WEBVTT

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To attend as as we share the
work that we are doing and hope

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to do in the very near future in
the history identity and

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linguistic diversity connected
research Community incubator

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part of the Utopia project and
they keep adding letters to our

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name. We'll we'll talk to you
today about the context of our

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project and what our aims are in
the in the time that we're

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working together. Then Oliver
will present some of his work

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which will exemplify.

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These sort of projects that
we're trying to bring to bear in

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interesting and important ways
that that leverage broadly

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construed historical socio
linguistic work into absent and

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impact in real world contexts.
And then time permitting, I'll

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also talk briefly about some of
the work that that I plan to do

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to give a broader perspective on
the ways that that we're

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approaching these sorts of
issues the the project we're

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presenting.

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There's a lot of it comes to you
with with a lot of caveats and

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and sort of a strange context as
so many things have done over

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the last two or three years. Our
initial conversations around

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this project that is eventually
emerged into the HILLED CRC I

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began in the run up to
coronavirus and and the lockdown

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as we started to have
conversations during conferences

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and recognise.

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That across the at that time,
five partner universities of the

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Utopia coalition, that we had a
lot of folks who knew each other

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from from this conference but
never saw each other at this

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conference, and who had interest
in each other's work but didn't

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think of themselves as doing the
same type of work.

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And and recognising that across
across our universities there

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was this opportunity to
conceptualise the work we were

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doing, think about the value of
the work we were doing and and

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think about how we could work
together to research and teach

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and create impact outreach and
engagement in meaningful ways.

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And of course all that stopped
with coronavirus like so many

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other things.

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And then sort of in May of this
year there was a very quick

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notice that that there was an
opportunity to resume some of

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those conversations but on on
very short notice. So you know

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we in terms of funding which
many of you will sympathise

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matters a lot in practical terms
and in organising these things.

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The turn around that we have for
this project was that that

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formally the guidelines for
receiving and using the money

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for this project.

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For disseminated on 25th August
and all of our projects must be

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complete by the 31st of October.
So this may be a mayfly of a

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project that that we're we're
delivering. Trick is strictly

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speaking from a capitalistic
standpoint, our project eyes and

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about 12 days. But what we're
hoping is that the work that we

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start and the work that we're
sharing does become something

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that continues and indeed takes
on a bigger importance to, as as

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has been described, complement
and intercept.

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In ways with what Mitten is
incubating and spinning off and

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developing and with many other
networks that have ties to the

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sorts of of work that our
Members are interested in and

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and indeed becomes something
bigger. So I'll, I'll I'll also

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say there's not a lot of teeth
to what I'll present either in

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this introduction. In terms of
theory I'm very much interested

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in the practical work we're
doing but I hope that it

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provides a context and and more
than that I hope that it sparks

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some interest and that
ultimately.

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The interests of people
attending Mitten and involved

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will recognise links to the the
sorts of things that that our

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Members in this research network
are doing so that ultimately our

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networks can grow together and
collaborate and intersect and

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and evolve in in interesting
ways. So as we are currently

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constituted, we are about 11
people from five of the Utopia

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members interested in broadly
construed.

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The the ways that we at times
work with history, at times work

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with issues connected with
sociolinguistics across a very

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broad stretch of of more
specific and and more narrowed

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ideas. And broadly. We've come
together around a vision of

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finding ways to address present
day problems at the

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intersections of language and
society through historical

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sociolinguistics.

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And and all the different ways
that that can be construed can

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can touch with our our academic
interests. The vision that we

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were formally constructed around
is that we will leverage the

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strengths of Utopia's
universities in the field of

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historical social linguistics to
solve modern day problems at the

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intersection of language and
society. And this connects to a

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broader interest across the
discipline. But.

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Interested to merging and
codifying within fields like

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historical, socio, linguistic
and areas like language policy,

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multilingualism.

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Is around language identities to
recognise the different

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perspectives that need to be
brought to bear to issues of

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social injustice, issues of
language policy, issues that

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that affect individuals in
present day. And we've taken

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some inspiration from an opinion
piece by by Kroger and Arcane

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that was was published a few
years ago in the the Mets the

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mates network where they they
recognise.

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The importance of addressing
modern from their frame language

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policy questions through
recognition of the continuities

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of language attitudes, the
continuities that have existed

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in in the sorts of things that
sociolinguists are interested

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in, and the importance of
bringing linguistic issues to

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there. Recognising that often we
look at language policy,

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language prejudice, problems at
the intersections of language

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and.

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Society as as if they have
sprung up today and exist in a

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vacuum. But actually the
meanings, socially and

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linguistically, that undercut
those problems, and the context

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in which those problems exist of
course exist on a continuum that

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goes through history. And our
our group in particular is

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interested in bringing those
historical perspectives to

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recognise those continuities in
in meanings, social and

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linguistically and otherwise.

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To see how we can can start to
bring new solutions to new

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problems through, if you will,
old data, the initial sets of

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expertise that we're we're
trying to bring to bear to raise

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as questions.

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Um, involve a range as a fairly
diverse range in our perspective

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of interest that we're sort of
trying to capture under this

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umbrella of historical
sociolinguistics?

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And ultimately doing this with
with a set of broad goals to

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inspire research among
colleagues and broader networks

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specifically oriented toward
bringing historical

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sociolinguistics and and
knowledge of older forms of

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language to bear on current
socio linguistic realities to

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generate impact in the sense of
public engagement, impact and

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outreach that that has
meaningful effects and

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consequences for shaping modern
day language.

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Policies and quantitatively
reducing linguistic injustice

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and creating resources, again in
the public engagement sense and

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in the academic educational
sense. To foster linguistic

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diversity and mutual
understanding across our network

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and more broadly, we've situated
the goals of our connected

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research community within four
of the of the Europe of the

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United Nations Sustainable
Development.

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Rules.

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And um, at at are asking
questions on several levels. So

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in a narrow sense, over the life
of our initial operations of our

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connected research community
will be asking how do historical

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perspectives on multilingualism,
language standardisation, and

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language conflict help us
understand current language

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conflict from a planning
perspective and from a social

c4f6c46f-cea0-431f-a10c-db702c809c4c-6
00:09:03.562 --> 00:09:07.019
conflict perspective? And how
can those historical

c4f6c46f-cea0-431f-a10c-db702c809c4c-7
00:09:07.019 --> 00:09:09.459
perspectives help us inform
future?

ec279804-51d7-463c-9676-043fdf5d731e-0
00:09:09.540 --> 00:09:13.761
Language and social policy. Some
of our ongoing projects of

ec279804-51d7-463c-9676-043fdf5d731e-1
00:09:13.761 --> 00:09:17.420
Members connect with this in
terms of exploring the

ec279804-51d7-463c-9676-043fdf5d731e-2
00:09:17.420 --> 00:09:21.641
development of 1 nation one
language ideologies in terms of

ec279804-51d7-463c-9676-043fdf5d731e-3
00:09:21.641 --> 00:09:25.370
looking at societal
multilingualism and how that can

ec279804-51d7-463c-9676-043fdf5d731e-4
00:09:25.370 --> 00:09:29.240
connect to future institutional
multilingual policies.

c0d17bbc-8bed-4750-bf96-8da1ab6f753d-0
00:09:30.820 --> 00:09:35.421
And to seeing how language
standardisation historically has

c0d17bbc-8bed-4750-bf96-8da1ab6f753d-1
00:09:35.421 --> 00:09:40.098
informed current law and future
law and more importantly can

c0d17bbc-8bed-4750-bf96-8da1ab6f753d-2
00:09:40.098 --> 00:09:45.006
contribute to future law and and
legal development. But we also

c0d17bbc-8bed-4750-bf96-8da1ab6f753d-3
00:09:45.006 --> 00:09:49.837
have a subtler set of questions
that I think spiritually guide

c0d17bbc-8bed-4750-bf96-8da1ab6f753d-4
00:09:49.837 --> 00:09:54.515
what we're trying to do. And
these are interests in thinking

c0d17bbc-8bed-4750-bf96-8da1ab6f753d-5
00:09:54.515 --> 00:09:59.269
about the relevance of our work.
And I mean this broadly in a

c0d17bbc-8bed-4750-bf96-8da1ab6f753d-6
00:09:59.269 --> 00:10:00.650
sense of why what?

dc70bdd4-6bec-419b-a865-279d189336c9-0
00:10:00.720 --> 00:10:05.491
View Matters, and also thinking
about how we frame the work that

dc70bdd4-6bec-419b-a865-279d189336c9-1
00:10:05.491 --> 00:10:06.960
we do as meaningful.

