there are

09c839e4-8fb1-4a7b-9502-857750bcfc59-1
00:32:04.461 --> 00:32:08.238
little to no provisions for
those multilingual situations.

09c839e4-8fb1-4a7b-9502-857750bcfc59-2
00:32:08.238 --> 00:32:11.887
This is a the same graph but
then in a different diagram

09c839e4-8fb1-4a7b-9502-857750bcfc59-3
00:32:11.887 --> 00:32:12.719
presentation.

cc878792-b5e4-43a5-95d5-8eaeb72c9ec3-0
00:32:13.450 --> 00:32:17.281
That way you see that the amount
of speakers are French, uh. So

cc878792-b5e4-43a5-95d5-8eaeb72c9ec3-1
00:32:17.281 --> 00:32:20.933
there's around 50% that the
amount of speakers of Dutch goes

cc878792-b5e4-43a5-95d5-8eaeb72c9ec3-2
00:32:20.933 --> 00:32:24.764
down, and that the multilingual
speakers really make up an ever

cc878792-b5e4-43a5-95d5-8eaeb72c9ec3-3
00:32:24.764 --> 00:32:26.860
increasing part of the
population.

4b990b08-222f-4052-b06a-0b2e35f76b43-0
00:32:29.150 --> 00:32:31.811
Apart from the language they
speak at home, we also try to

4b990b08-222f-4052-b06a-0b2e35f76b43-1
00:32:31.811 --> 00:32:33.480
find out what languages they
muster.

c08cedd4-f8c3-4fee-9336-ffc1a94ddc94-0
00:32:34.570 --> 00:32:37.542
And looking at the first
language barometer, you see that

c08cedd4-f8c3-4fee-9336-ffc1a94ddc94-1
00:32:37.542 --> 00:32:40.618
95% of the population says we
marked the French, 1/3 of the

c08cedd4-f8c3-4fee-9336-ffc1a94ddc94-2
00:32:40.618 --> 00:32:43.949
population says we master it, we
master Dutch, and another third

c08cedd4-f8c3-4fee-9336-ffc1a94ddc94-3
00:32:43.949 --> 00:32:47.229
says we master English, and then
you get Arabic and a number of

c08cedd4-f8c3-4fee-9336-ffc1a94ddc94-4
00:32:47.229 --> 00:32:48.050
small languages.

3522906d-ab5b-4b37-8a21-823dcfa6c1a6-0
00:32:49.140 --> 00:32:50.230
Look at the last column.

2781fbe2-6a1f-4536-abb8-938d5423c761-0
00:32:51.390 --> 00:32:55.150
Language. Wonderful. There you
see that three to four years

2781fbe2-6a1f-4536-abb8-938d5423c761-1
00:32:55.150 --> 00:32:58.346
ago, close to 90% of the
population said we master

2781fbe2-6a1f-4536-abb8-938d5423c761-2
00:32:58.346 --> 00:33:02.232
French. 1/3 of the population
still says we master Dutch, but

2781fbe2-6a1f-4536-abb8-938d5423c761-3
00:33:02.232 --> 00:33:05.680
only 16% of the population says
we still master Dutch.

a30d2bdb-541e-4e23-9d85-4ece786c2264-0
00:33:06.960 --> 00:33:11.424
So you see that French is there
to say, English is also there to

a30d2bdb-541e-4e23-9d85-4ece786c2264-1
00:33:11.424 --> 00:33:13.760
stay, but the amount of
speakers.

c6c326d5-d4e5-4445-b6dd-c2b45c79557c-0
00:33:14.750 --> 00:33:16.780
Able to speak Dutch goes down.

22e433bd-d822-4705-a7b6-aa57655310af-0
00:33:18.840 --> 00:33:22.481
And yet the town is governed in
terms of speakers of Dutch and

22e433bd-d822-4705-a7b6-aa57655310af-1
00:33:22.481 --> 00:33:25.544
speakers of French only and
recognition of Dutch and

22e433bd-d822-4705-a7b6-aa57655310af-2
00:33:25.544 --> 00:33:29.070
recognition of French only.
There is no official recognition

22e433bd-d822-4705-a7b6-aa57655310af-3
00:33:29.070 --> 00:33:32.653
whatsoever for other languages.
Note that Arabic always stays

22e433bd-d822-4705-a7b6-aa57655310af-4
00:33:32.653 --> 00:33:36.063
around 10% and that the other
language is then follow suit

22e433bd-d822-4705-a7b6-aa57655310af-5
00:33:36.063 --> 00:33:37.740
like at 5% or 3% at etcetera.

e89875c3-ae59-4a1b-b0aa-bac5c4247113-0
00:33:39.280 --> 00:33:43.203
This is a recent graph long lost
language barometer was made in

e89875c3-ae59-4a1b-b0aa-bac5c4247113-1
00:33:43.203 --> 00:33:46.759
2018 where you see speak as a
French who knows French and

e89875c3-ae59-4a1b-b0aa-bac5c4247113-2
00:33:46.759 --> 00:33:50.744
Brussels. 87% of the population
34 says we know English, 16 says

e89875c3-ae59-4a1b-b0aa-bac5c4247113-3
00:33:50.744 --> 00:33:54.300
we know Dutch and then about 9
to 10 says we know Arabic.

df122dab-2c35-44af-88a2-019c52771e69-0
00:33:56.720 --> 00:34:00.479
Dutch, French, English and then
Arabic to a lesser degree. Those

df122dab-2c35-44af-88a2-019c52771e69-1
00:34:00.479 --> 00:34:04.065
are the main languages which
come up when you do this kind of

df122dab-2c35-44af-88a2-019c52771e69-2
00:34:04.065 --> 00:34:04.470
senses.

7a3ce934-95a2-49ad-a8b9-c7aff1a32bd8-0
00:34:05.830 --> 00:34:10.070
Yeah, well, you look below those
major languages.

50f0f590-aebc-46f7-9d52-534f8d7d8b15-0
00:34:10.910 --> 00:34:14.808
You find that Brussels is an
extremely cosmopolitan city.

50f0f590-aebc-46f7-9d52-534f8d7d8b15-1
00:34:14.808 --> 00:34:19.109
There was an assessment of the
cosmopolitan character of town's

50f0f590-aebc-46f7-9d52-534f8d7d8b15-2
00:34:19.109 --> 00:34:22.940
worldwide. Dubai clearly went
out with a percentage of a

50f0f590-aebc-46f7-9d52-534f8d7d8b15-3
00:34:22.940 --> 00:34:27.040
cosmopolitanism close to 83%.
Brussels followed suit and his

50f0f590-aebc-46f7-9d52-534f8d7d8b15-4
00:34:27.040 --> 00:34:31.274
second I'm not sure whether you
can actually call Dubai a real

50f0f590-aebc-46f7-9d52-534f8d7d8b15-5
00:34:31.274 --> 00:34:33.560
tan, depending on how you
assess.

d1cdf307-d50e-4168-996e-98fdf486859f-0
00:34:35.130 --> 00:34:38.968
More important social ties and
interaction actually is to

d1cdf307-d50e-4168-996e-98fdf486859f-1
00:34:38.968 --> 00:34:42.873
define Metropolis. But Brussels
clearly appears to be more

d1cdf307-d50e-4168-996e-98fdf486859f-2
00:34:42.873 --> 00:34:47.175
cosmopolitan than, for example,
Toronto or Auckland or London or

d1cdf307-d50e-4168-996e-98fdf486859f-3
00:34:47.175 --> 00:34:51.411
New York and other towns. If we
look at the number of languages

d1cdf307-d50e-4168-996e-98fdf486859f-4
00:34:51.411 --> 00:34:55.646
spoken in Brussels right now, we
found that we find that 100 to

d1cdf307-d50e-4168-996e-98fdf486859f-5
00:34:55.646 --> 00:34:58.890
120 different languages are
present in the town.

f70414e7-81d8-49ee-8dbd-0e84afc4f058-0
00:35:01.030 --> 00:35:02.340
And employers know this.

12d98906-9114-4776-9830-1a096c06ab2c-0
00:35:03.330 --> 00:35:06.780
Employers realise that being
multilingual.

89192996-967d-4e74-abc1-d82c73a75aff-0
00:35:07.440 --> 00:35:10.495
Is really important and I
apologise for presenting these

89192996-967d-4e74-abc1-d82c73a75aff-1
00:35:10.495 --> 00:35:13.926
slides in Dutch. These are taken
from official official sources

89192996-967d-4e74-abc1-d82c73a75aff-2
00:35:13.926 --> 00:35:17.035
and only published in either
Dutch or in French. But with

89192996-967d-4e74-abc1-d82c73a75aff-3
00:35:17.035 --> 00:35:20.519
what this basically says is that
mother Lingualism is jump board

89192996-967d-4e74-abc1-d82c73a75aff-4
00:35:20.519 --> 00:35:21.270
towards a job.

65e7545e-ba93-4110-877d-366e1ca4c9e3-0
00:35:22.170 --> 00:35:24.820
53% of all vacancies in
Brussels.