1eaafed9-dafa-402b-b000-8ec1262f5fb1-0
00:10:08.340 --> 00:10:12.105
And I mean this in in senses
that that many of us who work in

1eaafed9-dafa-402b-b000-8ec1262f5fb1-1
00:10:12.105 --> 00:10:15.748
linguistics and multilingualism
will be familiar with those

1eaafed9-dafa-402b-b000-8ec1262f5fb1-2
00:10:15.748 --> 00:10:19.635
those those questions we have,
those conversations we have when

1eaafed9-dafa-402b-b000-8ec1262f5fb1-3
00:10:19.635 --> 00:10:23.521
somebody asks, well what do you
do when you study that. And and

1eaafed9-dafa-402b-b000-8ec1262f5fb1-4
00:10:23.521 --> 00:10:27.165
we want to interrogate relevance
in the specific context of

1eaafed9-dafa-402b-b000-8ec1262f5fb1-5
00:10:27.165 --> 00:10:30.626
historical sociolinguistics
where sometimes scholars are

1eaafed9-dafa-402b-b000-8ec1262f5fb1-6
00:10:30.626 --> 00:10:34.452
working on languages that are
two or 3000 years old and trying

1eaafed9-dafa-402b-b000-8ec1262f5fb1-7
00:10:34.452 --> 00:10:37.609
to understand how social factors
at those times in.

f6ad4f6b-1054-49d4-bc54-44f822e6b5af-0
00:10:38.150 --> 00:10:41.647
We're, we're, we're being
manifest and we're shaping the

f6ad4f6b-1054-49d4-bc54-44f822e6b5af-1
00:10:41.647 --> 00:10:45.328
language that was happening and
and linguistic interactions

f6ad4f6b-1054-49d4-bc54-44f822e6b5af-2
00:10:45.328 --> 00:10:48.764
through that. We recognise that
there are challenges to

f6ad4f6b-1054-49d4-bc54-44f822e6b5af-3
00:10:48.764 --> 00:10:52.261
projecting the sort of work we
do as relevance and we're

f6ad4f6b-1054-49d4-bc54-44f822e6b5af-4
00:10:52.261 --> 00:10:56.249
interested in interrogating that
and indeed reversing it so that

f6ad4f6b-1054-49d4-bc54-44f822e6b5af-5
00:10:56.249 --> 00:10:56.740
that we.

a094179a-9197-4cc4-9496-f2dda778de32-0
00:10:57.450 --> 00:10:57.870
Really.

5e0f2495-3d6f-441d-8ab9-d20977ccd363-0
00:10:58.550 --> 00:11:03.773
Make relevance central to our
work. We're interested in how we

5e0f2495-3d6f-441d-8ab9-d20977ccd363-1
00:11:03.773 --> 00:11:09.080
can take i.e impact outreach and
engagement and make it central

5e0f2495-3d6f-441d-8ab9-d20977ccd363-2
00:11:09.080 --> 00:11:14.304
to our practises. So moving from
doing i.e work as a secondary

5e0f2495-3d6f-441d-8ab9-d20977ccd363-3
00:11:14.304 --> 00:11:19.279
part of our research. In other
words, you know, focusing on

5e0f2495-3d6f-441d-8ab9-d20977ccd363-4
00:11:19.279 --> 00:11:24.088
research, but maybe if an
opportunity comes up to do some

5e0f2495-3d6f-441d-8ab9-d20977ccd363-5
00:11:24.088 --> 00:11:28.400
i.e that sort of work and
instead thinking how can.

0dc19b91-c2c7-494d-a8aa-b797fb2f6306-0
00:11:28.490 --> 00:11:31.950
Impact is central to the work
that we do as historical

0dc19b91-c2c7-494d-a8aa-b797fb2f6306-1
00:11:31.950 --> 00:11:35.222
sociolinguists and other
scholars working in fields

0dc19b91-c2c7-494d-a8aa-b797fb2f6306-2
00:11:35.222 --> 00:11:38.557
connected with it. We're
interested in in how we can

0dc19b91-c2c7-494d-a8aa-b797fb2f6306-3
00:11:38.557 --> 00:11:42.207
think about our work as an
instrument that does good work

0dc19b91-c2c7-494d-a8aa-b797fb2f6306-4
00:11:42.207 --> 00:11:45.982
in the world, and how we can
take socio linguistic work and

0dc19b91-c2c7-494d-a8aa-b797fb2f6306-5
00:11:45.982 --> 00:11:49.443
connected work and actually do
things with it that are

0dc19b91-c2c7-494d-a8aa-b797fb2f6306-6
00:11:49.443 --> 00:11:52.967
productive and and indeed
ethical and moral. And in all

0dc19b91-c2c7-494d-a8aa-b797fb2f6306-7
00:11:52.967 --> 00:11:57.120
the ways that that we need to be
as scholars, we're interested in

0dc19b91-c2c7-494d-a8aa-b797fb2f6306-8
00:11:57.120 --> 00:11:59.700
how we can broaden the umbrella
of what.

695d748e-1c4e-4d08-ac62-8050644ae676-0
00:11:59.770 --> 00:12:04.349
They're construing as historical
sociolinguistics so that we can

695d748e-1c4e-4d08-ac62-8050644ae676-1
00:12:04.349 --> 00:12:08.646
can have a big we can bring as
many scholars to their and as

695d748e-1c4e-4d08-ac62-8050644ae676-2
00:12:08.646 --> 00:12:12.450
many perspectives to bear on
questions of history and

695d748e-1c4e-4d08-ac62-8050644ae676-3
00:12:12.450 --> 00:12:16.395
language so that we can can do
the best work to address

695d748e-1c4e-4d08-ac62-8050644ae676-4
00:12:16.395 --> 00:12:20.552
problems at these historical and
present day intersections

695d748e-1c4e-4d08-ac62-8050644ae676-5
00:12:20.552 --> 00:12:24.990
between language and society.
And finally, we're conscious and

695d748e-1c4e-4d08-ac62-8050644ae676-6
00:12:24.990 --> 00:12:29.499
interested in how we can use our
unique position at Warwick and

695d748e-1c4e-4d08-ac62-8050644ae676-7
00:12:29.499 --> 00:12:31.190
other member University.

31da488f-99b6-4119-b7ee-f5b36762614b-0
00:12:31.410 --> 00:12:36.967
Institutions in Utopia to to to
leverage the the benefit that we

31da488f-99b6-4119-b7ee-f5b36762614b-1
00:12:36.967 --> 00:12:42.438
have from our network and from
the interest in in this European

31da488f-99b6-4119-b7ee-f5b36762614b-2
00:12:42.438 --> 00:12:47.825
Union university construct and
how we can can work within that

31da488f-99b6-4119-b7ee-f5b36762614b-3
00:12:47.825 --> 00:12:48.680
framework.

97111d63-f926-49f6-976d-9d609c5faa0f-0
00:12:49.920 --> 00:12:54.302
To do more good, to enhance the
position of sociohistorical

97111d63-f926-49f6-976d-9d609c5faa0f-1
00:12:54.302 --> 00:12:58.830
sociolinguistics, historical
sociolinguistics, to enhance the

97111d63-f926-49f6-976d-9d609c5faa0f-2
00:12:58.830 --> 00:13:03.066
role of meaningful impactful
research within the European

97111d63-f926-49f6-976d-9d609c5faa0f-3
00:13:03.066 --> 00:13:07.302
University and within Europe
more broadly. So the initial

97111d63-f926-49f6-976d-9d609c5faa0f-4
00:13:07.302 --> 00:13:11.976
activity that we'll be doing to
to to play out and try to tease

97111d63-f926-49f6-976d-9d609c5faa0f-5
00:13:11.976 --> 00:13:16.358
this apart is to to host a
challenge workshop where members

97111d63-f926-49f6-976d-9d609c5faa0f-6
00:13:16.358 --> 00:13:20.010
of our constituent universities
come together to.

8a0d2f7a-bcb9-4ac0-a1cf-06030520b683-0
00:13:20.100 --> 00:13:23.581
Answer from the perspectives of
our research how can we reduce

8a0d2f7a-bcb9-4ac0-a1cf-06030520b683-1
00:13:23.581 --> 00:13:27.008
present day European conflict
through knowledge of historical

8a0d2f7a-bcb9-4ac0-a1cf-06030520b683-2
00:13:27.008 --> 00:13:30.103
multilingualism, language
conflict and language policy?

8a0d2f7a-bcb9-4ac0-a1cf-06030520b683-3
00:13:30.103 --> 00:13:33.364
And we think that this is a
unique model that we've taken,

8a0d2f7a-bcb9-4ac0-a1cf-06030520b683-4
00:13:33.364 --> 00:13:34.580
because we did indeed.

60be5566-e13b-4a10-a32f-4e42e6daccd8-0
00:13:35.420 --> 00:13:39.745
Suppose this as a challenge to
the members of our network who

60be5566-e13b-4a10-a32f-4e42e6daccd8-1
00:13:39.745 --> 00:13:44.280
are not necessarily thinking in
this way, but but but then being

60be5566-e13b-4a10-a32f-4e42e6daccd8-2
00:13:44.280 --> 00:13:48.117
challenged to consciously
interrogate the work they're

60be5566-e13b-4a10-a32f-4e42e6daccd8-3
00:13:48.117 --> 00:13:52.164
doing. Interrogate the values
that they have for the work

60be5566-e13b-4a10-a32f-4e42e6daccd8-4
00:13:52.164 --> 00:13:56.768
they're doing, and see how their
work can potentially be reframed

60be5566-e13b-4a10-a32f-4e42e6daccd8-5
00:13:56.768 --> 00:14:00.675
or repositioned specifically in
the context of thinking

60be5566-e13b-4a10-a32f-4e42e6daccd8-6
00:14:00.675 --> 00:14:04.791
adjectively about reducing
modern day conflict. So we mean

60be5566-e13b-4a10-a32f-4e42e6daccd8-7
00:14:04.791 --> 00:14:05.350
this as.

fa793e84-4413-4cb8-bf59-eb2074c8020c-0
00:14:05.470 --> 00:14:09.246
We developed a challenge as a
group and then gave that

fa793e84-4413-4cb8-bf59-eb2074c8020c-1
00:14:09.246 --> 00:14:13.435
challenge to ourselves to to
really hold our work up to that

fa793e84-4413-4cb8-bf59-eb2074c8020c-2
00:14:13.435 --> 00:14:17.829
to to to to see where we fall in
that. We'll host this as an on

fa793e84-4413-4cb8-bf59-eb2074c8020c-3
00:14:17.829 --> 00:14:21.606
site and hybrid event in
Barcelona next week and if if

fa793e84-4413-4cb8-bf59-eb2074c8020c-4
00:14:21.606 --> 00:14:25.726
there's interest in attending
online through the the hybrid

fa793e84-4413-4cb8-bf59-eb2074c8020c-5
00:14:25.726 --> 00:14:29.640
platform please contact me by
e-mail and I can share the

fa793e84-4413-4cb8-bf59-eb2074c8020c-6
00:14:29.640 --> 00:14:34.103
password and contact information
for with you. Over 2 days we'll

fa793e84-4413-4cb8-bf59-eb2074c8020c-7
00:14:34.103 --> 00:14:35.820
share our research based.

b837bc72-0a0a-4b53-80ab-9dc6b4f62dc5-0
00:14:35.910 --> 00:14:39.561
Answers, responses to the
challenge that we've issued to

b837bc72-0a0a-4b53-80ab-9dc6b4f62dc5-1
00:14:39.561 --> 00:14:43.661
our Members and also work with
an international contributor who

b837bc72-0a0a-4b53-80ab-9dc6b4f62dc5-2
00:14:43.661 --> 00:14:47.376
has has established a research
network that that offers a

b837bc72-0a0a-4b53-80ab-9dc6b4f62dc5-3
00:14:47.376 --> 00:14:51.348
parallel and a model for us in
North America. So we can build

b837bc72-0a0a-4b53-80ab-9dc6b4f62dc5-4
00:14:51.348 --> 00:14:55.320
international networks and also
take in a multinational multi

b837bc72-0a0a-4b53-80ab-9dc6b4f62dc5-5
00:14:55.320 --> 00:14:59.355
continental approach to the work
that we're doing. And then on

b837bc72-0a0a-4b53-80ab-9dc6b4f62dc5-6
00:14:59.355 --> 00:15:03.455
the second day of our workshops
we'll reframe the academic work

b837bc72-0a0a-4b53-80ab-9dc6b4f62dc5-7
00:15:03.455 --> 00:15:05.890
that we've done on the first day
and.

e276d598-0f2b-4061-af33-d79b83157d92-0
00:15:05.980 --> 00:15:09.679
Position it for public
engagement audiences so each of

e276d598-0f2b-4061-af33-d79b83157d92-1
00:15:09.679 --> 00:15:13.580
our Members will participate in
an interview that will be

e276d598-0f2b-4061-af33-d79b83157d92-2
00:15:13.580 --> 00:15:17.280
developed into a public
engagement oriented podcast so

e276d598-0f2b-4061-af33-d79b83157d92-3
00:15:17.280 --> 00:15:21.181
that we can begin to develop
products facing non academic

e276d598-0f2b-4061-af33-d79b83157d92-4
00:15:21.181 --> 00:15:25.284
audiences. A sampling of the
sorts of topics that we know we

e276d598-0f2b-4061-af33-d79b83157d92-5
00:15:25.284 --> 00:15:29.387
will hear from at the workshop
so far highlights some of the

e276d598-0f2b-4061-af33-d79b83157d92-6
00:15:29.387 --> 00:15:33.692
diversity of our approaches that
we're we're keeping under this

e276d598-0f2b-4061-af33-d79b83157d92-7
00:15:33.692 --> 00:15:36.450
umbrella of historical
sociolinguistics.