7cef68ca-cb00-4e24-9912-14cb79caf1b5-0
00:35:25.980 --> 00:35:30.195
Demand that the person getting a
job is bilingual. In 80% of the

7cef68ca-cb00-4e24-9912-14cb79caf1b5-1
00:35:30.195 --> 00:35:34.215
cases you need to be bilingual,
French, Dutch, and 40% of the

7cef68ca-cb00-4e24-9912-14cb79caf1b5-2
00:35:34.215 --> 00:35:38.171
cases you need to be bilingual
having English as one of your

7cef68ca-cb00-4e24-9912-14cb79caf1b5-3
00:35:38.171 --> 00:35:38.820
languages.

dd9993e2-bf5e-40b9-b102-06db87439f58-0
00:35:40.300 --> 00:35:43.132
Now the flip side of the coin is
also there if you look at the

dd9993e2-bf5e-40b9-b102-06db87439f58-1
00:35:43.132 --> 00:35:45.020
people looking for a job, the
unemployed.

796916cc-4d2f-49f6-b068-719a4e3533be-0
00:35:45.710 --> 00:35:49.546
Only 2% of all people unemployed
in Brussels are trilingual. And

796916cc-4d2f-49f6-b068-719a4e3533be-1
00:35:49.546 --> 00:35:53.088
very often you find that those
are people who do not really

796916cc-4d2f-49f6-b068-719a4e3533be-2
00:35:53.088 --> 00:35:56.747
have to look for another job,
who are in the social situation

796916cc-4d2f-49f6-b068-719a4e3533be-3
00:35:56.747 --> 00:36:00.466
where they can actually where
they're at the liberty of either

796916cc-4d2f-49f6-b068-719a4e3533be-4
00:36:00.466 --> 00:36:04.125
working or not working. So this
basically means if you want a

796916cc-4d2f-49f6-b068-719a4e3533be-5
00:36:04.125 --> 00:36:05.070
job in Brussels.

d1b798b6-ad84-41fe-a4e7-8964c6db79fc-0
00:36:05.830 --> 00:36:08.587
You'd better be buy or
multilingual. If you are

d1b798b6-ad84-41fe-a4e7-8964c6db79fc-1
00:36:08.587 --> 00:36:12.148
multilingual, chances that you
will not have a job are fairly

d1b798b6-ad84-41fe-a4e7-8964c6db79fc-2
00:36:12.148 --> 00:36:15.825
limited. I hear a click. I'm not
sure whether it actually meant

d1b798b6-ad84-41fe-a4e7-8964c6db79fc-3
00:36:15.825 --> 00:36:19.329
that somebody asked a question
or not. No, it doesn't. Okay,

d1b798b6-ad84-41fe-a4e7-8964c6db79fc-4
00:36:19.329 --> 00:36:22.948
back to the back to the slides
we I do have a just a 15 minute

d1b798b6-ad84-41fe-a4e7-8964c6db79fc-5
00:36:22.948 --> 00:36:26.280
warning for you and 15 minutes
to the end of the session.

31c8ef11-2b61-40eb-a334-c2dd463cf3cc-0
00:36:27.600 --> 00:36:31.410
We we have our discussion to
come. Thank you very much.

fa598964-db26-40ab-bdac-aa5c74016aa1-0
00:36:32.110 --> 00:36:35.295
Now companies know this, so they
want people who are

fa598964-db26-40ab-bdac-aa5c74016aa1-1
00:36:35.295 --> 00:36:39.021
multilingual. And this is not
just a symbolic measure. We did

fa598964-db26-40ab-bdac-aa5c74016aa1-2
00:36:39.021 --> 00:36:42.326
a recent analysis of the
languages in which businesses

fa598964-db26-40ab-bdac-aa5c74016aa1-3
00:36:42.326 --> 00:36:45.932
communicate in Brussels. We
basically looked at the website

fa598964-db26-40ab-bdac-aa5c74016aa1-4
00:36:45.932 --> 00:36:49.718
at the social media and had a
look at what languages they they

fa598964-db26-40ab-bdac-aa5c74016aa1-5
00:36:49.718 --> 00:36:53.264
use. The term gazelle is a bit,
perhaps a bit strange when

fa598964-db26-40ab-bdac-aa5c74016aa1-6
00:36:53.264 --> 00:36:56.930
talking about businesses. This
is basically a ranking of the

fa598964-db26-40ab-bdac-aa5c74016aa1-7
00:36:56.930 --> 00:37:00.416
best performing companies,
small, medium and large sized.

fa598964-db26-40ab-bdac-aa5c74016aa1-8
00:37:00.416 --> 00:37:02.580
In Brussels it's an annual
ranking.