697f59a9-8da3-4413-bd8b-c6bed500c63b-0
00:15:37.860 --> 00:15:41.738
And we have a few layers of
projected outputs. In the near

697f59a9-8da3-4413-bd8b-c6bed500c63b-1
00:15:41.738 --> 00:15:45.814
term, we will be creating and
curating about 11 podcasts on a

697f59a9-8da3-4413-bd8b-c6bed500c63b-2
00:15:45.814 --> 00:15:49.824
website that Warwick has kindly
agreed to host for us. So we

697f59a9-8da3-4413-bd8b-c6bed500c63b-3
00:15:49.824 --> 00:15:53.440
hope that that's a rich and
exciting public engagement

697f59a9-8da3-4413-bd8b-c6bed500c63b-4
00:15:53.440 --> 00:15:57.647
resource that makes historical
socio linguistic work accessible

697f59a9-8da3-4413-bd8b-c6bed500c63b-5
00:15:57.647 --> 00:16:01.394
and interesting to a broad
audience, and that helps show

697f59a9-8da3-4413-bd8b-c6bed500c63b-6
00:16:01.394 --> 00:16:04.550
from a public engagement
perspective how indeed

697f59a9-8da3-4413-bd8b-c6bed500c63b-7
00:16:04.550 --> 00:16:07.640
sociolinguistics, historical
sociolinguistics.

8574d3e0-c4f9-4d6c-afed-5db6487ccd99-0
00:16:07.720 --> 00:16:12.767
Be relevant and to be utilised
and instrumentalized to combat

8574d3e0-c4f9-4d6c-afed-5db6487ccd99-1
00:16:12.767 --> 00:16:18.059
language conflict, as well as a
an academically oriented special

8574d3e0-c4f9-4d6c-afed-5db6487ccd99-2
00:16:18.059 --> 00:16:22.782
issue to more broadly introduce
the idea of of leveraging

8574d3e0-c4f9-4d6c-afed-5db6487ccd99-3
00:16:22.782 --> 00:16:27.504
historical sociolinguistics for
the reduction of language

8574d3e0-c4f9-4d6c-afed-5db6487ccd99-4
00:16:27.504 --> 00:16:32.307
conflict. We also hope over the
long term to lean into the

8574d3e0-c4f9-4d6c-afed-5db6487ccd99-5
00:16:32.307 --> 00:16:37.274
utopia networks vision for a
European university potentially

8574d3e0-c4f9-4d6c-afed-5db6487ccd99-6
00:16:37.274 --> 00:16:38.170
to develop.

fddba85e-368c-4a8b-b969-063f951c5f4d-0
00:16:38.260 --> 00:16:43.160
Academic content that could be
turned into an MA module, taught

fddba85e-368c-4a8b-b969-063f951c5f4d-1
00:16:43.160 --> 00:16:47.984
collaboratively in in a modular
way by members of our network.

fddba85e-368c-4a8b-b969-063f951c5f4d-2
00:16:47.984 --> 00:16:52.579
We hope that we can turn this
initial vision into joint THD

fddba85e-368c-4a8b-b969-063f951c5f4d-3
00:16:52.579 --> 00:16:57.480
and joint research applications.
We hope to curate a larger set

fddba85e-368c-4a8b-b969-063f951c5f4d-4
00:16:57.480 --> 00:17:02.380
of public engagement and policy
oriented resources such as case

fddba85e-368c-4a8b-b969-063f951c5f4d-5
00:17:02.380 --> 00:17:06.515
studies on multilingualism
historically that that has

fddba85e-368c-4a8b-b969-063f951c5f4d-6
00:17:06.515 --> 00:17:08.660
implications for modern day.

147a4107-c9db-40bb-a01d-dd986c035c64-0
00:17:08.750 --> 00:17:12.567
Policy. And then we also hope
that that we can emerge as a

147a4107-c9db-40bb-a01d-dd986c035c64-1
00:17:12.567 --> 00:17:15.866
nodal sort of resource to
connect the many various

147a4107-c9db-40bb-a01d-dd986c035c64-2
00:17:15.866 --> 00:17:19.812
networks that have interests in
this sort of work that we're

147a4107-c9db-40bb-a01d-dd986c035c64-3
00:17:19.812 --> 00:17:23.630
dealing that that that we
believe we can bring together in

147a4107-c9db-40bb-a01d-dd986c035c64-4
00:17:23.630 --> 00:17:27.576
new ways. And of course, for
that reason, we're particularly

147a4107-c9db-40bb-a01d-dd986c035c64-5
00:17:27.576 --> 00:17:31.070
grateful for the opportunity to
speak with you today.

9d2370d8-e8fa-4490-abf7-9d6aeaa091c0-0
00:17:32.470 --> 00:17:36.433
So that's that's what we're
doing and you know, jokingly put

9d2370d8-e8fa-4490-abf7-9d6aeaa091c0-1
00:17:36.433 --> 00:17:40.332
these question marks on this
that that, you know in a sense

9d2370d8-e8fa-4490-abf7-9d6aeaa091c0-2
00:17:40.332 --> 00:17:44.166
this is sort of a sprinter
project. We're taking something

9d2370d8-e8fa-4490-abf7-9d6aeaa091c0-3
00:17:44.166 --> 00:17:47.934
very short term, rapidly
developing a lens and turning it

9d2370d8-e8fa-4490-abf7-9d6aeaa091c0-4
00:17:47.934 --> 00:17:51.768
on ourselves to see how we can
live up to a challenge that

9d2370d8-e8fa-4490-abf7-9d6aeaa091c0-5
00:17:51.768 --> 00:17:55.537
we've given ourselves. We hope
that this challenges us to

9d2370d8-e8fa-4490-abf7-9d6aeaa091c0-6
00:17:55.537 --> 00:17:59.501
reposition our research and
think more about how we can make

9d2370d8-e8fa-4490-abf7-9d6aeaa091c0-7
00:17:59.501 --> 00:18:02.880
doing good things with
historical sociolinguistics.

518d307a-c6f5-46de-b5cb-2d94f902c76f-0
00:18:02.950 --> 00:18:07.158
Central to the work that we're
doing and then we hope that this

518d307a-c6f5-46de-b5cb-2d94f902c76f-1
00:18:07.158 --> 00:18:11.236
becomes the basis for a longer
term multi continental project

518d307a-c6f5-46de-b5cb-2d94f902c76f-2
00:18:11.236 --> 00:18:14.590
where we bring these Connexions
between historical

518d307a-c6f5-46de-b5cb-2d94f902c76f-3
00:18:14.590 --> 00:18:18.273
sociolinguistics together with
an impact engagement and

518d307a-c6f5-46de-b5cb-2d94f902c76f-4
00:18:18.273 --> 00:18:22.153
outreach to do good things. And
and we very much hope that

518d307a-c6f5-46de-b5cb-2d94f902c76f-5
00:18:22.153 --> 00:18:26.230
that's of interest to the the
partners in this. So. So that's

518d307a-c6f5-46de-b5cb-2d94f902c76f-6
00:18:26.230 --> 00:18:30.110
the overview of our goals and
aims. I hope that's at least

518d307a-c6f5-46de-b5cb-2d94f902c76f-7
00:18:30.110 --> 00:18:33.069
exciting to you as as it very
much is to us.

cabc3db3-b751-472c-a746-96b64e34abc3-0
00:18:33.280 --> 00:18:37.982
And now, um, I'll I'll yield to
Oliver, who will share some of

cabc3db3-b751-472c-a746-96b64e34abc3-1
00:18:37.982 --> 00:18:41.714
the work he's doing that
exemplifies the sorts of

cabc3db3-b751-472c-a746-96b64e34abc3-2
00:18:41.714 --> 00:18:46.192
perspectives that we hope to
bring to their to to show ways

cabc3db3-b751-472c-a746-96b64e34abc3-3
00:18:46.192 --> 00:18:49.327
that historical
sociolinguistics, broadly

cabc3db3-b751-472c-a746-96b64e34abc3-4
00:18:49.327 --> 00:18:53.731
construed, can reduce present
day language conflict. Thank

cabc3db3-b751-472c-a746-96b64e34abc3-5
00:18:53.731 --> 00:18:54.030
you.

862f7d1a-4c27-4762-8b55-acfe84119509-0
00:18:58.320 --> 00:19:02.322
Thank you very much for that
presentation, Chris. I'm

862f7d1a-4c27-4762-8b55-acfe84119509-1
00:19:02.322 --> 00:19:06.400
delighted to inform all that we
have all of the slide.

76246513-6d47-4624-8d29-30fd9aa3200a-0
00:19:07.610 --> 00:19:13.263
So Oliver, I am going to Sharon
like on your behalf. Let me know

76246513-6d47-4624-8d29-30fd9aa3200a-1
00:19:13.263 --> 00:19:17.700
if everything is visible and
we'll have lunch now.

10125f76-ab73-4cd3-8b71-ad2748fa1b17-0
00:19:23.840 --> 00:19:26.050
Would I be able to operate them?

7241297d-fb22-4155-a6c6-3e1dbbbe6e6f-0
00:19:28.670 --> 00:19:29.620
Change lines.

a4cdda53-61b0-4822-8f88-ac9d8ef0c1e4-0
00:19:33.240 --> 00:19:36.280
See, now I'm just sharing.

37ce2f6d-8d40-4816-b44a-7fd1a6754ab4-0
00:19:49.450 --> 00:19:52.700
Right. OK. Can everybody see
that?

4d859d80-2457-4bcc-ac1b-9476619c06f2-0
00:19:55.230 --> 00:19:58.710
Please switch to full screen
please so.

17c8f93b-8058-4075-8dd1-106d02ca8e30-0
00:20:00.260 --> 00:20:02.450


24489fb6-2aad-47e7-906c-a8c040c5ec6c-0
00:20:09.950 --> 00:20:14.459
OK. I think, I think I have to
operate this, Oliver. So just

24489fb6-2aad-47e7-906c-a8c040c5ec6c-1
00:20:14.459 --> 00:20:18.450
say next slide please, like
we're on one of the COVID

24489fb6-2aad-47e7-906c-a8c040c5ec6c-2
00:20:18.450 --> 00:20:19.190
briefings.

3bb2a61b-3368-41cf-9d27-2d225df4755b-0
00:20:20.680 --> 00:20:25.020
Okay, well, thank you very much
for the general introduction,

3bb2a61b-3368-41cf-9d27-2d225df4755b-1
00:20:25.020 --> 00:20:29.290
Chris. Um. And thank you, Hannah
for including me in this um

3bb2a61b-3368-41cf-9d27-2d225df4755b-2
00:20:29.290 --> 00:20:30.410
present seminar.

8c6452b6-0267-4d84-86ad-b7db5fc3ff93-0
00:20:31.110 --> 00:20:35.507
So I would like to talk about
possibly the ultimate question

8c6452b6-0267-4d84-86ad-b7db5fc3ff93-1
00:20:35.507 --> 00:20:39.688
of language conflict. Uh,
probably the most controversial

8c6452b6-0267-4d84-86ad-b7db5fc3ff93-2
00:20:39.688 --> 00:20:42.500
and sensitive. This is language
shift.

77f526fb-fbd1-4f9f-8fe1-b515befacbc1-0
00:20:43.160 --> 00:20:49.042
As it results in the loss of
linguistic diversity, so this is

77f526fb-fbd1-4f9f-8fe1-b515befacbc1-1
00:20:49.042 --> 00:20:50.750
called the in the.

5ba31fa2-9e45-4119-886d-dd10d095d253-0
00:20:51.480 --> 00:20:54.774
Um are connected research
community is history, identity

5ba31fa2-9e45-4119-886d-dd10d095d253-1
00:20:54.774 --> 00:20:58.357
and linguistic diversity. So
very much focusing on linguistic

5ba31fa2-9e45-4119-886d-dd10d095d253-2
00:20:58.357 --> 00:21:01.710
diversity. So hello, please give
the show the next slide.

04eb67fe-6ac0-411b-a094-671a24bb8b54-0
00:21:04.470 --> 00:21:07.483
So linguistic the loss of
linguistic diversity is

04eb67fe-6ac0-411b-a094-671a24bb8b54-1
00:21:07.483 --> 00:21:10.677
happening at the same time as
the loss of biological

04eb67fe-6ac0-411b-a094-671a24bb8b54-2
00:21:10.677 --> 00:21:13.450
diversity, and it's really quite
as dramatic.

4ee28996-8b50-410e-9d2e-fe1723647945-0
00:21:14.370 --> 00:21:18.567
So approximately 7000 languages
are estimated to be spoken in

4ee28996-8b50-410e-9d2e-fe1723647945-1
00:21:18.567 --> 00:21:22.899
the world currently today, and
by over 40% of these, so not far

4ee28996-8b50-410e-9d2e-fe1723647945-2
00:21:22.899 --> 00:21:26.420
half of half of them are
believed to be endangered.

4246d936-02d7-4cc3-9c33-54c0c28206e4-0
00:21:27.120 --> 00:21:32.261
That is, um, there's a risk of
people seeking to speak them.

4246d936-02d7-4cc3-9c33-54c0c28206e4-1
00:21:32.261 --> 00:21:37.234
Uh, people losing knowledge of
them and of these languages

4246d936-02d7-4cc3-9c33-54c0c28206e4-2
00:21:37.234 --> 00:21:37.740
dying.

0dc62d79-951a-4def-acae-e79227cc152b-0
00:21:38.980 --> 00:21:42.966
So key driver of the loss of
linguistic diversity is language

0dc62d79-951a-4def-acae-e79227cc152b-1
00:21:42.966 --> 00:21:44.960
shift. So this is where people.

c30900ad-4db5-49d7-9b43-7ec97733419e-0
00:21:46.120 --> 00:21:50.059
Who will speaking and their
native language and then shift

c30900ad-4db5-49d7-9b43-7ec97733419e-1
00:21:50.059 --> 00:21:53.799
to another language, um, which
is tends to be socially,

c30900ad-4db5-49d7-9b43-7ec97733419e-2
00:21:53.799 --> 00:21:56.270
politically and culturally
dominant.

036e4922-45a4-46a3-a2d8-dd21aec25d4d-0
00:21:57.310 --> 00:22:00.615
Does this language shift now the
opposite of language shift, and

036e4922-45a4-46a3-a2d8-dd21aec25d4d-1
00:22:00.615 --> 00:22:03.667
I giving these definitions now
to make the rest of what I'm

036e4922-45a4-46a3-a2d8-dd21aec25d4d-2
00:22:03.667 --> 00:22:06.820
going to say clearer is language
maintenance. And this is the

036e4922-45a4-46a3-a2d8-dd21aec25d4d-3
00:22:06.820 --> 00:22:09.719
continued use or retention of a
language called person's

036e4922-45a4-46a3-a2d8-dd21aec25d4d-4
00:22:09.719 --> 00:22:11.550
typically person's native
language.