f395ff5b-37d9-4a8f-b170-670fbbff03c8-0
00:37:02.650 --> 00:37:05.003
And the ranking is called the
business gazelles. That's

f395ff5b-37d9-4a8f-b170-670fbbff03c8-1
00:37:05.003 --> 00:37:05.550
basically it.

cc1bd34e-7e52-4dcb-8785-8f94235eae76-0
00:37:06.270 --> 00:37:09.501
Well, the interest us is the the
top part of the graph where you

cc1bd34e-7e52-4dcb-8785-8f94235eae76-1
00:37:09.501 --> 00:37:12.384
have the division for small
gazelles, medium gazelles and

cc1bd34e-7e52-4dcb-8785-8f94235eae76-2
00:37:12.384 --> 00:37:15.218
large gazelles, small companies,
medium companies, large

cc1bd34e-7e52-4dcb-8785-8f94235eae76-3
00:37:15.218 --> 00:37:17.953
companies. You see that as far
as small, medium, large

cc1bd34e-7e52-4dcb-8785-8f94235eae76-4
00:37:17.953 --> 00:37:21.035
companies are concerned only a
minority between 40 and 22% of

cc1bd34e-7e52-4dcb-8785-8f94235eae76-5
00:37:21.035 --> 00:37:23.720
those companies functions on
their monolingual basis.

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-0
00:37:24.620 --> 00:37:27.868
Interesting. Monolingual does
not mean French here. In many

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-1
00:37:27.868 --> 00:37:31.333
cases monolingual means English,
which says something about the

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-2
00:37:31.333 --> 00:37:34.473
orientation. I remind you of the
fact that English has no

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-3
00:37:34.473 --> 00:37:37.667
official status in Brussels
whatsoever. If you look at the

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-4
00:37:37.667 --> 00:37:41.024
number of bilingual companies,
you see that especially medium

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-5
00:37:41.024 --> 00:37:44.435
sized companies and large side
companies are bilingual. But if

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-6
00:37:44.435 --> 00:37:47.629
you look at the multilingual
companies using more than two

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-7
00:37:47.629 --> 00:37:50.336
languages in their
communication, well 30% of the

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-8
00:37:50.336 --> 00:37:53.856
small companies do this. If you
look at the major companies, 50%

19140390-5f9f-4c2d-8db3-37906e7b592e-9
00:37:53.856 --> 00:37:54.559
of all major.

b026d042-6549-41be-8368-c8968284373d-0
00:37:54.670 --> 00:37:57.946
Companies in Brussels have
websites using more than just

b026d042-6549-41be-8368-c8968284373d-1
00:37:57.946 --> 00:38:01.740
French and Dutch, so the need to
communicate to a larger audience

b026d042-6549-41be-8368-c8968284373d-2
00:38:01.740 --> 00:38:05.304
because many of these companies
also direct their websites at

b026d042-6549-41be-8368-c8968284373d-3
00:38:05.304 --> 00:38:08.869
the local audience. The need to
communicate in a multilingual

b026d042-6549-41be-8368-c8968284373d-4
00:38:08.869 --> 00:38:12.318
fashion clearly is something
which is very important, which

b026d042-6549-41be-8368-c8968284373d-5
00:38:12.318 --> 00:38:15.479
has become part of the brand
voice of these companies.

e37bb1a0-fbea-4fae-b283-9624a201b6af-0
00:38:16.850 --> 00:38:20.241
Now, if we need a population
that is multilingual, this has

e37bb1a0-fbea-4fae-b283-9624a201b6af-1
00:38:20.241 --> 00:38:23.915
consequences for education. And
once again apologies for showing

e37bb1a0-fbea-4fae-b283-9624a201b6af-2
00:38:23.915 --> 00:38:27.136
the slide in Dutch. This was
also taken from an official

e37bb1a0-fbea-4fae-b283-9624a201b6af-3
00:38:27.136 --> 00:38:30.641
report. This slide shows the
number of pupils enrolled in the

e37bb1a0-fbea-4fae-b283-9624a201b6af-4
00:38:30.641 --> 00:38:34.145
French speaking school system in
Brussels and enrolled in the

e37bb1a0-fbea-4fae-b283-9624a201b6af-5
00:38:34.145 --> 00:38:37.649
Dutch speaking school system in
Brussels. What this basically

e37bb1a0-fbea-4fae-b283-9624a201b6af-6
00:38:37.649 --> 00:38:41.097
means is that 82% of all pupils
in Brussels go to the French

e37bb1a0-fbea-4fae-b283-9624a201b6af-7
00:38:41.097 --> 00:38:44.658
speaking system and 18% of all
pupils go to the Dutch speaking

e37bb1a0-fbea-4fae-b283-9624a201b6af-8
00:38:44.658 --> 00:38:46.580
system. I remind you of the
fact.