7e6e38b0-f746-4833-96d2-25e630937f10-0
00:22:12.290 --> 00:22:15.993
A minority or heritage language,
despite competition with a

7e6e38b0-f746-4833-96d2-25e630937f10-1
00:22:15.993 --> 00:22:19.759
dominant or majority language.
So these definitions are both

7e6e38b0-f746-4833-96d2-25e630937f10-2
00:22:19.759 --> 00:22:23.648
taken from Powerful's Powell's
book on language make 2016 book

7e6e38b0-f746-4833-96d2-25e630937f10-3
00:22:23.648 --> 00:22:25.130
on language maintenance.

351c7b8e-d540-4d3d-8380-76f99eb19ab5-0
00:22:25.930 --> 00:22:30.062
Now I would like to examine a
new the implications of a new

351c7b8e-d540-4d3d-8380-76f99eb19ab5-1
00:22:30.062 --> 00:22:33.850
theory, a model of language
shift, which is called the

351c7b8e-d540-4d3d-8380-76f99eb19ab5-2
00:22:33.850 --> 00:22:37.570
verticalisation model of
language shift. Um. The most

351c7b8e-d540-4d3d-8380-76f99eb19ab5-3
00:22:37.570 --> 00:22:41.702
substantial exposition of this
theory actually is in a book

351c7b8e-d540-4d3d-8380-76f99eb19ab5-4
00:22:41.702 --> 00:22:43.699
which has come out this year.

b18540b0-85bb-4184-9035-6497f1436c3c-0
00:22:44.430 --> 00:22:44.970
Um.

bad933b8-9651-4e52-9b5a-cfdecbbc58ec-0
00:22:45.960 --> 00:22:48.269
Will the verticalized
verticalisation model of

bad933b8-9651-4e52-9b5a-cfdecbbc58ec-1
00:22:48.269 --> 00:22:51.070
language shift the great change
in American communities?

36da3705-caf2-4f5e-8910-e48786de8bd9-0
00:22:51.850 --> 00:22:53.300
Edit by Joshua Brown.

b4f341d7-c51a-4135-84ce-32f3c01b2190-0
00:22:55.170 --> 00:22:58.247
And this is an attempt to
provide a model which can be

b4f341d7-c51a-4135-84ce-32f3c01b2190-1
00:22:58.247 --> 00:23:01.773
applied to different languages
at different times in different

b4f341d7-c51a-4135-84ce-32f3c01b2190-2
00:23:01.773 --> 00:23:04.180
scenarios. So it's really quite
ambitious.

6aa43676-84c0-4f45-833f-0ad4b2b67209-0
00:23:05.010 --> 00:23:07.804
And it's basically this as
follows, and it makes this very

6aa43676-84c0-4f45-833f-0ad4b2b67209-1
00:23:07.804 --> 00:23:08.420
strong claim.

046ec82a-ae9e-4c60-b57d-5f280b0bb3ce-0
00:23:09.730 --> 00:23:12.807
If communities give up
horizontal patterns of

046ec82a-ae9e-4c60-b57d-5f280b0bb3ce-1
00:23:12.807 --> 00:23:16.554
organisation in favour of
vertical ones, language shift

046ec82a-ae9e-4c60-b57d-5f280b0bb3ce-2
00:23:16.554 --> 00:23:17.090
follows.

30803a76-3347-433a-9ac5-915c44adf20d-0
00:23:18.520 --> 00:23:22.151
So very briefly, horizontal
organisation is where local

30803a76-3347-433a-9ac5-915c44adf20d-1
00:23:22.151 --> 00:23:22.930
communities.

9fd1c223-d6a2-47be-b314-66e01122cc7e-0
00:23:23.800 --> 00:23:28.496
Um, our organised locally,
autonomously. They control their

9fd1c223-d6a2-47be-b314-66e01122cc7e-1
00:23:28.496 --> 00:23:32.957
institutions. So it may be
farming, it may be like small

9fd1c223-d6a2-47be-b314-66e01122cc7e-2
00:23:32.957 --> 00:23:34.680
businesses, shops. Um.

61711473-49aa-42db-b94f-f4ccf9c23c75-0
00:23:35.960 --> 00:23:39.835
Religion, church, self help,
everything. The full range of

61711473-49aa-42db-b94f-f4ccf9c23c75-1
00:23:39.835 --> 00:23:40.690
institutions.

1247a1da-e57e-4ced-bc55-8c794ae60daa-0
00:23:41.490 --> 00:23:45.233
Vertical organisations, on the
other hand, is when the

1247a1da-e57e-4ced-bc55-8c794ae60daa-1
00:23:45.233 --> 00:23:49.044
institutions and social
structures of a given community

1247a1da-e57e-4ced-bc55-8c794ae60daa-2
00:23:49.044 --> 00:23:50.270
are controlled by.

c6550f59-c0f6-426c-b021-10398f9ce74c-0
00:23:50.970 --> 00:23:54.874
The society outside the External
Society in which the smaller

c6550f59-c0f6-426c-b021-10398f9ce74c-1
00:23:54.874 --> 00:23:56.260
community is embedded.

991b5f49-ce15-4866-a83d-b57101953764-0
00:23:57.020 --> 00:24:00.721
Now, typically in cases of
language shift, this will be a

991b5f49-ce15-4866-a83d-b57101953764-1
00:24:00.721 --> 00:24:04.358
there will be a difference of
language between the local

991b5f49-ce15-4866-a83d-b57101953764-2
00:24:04.358 --> 00:24:08.123
community and the external
society. And in the case of the

991b5f49-ce15-4866-a83d-b57101953764-3
00:24:08.123 --> 00:24:11.888
verticalisation theory, the
basis for the developer theory

991b5f49-ce15-4866-a83d-b57101953764-4
00:24:11.888 --> 00:24:15.844
is the immigrant languages in
the US, So German in Wisconsin,

991b5f49-ce15-4866-a83d-b57101953764-5
00:24:15.844 --> 00:24:19.673
which is spoken by at its peak
by as many as half a million

991b5f49-ce15-4866-a83d-b57101953764-6
00:24:19.673 --> 00:24:20.120
people.

b78c844c-00db-4cbf-81ad-898b09e37d28-0
00:24:21.400 --> 00:24:24.142
And they were local communities
speaking these immigrant

b78c844c-00db-4cbf-81ad-898b09e37d28-1
00:24:24.142 --> 00:24:27.126
languages, German, Norwegian,
Finnish and so on, all American

b78c844c-00db-4cbf-81ad-898b09e37d28-2
00:24:27.126 --> 00:24:29.340
Indian languages, Cherokee in
North Carolina.

51f62712-15f6-4d97-9747-2ed74afced2f-0
00:24:30.070 --> 00:24:35.982
They had their own autonomous
institutions, social structures

51f62712-15f6-4d97-9747-2ed74afced2f-1
00:24:35.982 --> 00:24:36.650
and um.

13a1d12d-f592-4500-807d-d73ff3c3d95f-0
00:24:37.810 --> 00:24:41.155
The social organisation changed
to one of local autonomy to 1

13a1d12d-f592-4500-807d-d73ff3c3d95f-1
00:24:41.155 --> 00:24:44.608
being controlled, being part of
a larger external society which

13a1d12d-f592-4500-807d-d73ff3c3d95f-2
00:24:44.608 --> 00:24:47.791
was English speaking. And as
part of this change, language

13a1d12d-f592-4500-807d-d73ff3c3d95f-3
00:24:47.791 --> 00:24:50.920
shift, this social change
because social change, language

13a1d12d-f592-4500-807d-d73ff3c3d95f-4
00:24:50.920 --> 00:24:51.730
shift happened.

125fe8e7-4ca3-4f0c-9c28-758112eea63b-0
00:24:53.660 --> 00:24:56.520
You can change the next slide to
the next slide please, however.

d5ba3375-caaa-4255-acc3-4f65886d04c4-0
00:24:57.540 --> 00:25:00.707
So why look at the
virtualization model? So this is

d5ba3375-caaa-4255-acc3-4f65886d04c4-1
00:25:00.707 --> 00:25:04.483
the I'll show you the cover of
the book on the left editor by

d5ba3375-caaa-4255-acc3-4f65886d04c4-2
00:25:04.483 --> 00:25:08.076
Joshua Brown. I refer to the
slides as Brown, 2022. So the

d5ba3375-caaa-4255-acc3-4f65886d04c4-3
00:25:08.076 --> 00:25:11.000
key contributors, Joshua Brown,
Joseph Simmons.

3cfc38fa-74fa-4f56-8461-6de92285181d-0
00:25:12.220 --> 00:25:15.940
David Natwick, Benjamin Fray,
Joshua Busquet and Anita Power.

3cfc38fa-74fa-4f56-8461-6de92285181d-1
00:25:15.940 --> 00:25:17.680
Or given different scenarios.

16a2e11c-0e72-4015-ac4a-40e28021581c-0
00:25:18.410 --> 00:25:18.900
Of.

ab95a2ab-6f42-4f5c-8feb-6752ae966041-0
00:25:19.790 --> 00:25:22.680
Language shift involving
verticalisation in this volume.

6a1a7157-678a-467b-84a5-c3bd081c6b91-0
00:25:23.930 --> 00:25:24.230
So.

87f0e4c8-c82b-4ef5-b0ab-0911998affac-0
00:25:26.390 --> 00:25:30.039
Partly, okay, it's Cal. Sexy.
Deal with the new theory, of

87f0e4c8-c82b-4ef5-b0ab-0911998affac-1
00:25:30.039 --> 00:25:30.720
course. Um.

f8c48398-7799-4f24-bc56-02098ef25f00-0
00:25:31.790 --> 00:25:32.420
But.

5853488a-e373-4655-be2e-5d184c0b6ea7-0
00:25:33.250 --> 00:25:36.297
I want to investigate the
implications of this here,

5853488a-e373-4655-be2e-5d184c0b6ea7-1
00:25:36.297 --> 00:25:39.747
because it raises some very
interesting questions, and this

5853488a-e373-4655-be2e-5d184c0b6ea7-2
00:25:39.747 --> 00:25:39.920
is.

3373665a-2242-4990-8891-97509924248b-0
00:25:40.620 --> 00:25:44.738
Primarily because it makes a
very strong claim about language

3373665a-2242-4990-8891-97509924248b-1
00:25:44.738 --> 00:25:47.860
shift, and that is if
verticalisation happens.

0c0ab2f9-fb51-424b-bdec-565d10782b6e-0
00:25:48.800 --> 00:25:52.317
And language shift follows. And
this is a very strong claim. So

0c0ab2f9-fb51-424b-bdec-565d10782b6e-1
00:25:52.317 --> 00:25:55.780
it raises a broader question.
Does Verticalisation necessarily

0c0ab2f9-fb51-424b-bdec-565d10782b6e-2
00:25:55.780 --> 00:25:56.550
lead to shift?

50ee25f0-0280-4e21-a1a4-6b79f3ec9db2-0
00:25:57.430 --> 00:25:59.170
Now the cases they've looked at.

88a63ddb-729d-432a-894f-c521b9c6a5ff-0
00:26:00.590 --> 00:26:05.154
Are historical ones so immigrant
languages than the US immigrants

88a63ddb-729d-432a-894f-c521b9c6a5ff-1
00:26:05.154 --> 00:26:09.235
who emigrated to the US in
particular in the 19th century,

88a63ddb-729d-432a-894f-c521b9c6a5ff-2
00:26:09.235 --> 00:26:12.762
who had thriving community
speaking their heritage

88a63ddb-729d-432a-894f-c521b9c6a5ff-3
00:26:12.762 --> 00:26:16.565
languages and then shifted
during the 19 century, 20th

88a63ddb-729d-432a-894f-c521b9c6a5ff-4
00:26:16.565 --> 00:26:17.880
century to English?

d43aeb2b-c83b-44fe-8180-458dc6fd8cd8-0
00:26:19.120 --> 00:26:23.407
But this is of course relevant
to present day to cases of the

d43aeb2b-c83b-44fe-8180-458dc6fd8cd8-1
00:26:23.407 --> 00:26:27.141
uh where we're trying to
preserve, trying to maintain

d43aeb2b-c83b-44fe-8180-458dc6fd8cd8-2
00:26:27.141 --> 00:26:30.875
languages. So my particular
interest is in the Celtic

d43aeb2b-c83b-44fe-8180-458dc6fd8cd8-3
00:26:30.875 --> 00:26:35.024
languages of uh of the United
Kingdom and Ireland, and also

d43aeb2b-c83b-44fe-8180-458dc6fd8cd8-4
00:26:35.024 --> 00:26:37.030
Breton in Brittany in France.

f6e9a3eb-b22d-4101-872c-aa2bb057581d-0
00:26:38.590 --> 00:26:40.660
And the key issue facing there
is.

af9e08dc-8003-486b-af67-d934093fe76d-0
00:26:41.650 --> 00:26:44.230
Can these languages survive? Um.

c6b54166-fd50-4a18-9b28-19895fe637d5-0
00:26:44.980 --> 00:26:48.871
What are the factors leading to
that decline to shift to the

c6b54166-fd50-4a18-9b28-19895fe637d5-1
00:26:48.871 --> 00:26:52.826
dominant languages, English or
in the case of Welsh, Scottish

c6b54166-fd50-4a18-9b28-19895fe637d5-2
00:26:52.826 --> 00:26:53.720
Gaelic, Irish?

8602782b-e383-46d1-8dce-9df7e2700c56-0
00:26:54.440 --> 00:26:58.646
Or French in the case of Breton
um, can we reverse this shift?

8602782b-e383-46d1-8dce-9df7e2700c56-1
00:26:58.646 --> 00:27:02.452
Can we revitalise these
languages and so verticalisation

8602782b-e383-46d1-8dce-9df7e2700c56-2
00:27:02.452 --> 00:27:02.920
theory?

5c8f3db9-0d81-4c58-b43b-ac54ae481eeb-0
00:27:03.850 --> 00:27:07.676
Is very relevant because this
very strong claim makes so if

5c8f3db9-0d81-4c58-b43b-ac54ae481eeb-1
00:27:07.676 --> 00:27:10.928
you try to phrase
verticalisation in the countless

5c8f3db9-0d81-4c58-b43b-ac54ae481eeb-2
00:27:10.928 --> 00:27:12.140
in a broader sense.

c7cc51b8-5433-4cbb-a474-58d813c6a22d-0
00:27:13.560 --> 00:27:14.000
Can.