6c973eac-9285-477f-b9ee-d9c25cfb57fd-0
00:38:46.690 --> 00:38:50.897
That only 5% of all people in
Brussels live in a monolingual

6c973eac-9285-477f-b9ee-d9c25cfb57fd-1
00:38:50.897 --> 00:38:55.173
Dutch speaking household, yet
18% of all kids go to the Dutch

6c973eac-9285-477f-b9ee-d9c25cfb57fd-2
00:38:55.173 --> 00:38:56.760
speaking school system.

18ae8657-5d90-482b-9796-f15b4fdf2f64-0
00:38:57.420 --> 00:39:00.789
Some people will say yes because
of the good, the high quality of

18ae8657-5d90-482b-9796-f15b4fdf2f64-1
00:39:00.789 --> 00:39:03.801
that school system. There's
something to be said for that.

18ae8657-5d90-482b-9796-f15b4fdf2f64-2
00:39:03.801 --> 00:39:06.659
But this clearly shows that the
substantial part of the

18ae8657-5d90-482b-9796-f15b4fdf2f64-3
00:39:06.659 --> 00:39:09.875
population wants their children
to become bilingual, bilingual

18ae8657-5d90-482b-9796-f15b4fdf2f64-4
00:39:09.875 --> 00:39:13.143
and highly proficient in Dutch.
I mean, anybody having children

18ae8657-5d90-482b-9796-f15b4fdf2f64-5
00:39:13.143 --> 00:39:16.512
right now in the Brussels school
system, and I'm a case in point,

18ae8657-5d90-482b-9796-f15b4fdf2f64-6
00:39:16.512 --> 00:39:19.320
can testify to the fact that
native speakers of Dutch.

31b29813-c357-4136-bfa6-00a41ae9907b-0
00:39:20.380 --> 00:39:23.850
Form a minority in many classes
nowadays in Brussels. So the

31b29813-c357-4136-bfa6-00a41ae9907b-1
00:39:23.850 --> 00:39:26.980
school system, the Dutch school
system functions as a.

dc145be8-c00d-459b-a14b-de7df65bda0b-0
00:39:28.150 --> 00:39:29.570
Bilingualism machine.

647c9a0d-9039-420c-a126-820018628db8-0
00:39:30.350 --> 00:39:34.262
For the future of Brussels, for
the young generation which will

647c9a0d-9039-420c-a126-820018628db8-1
00:39:34.262 --> 00:39:37.870
enter society, will enter
employment in many years of now.

647c9a0d-9039-420c-a126-820018628db8-2
00:39:37.870 --> 00:39:41.782
What we also see is that English
becomes even more popular as a

647c9a0d-9039-420c-a126-820018628db8-3
00:39:41.782 --> 00:39:45.328
second language in Wallonia. So
to realisation that being

647c9a0d-9039-420c-a126-820018628db8-4
00:39:45.328 --> 00:39:49.180
bilingual is important is not
something which is just confined

647c9a0d-9039-420c-a126-820018628db8-5
00:39:49.180 --> 00:39:53.093
to Brussels. It also extends to
the French speaking part of the

647c9a0d-9039-420c-a126-820018628db8-6
00:39:53.093 --> 00:39:56.883
country, where you can choose
either Dutch or English as your

647c9a0d-9039-420c-a126-820018628db8-7
00:39:56.883 --> 00:40:00.430
second language, and you find
that English is very often.

96a2757b-5dae-47a7-a8cd-66628ff4a6d7-0
00:40:00.500 --> 00:40:03.892
1000 as a second language. This
tells you something about the

96a2757b-5dae-47a7-a8cd-66628ff4a6d7-1
00:40:03.892 --> 00:40:07.065
way the country is being
organised. Official languages in

96a2757b-5dae-47a7-a8cd-66628ff4a6d7-2
00:40:07.065 --> 00:40:09.910
the country are Dutch and
French, but on the French

96a2757b-5dae-47a7-a8cd-66628ff4a6d7-3
00:40:09.910 --> 00:40:13.466
speaking side of the border ever
most students choose English as

96a2757b-5dae-47a7-a8cd-66628ff4a6d7-4
00:40:13.466 --> 00:40:16.967
a second language. The current
Minister for Education, Wallonia

96a2757b-5dae-47a7-a8cd-66628ff4a6d7-5
00:40:16.967 --> 00:40:20.141
is not happy about this and
intends to reinstate Dutch as

96a2757b-5dae-47a7-a8cd-66628ff4a6d7-6
00:40:20.141 --> 00:40:23.478
the obligatory second language
because many companies do not

96a2757b-5dae-47a7-a8cd-66628ff4a6d7-7
00:40:23.478 --> 00:40:26.979
find good candidates for jobs.
What you see in Brussels is that

96a2757b-5dae-47a7-a8cd-66628ff4a6d7-8
00:40:26.979 --> 00:40:28.839
the Dutch speaking school
system.

82919e74-e53c-4eda-b085-3759cce58bcc-0
00:40:29.620 --> 00:40:33.402
Takes a high swing, but we also
see that the immersion school

82919e74-e53c-4eda-b085-3759cce58bcc-1
00:40:33.402 --> 00:40:33.830
system.

bdc81dc6-9024-4294-a4e5-31af982f82e2-0
00:40:34.810 --> 00:40:38.572
It's on the rise. Immersion
education is on the rise and can

bdc81dc6-9024-4294-a4e5-31af982f82e2-1
00:40:38.572 --> 00:40:42.211
and can for legal reasons for
for now only be organised in

bdc81dc6-9024-4294-a4e5-31af982f82e2-2
00:40:42.211 --> 00:40:46.097
Dutch speaking French speaking
schools. Dutch speaking schools

bdc81dc6-9024-4294-a4e5-31af982f82e2-3
00:40:46.097 --> 00:40:49.983
have clear restrictions on the
amount to which emergent can be

bdc81dc6-9024-4294-a4e5-31af982f82e2-4
00:40:49.983 --> 00:40:53.745
organised. But French speaking
skills even more organised or

bdc81dc6-9024-4294-a4e5-31af982f82e2-5
00:40:53.745 --> 00:40:56.953
even more operates on an
immersion education basis,

bdc81dc6-9024-4294-a4e5-31af982f82e2-6
00:40:56.953 --> 00:41:00.407
basically directed at Dutch
replying those students and

bdc81dc6-9024-4294-a4e5-31af982f82e2-7
00:41:00.407 --> 00:41:04.231
making them bilingual French
Dutch. There was a recent decree

bdc81dc6-9024-4294-a4e5-31af982f82e2-8
00:41:04.231 --> 00:41:04.540
just.

ae36e136-eced-41be-a37d-2b3414361978-0
00:41:05.220 --> 00:41:08.660
Voted and it will be implemented
later this year, where double

ae36e136-eced-41be-a37d-2b3414361978-1
00:41:08.660 --> 00:41:12.100
immersion can also be organised.
And what many French speaking

ae36e136-eced-41be-a37d-2b3414361978-2
00:41:12.100 --> 00:41:15.048
schools in Brussels actually
want to be able to do is

ae36e136-eced-41be-a37d-2b3414361978-3
00:41:15.048 --> 00:41:18.270
organise trilingual education.
French, Dutch, English. One

ae36e136-eced-41be-a37d-2b3414361978-4
00:41:18.270 --> 00:41:21.491
third, one third, one third. So
the realisation that these

ae36e136-eced-41be-a37d-2b3414361978-5
00:41:21.491 --> 00:41:24.822
language skills are important is
clearly very, very present,

ae36e136-eced-41be-a37d-2b3414361978-6
00:41:24.822 --> 00:41:27.280
especially in the French
speaking community.

4c1cbcaf-6854-4f70-a4ec-41730e6dd491-0
00:41:27.970 --> 00:41:30.850
Now the Dutch speaking community
also has its share of.

79c7ec14-5501-430d-934a-5e347723b120-0
00:41:31.890 --> 00:41:33.940
Of pupils of students.

cf703e0f-35ef-426f-874a-beff85889d99-0
00:41:35.140 --> 00:41:38.773
Coming from other language
backgrounds, our own university

cf703e0f-35ef-426f-874a-beff85889d99-1
00:41:38.773 --> 00:41:42.714
for UB gets inscriptions which
go up. We have 10% more students

cf703e0f-35ef-426f-874a-beff85889d99-2
00:41:42.714 --> 00:41:45.978
and if we look at our total
student body, 25% of our

cf703e0f-35ef-426f-874a-beff85889d99-3
00:41:45.978 --> 00:41:49.550
students, our international
students, our students coming

cf703e0f-35ef-426f-874a-beff85889d99-4
00:41:49.550 --> 00:41:51.460
from a multilingual background.

0e9230c4-fb85-4691-93b2-3eca3d154378-0
00:41:52.350 --> 00:41:55.982
Which basically has serious
consequences for the way you

0e9230c4-fb85-4691-93b2-3eca3d154378-1
00:41:55.982 --> 00:42:00.124
organise your university and for
the provisions you need to make

0e9230c4-fb85-4691-93b2-3eca3d154378-2
00:42:00.124 --> 00:42:04.203
to put in place to accommodate
your students. One of the things

0e9230c4-fb85-4691-93b2-3eca3d154378-3
00:42:04.203 --> 00:42:07.962
we try to do now is a good
accommodate classes in academic

0e9230c4-fb85-4691-93b2-3eca3d154378-4
00:42:07.962 --> 00:42:11.786
English for all students. We
also try to do stuff regarding

0e9230c4-fb85-4691-93b2-3eca3d154378-5
00:42:11.786 --> 00:42:15.227
academic French for specific
specific programmes. For

0e9230c4-fb85-4691-93b2-3eca3d154378-6
00:42:15.227 --> 00:42:19.433
example, in the in the programme
for doctors medical training, we

0e9230c4-fb85-4691-93b2-3eca3d154378-7
00:42:19.433 --> 00:42:22.110
organise medical French for our
students.

780c14ef-d117-40e5-b1ff-66b976e4c6bc-0
00:42:22.480 --> 00:42:26.047
For them in order for them to be
able to accommodate, speak as a

780c14ef-d117-40e5-b1ff-66b976e4c6bc-1
00:42:26.047 --> 00:42:29.340
French when they need to work,
for example in the hospital.

59739cd0-5485-4a93-868e-74f8e7432088-0
00:42:31.880 --> 00:42:34.644
One of the lesser we learned
here is that the Dutch speaking

59739cd0-5485-4a93-868e-74f8e7432088-1
00:42:34.644 --> 00:42:37.500
community in Brussels, although
numerically numerically small.

801fe77f-a3e8-45db-a80e-8560fa009f82-0
00:42:38.150 --> 00:42:40.080
Clearly plays in a High league.

3f38bcc3-111b-42c8-8f17-dbb5f71cae19-0
00:42:41.000 --> 00:42:44.420
Plays way above it's, let's say,
numerical weight.

46b54920-c665-44d9-bc19-167147c93c66-0
00:42:45.600 --> 00:42:48.411
We see that when it comes to
jobs. We see that when it comes

46b54920-c665-44d9-bc19-167147c93c66-1
00:42:48.411 --> 00:42:51.131
to business communication. We'll
see that when it comes to

46b54920-c665-44d9-bc19-167147c93c66-2
00:42:51.131 --> 00:42:54.035
education, to the when it comes
to the attraction of the large

46b54920-c665-44d9-bc19-167147c93c66-3
00:42:54.035 --> 00:42:56.662
speaking school system, but you
can also see that in the

46b54920-c665-44d9-bc19-167147c93c66-4
00:42:56.662 --> 00:42:57.400
cultural sector.

ed94e99c-ae70-4ac5-b2ce-e1671f5eeb52-0
00:42:58.440 --> 00:43:01.646
One of the main concert halls of
the best concert halls in the

ed94e99c-ae70-4ac5-b2ce-e1671f5eeb52-1
00:43:01.646 --> 00:43:05.004
world is the Asian Belgic in the
centre of Brussels. That concert

ed94e99c-ae70-4ac5-b2ce-e1671f5eeb52-2
00:43:05.004 --> 00:43:08.312
hall actually is the property of
the Dutch speaking community of

ed94e99c-ae70-4ac5-b2ce-e1671f5eeb52-3
00:43:08.312 --> 00:43:08.720
Belgium.

66b74e3d-70de-4f16-96b2-2c7b83e2fa44-0
00:43:09.890 --> 00:43:13.576
And that concert hall is being
used as a way of promoting Dutch

66b74e3d-70de-4f16-96b2-2c7b83e2fa44-1
00:43:13.576 --> 00:43:17.033
culture. Never mind the fact
that editors play there. Never

66b74e3d-70de-4f16-96b2-2c7b83e2fa44-2
00:43:17.033 --> 00:43:20.489
mind the fact that Dualipa,
well, probably won't play there

66b74e3d-70de-4f16-96b2-2c7b83e2fa44-3
00:43:20.489 --> 00:43:23.888
anymore. Never mind the fact
that Adele gave her very best

66b74e3d-70de-4f16-96b2-2c7b83e2fa44-4
00:43:23.888 --> 00:43:27.460
for her first, first Belgian
concert in a small club upstairs

66b74e3d-70de-4f16-96b2-2c7b83e2fa44-5
00:43:27.460 --> 00:43:28.670
in that in that club.

a85ea1ee-4510-490f-8d2f-f7975c81ab50-0
00:43:29.430 --> 00:43:32.882
But the the power of culture is
being used as a way to promote

a85ea1ee-4510-490f-8d2f-f7975c81ab50-1
00:43:32.882 --> 00:43:36.279
Dutch, and one of the recent
initiatives of that concert hall

a85ea1ee-4510-490f-8d2f-f7975c81ab50-2
00:43:36.279 --> 00:43:39.073
is the being happy sessions,
where people from all

a85ea1ee-4510-490f-8d2f-f7975c81ab50-3
00:43:39.073 --> 00:43:42.416
nationalities can come together
in the concert hall and sing

a85ea1ee-4510-490f-8d2f-f7975c81ab50-4
00:43:42.416 --> 00:43:45.430
Dutch pop and rock together in
order to promote Dutch.

88e0a616-2a74-42ac-818d-ad92e8ca975f-0
00:43:46.660 --> 00:43:50.508
So you clearly see that next to
education and business also

88e0a616-2a74-42ac-818d-ad92e8ca975f-1
00:43:50.508 --> 00:43:54.741
culture is being used as kind of
leverage to promote the value of

88e0a616-2a74-42ac-818d-ad92e8ca975f-2
00:43:54.741 --> 00:43:58.910
Dutch as an economic asset, the
value of Dutch as an educational

88e0a616-2a74-42ac-818d-ad92e8ca975f-3
00:43:58.910 --> 00:44:02.310
asset. So in short, something
results in Nice Dutch.

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-0
00:44:03.780 --> 00:44:07.104
Brussels has evolved from a
dominantly Dutch speaking town

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-1
00:44:07.104 --> 00:44:10.203
in the 19th century to a
multilingual and cosmopolitan

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-2
00:44:10.203 --> 00:44:13.640
area in the beginning of the
21st. There are fewer and fewer

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-3
00:44:13.640 --> 00:44:16.683
monolingual Dutch households,
there are less and less

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-4
00:44:16.683 --> 00:44:20.064
unilingual French households and
multilingualism really has

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-5
00:44:20.064 --> 00:44:23.388
become the norm. Also on the
labour market. Dutch speaking

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-6
00:44:23.388 --> 00:44:26.825
education is on the rise and
clearly hasn't success. Because

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-7
00:44:26.825 --> 00:44:30.150
of this increased need for
multilingual individuals, there

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-8
00:44:30.150 --> 00:44:33.361
is a huge potential for
immersion education which is now

33c07969-90a3-4ae7-905f-248908b578a0-9
00:44:33.361 --> 00:44:33.700
being.

f74d5b2c-ec76-4a01-94f1-dfaa9f21a7c3-0
00:44:33.770 --> 00:44:37.611
Exploited by the French speaking
community, not by the Dutch

f74d5b2c-ec76-4a01-94f1-dfaa9f21a7c3-1
00:44:37.611 --> 00:44:41.326
speaking community yet, and
culture clearly functions as a

f74d5b2c-ec76-4a01-94f1-dfaa9f21a7c3-2
00:44:41.326 --> 00:44:45.356
lubricant for the value of Dutch
in this new economic, cultural

f74d5b2c-ec76-4a01-94f1-dfaa9f21a7c3-3
00:44:45.356 --> 00:44:49.197
and educational landscape. And
if there are any questions, I

f74d5b2c-ec76-4a01-94f1-dfaa9f21a7c3-4
00:44:49.197 --> 00:44:52.912
will be very happy. I will be
very happy to try and answer

f74d5b2c-ec76-4a01-94f1-dfaa9f21a7c3-5
00:44:52.912 --> 00:44:53.290
those.

b67cee89-3869-447e-a170-410499e8beb7-0
00:44:53.910 --> 00:44:56.569
Thank you very much for your
attention. I was very happy to

b67cee89-3869-447e-a170-410499e8beb7-1
00:44:56.569 --> 00:44:59.317
be able to do this and I said
I'll be happy to try and answer

b67cee89-3869-447e-a170-410499e8beb7-2
00:44:59.317 --> 00:45:00.470
any question you may have.

f5b9b09c-82f5-48bf-be00-7e02e4840edf-0
00:45:02.340 --> 00:45:06.418
Thank you very much for that.
Then I'm sure that we will have

f5b9b09c-82f5-48bf-be00-7e02e4840edf-1
00:45:06.418 --> 00:45:10.365
some questions. I'm going to
stop the recording now to give

f5b9b09c-82f5-48bf-be00-7e02e4840edf-2
00:45:10.365 --> 00:45:12.010
people a chance to voice.

03d23041-f568-49ca-ae33-a8839f1d863d-0
00:45:12.620 --> 00:45:16.840