1a71aa66-1eb8-43ef-bf0a-098725978d1d-0
00:27:15.240 --> 00:27:17.847
Um, when a community speaking
one language becomes

1a71aa66-1eb8-43ef-bf0a-098725978d1d-1
00:27:17.847 --> 00:27:20.507
subordinated to a larger
politically, socially, and

1a71aa66-1eb8-43ef-bf0a-098725978d1d-2
00:27:20.507 --> 00:27:23.677
economically dominant community
speaking other language, does

1a71aa66-1eb8-43ef-bf0a-098725978d1d-3
00:27:23.677 --> 00:27:26.285
language shift necessarily
follow? So this has big

1a71aa66-1eb8-43ef-bf0a-098725978d1d-4
00:27:26.285 --> 00:27:29.149
implications not only for
understanding what's happened

1a71aa66-1eb8-43ef-bf0a-098725978d1d-5
00:27:29.149 --> 00:27:30.529
historically, but also for.

f7d9b924-566e-45bc-b9e9-e269ac9b01a7-0
00:27:31.420 --> 00:27:33.710
Maintaining linguistic diversity
today.

668dc32e-5add-4175-9744-291a865764b3-0
00:27:34.770 --> 00:27:38.538
And the chronic question is
this. Is it possible to have a

668dc32e-5add-4175-9744-291a865764b3-1
00:27:38.538 --> 00:27:42.690
stable bilingualism in the case
of Minoritised languages without

668dc32e-5add-4175-9744-291a865764b3-2
00:27:42.690 --> 00:27:44.670
shift to the dominant language?

18a537fa-2147-4bf8-beb7-c49523adce72-0
00:27:45.830 --> 00:27:49.144
Now if you are familiar with
Minoritised languages like

18a537fa-2147-4bf8-beb7-c49523adce72-1
00:27:49.144 --> 00:27:52.873
Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish
today, as well as Minoritised

18a537fa-2147-4bf8-beb7-c49523adce72-2
00:27:52.873 --> 00:27:55.360
languages in France like Breton,
Oxytone.

65355f49-c451-4c27-a7a2-b25b5dacf3b3-0
00:27:56.140 --> 00:27:58.720
As um Alsatian Basque Corsican.

af235ed2-b7ad-4aca-91f3-fb6d5fcd2b6f-0
00:28:00.040 --> 00:28:03.647
You'll be aware that the whole
speech community is effectively

af235ed2-b7ad-4aca-91f3-fb6d5fcd2b6f-1
00:28:03.647 --> 00:28:04.220
bilingual.

b857d1af-d518-4a2b-8c12-615421ae807d-0
00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:08.662
So basically, OK, this seems
normal. Well, actually this is

b857d1af-d518-4a2b-8c12-615421ae807d-1
00:28:08.662 --> 00:28:12.570
historically a new phenomenon.
These societies like ours today,

b857d1af-d518-4a2b-8c12-615421ae807d-2
00:28:12.570 --> 00:28:16.050
like kind of the United Kingdom
day, like England today.

c6eef6c0-4f90-40ea-b8ed-e0c56fe60d64-0
00:28:17.200 --> 00:28:20.335
We'll have worse for centuries,
essentially mostly monolingual

c6eef6c0-4f90-40ea-b8ed-e0c56fe60d64-1
00:28:20.335 --> 00:28:21.530
speaking their language.

26680835-40fb-4945-be03-d76fcdf08e52-0
00:28:22.800 --> 00:28:26.730
And the change shift to
bilingualism to bilingual

26680835-40fb-4945-be03-d76fcdf08e52-1
00:28:26.730 --> 00:28:31.840
society has also coincided with
a shift to monolingualism in the

26680835-40fb-4945-be03-d76fcdf08e52-2
00:28:31.840 --> 00:28:35.928
dominant language. So
bilingualism historically has

26680835-40fb-4945-be03-d76fcdf08e52-3
00:28:35.928 --> 00:28:40.881
led to societal bilingualism in
the case of Minoritised Nation

26680835-40fb-4945-be03-d76fcdf08e52-4
00:28:40.881 --> 00:28:44.890
has led to a shift to
monolinguals in the dominant

26680835-40fb-4945-be03-d76fcdf08e52-5
00:28:44.890 --> 00:28:46.070
language so as.

4dcf9007-2109-445a-bdd7-9b008183906d-0
00:28:46.830 --> 00:28:50.851
The current state we're in is
societal bilingualism, which is

4dcf9007-2109-445a-bdd7-9b008183906d-1
00:28:50.851 --> 00:28:54.872
uneven and balanced in favour of
the dominant language. Is it

4dcf9007-2109-445a-bdd7-9b008183906d-2
00:28:54.872 --> 00:28:58.050
possible to at least maintain
this bilingualism?

c82973b0-8efd-4c65-b470-2037722543ba-0
00:28:58.950 --> 00:29:02.176
In a context of overall
Verticalisation and minoritised

c82973b0-8efd-4c65-b470-2037722543ba-1
00:29:02.176 --> 00:29:02.580
nation.

b21929a3-8853-4a8b-b9fa-fca40caa1634-0
00:29:03.660 --> 00:29:06.540
So the monarchy's language is at
least survive.

ff6daaf4-2fe4-4d8b-81e9-e5941093590a-0
00:29:07.900 --> 00:29:09.420
And this um.

29f97a55-f989-44c5-b66a-12fbafed4d89-0
00:29:10.770 --> 00:29:14.047
The virtualization theory kind
of highlights this question. It

29f97a55-f989-44c5-b66a-12fbafed4d89-1
00:29:14.047 --> 00:29:17.221
doesn't put it so starkly in
terms of bilingualism, but this

29f97a55-f989-44c5-b66a-12fbafed4d89-2
00:29:17.221 --> 00:29:18.990
is kind of the implication of
it.

ad29392d-d3e8-4e03-96cc-cdf507b5f885-0
00:29:19.680 --> 00:29:23.698
And a further question is, which
is not great explicit in the

ad29392d-d3e8-4e03-96cc-cdf507b5f885-1
00:29:23.698 --> 00:29:27.975
book, which is what I would like
to pursue and I think is the key

ad29392d-d3e8-4e03-96cc-cdf507b5f885-2
00:29:27.975 --> 00:29:31.215
issue raised by the
fertilisation theory is this.

ad29392d-d3e8-4e03-96cc-cdf507b5f885-3
00:29:31.215 --> 00:29:34.910
That's given that the social
changes which together are.

4e1e76c5-b41f-474a-9629-5bee48229d6e-0
00:29:35.760 --> 00:29:40.162
Cooled verticalisation um are
gradual. They can happen over

4e1e76c5-b41f-474a-9629-5bee48229d6e-1
00:29:40.162 --> 00:29:42.070
decades or even centuries.

2c9ddb54-8de7-4ddf-b5e1-afc964029b25-0
00:29:43.850 --> 00:29:46.884
And given that shift is also
gradual, it's shift itself is

2c9ddb54-8de7-4ddf-b5e1-afc964029b25-1
00:29:46.884 --> 00:29:49.765
also gradual. How much
verticalisation is necessary for

2c9ddb54-8de7-4ddf-b5e1-afc964029b25-2
00:29:49.765 --> 00:29:51.720
shift? And this is also relevant
for.

0e237bb8-d1fb-4151-b3cc-6bb18354337f-0
00:29:52.790 --> 00:29:55.992
Community speaking, Minoritised
languages. In some cases there

0e237bb8-d1fb-4151-b3cc-6bb18354337f-1
00:29:55.992 --> 00:29:57.060
may be ongoing shift.

942484ad-86aa-4071-bcd3-846b31affb06-0
00:29:58.820 --> 00:30:02.724
Where there is a degree of
virtualization then how much

942484ad-86aa-4071-bcd3-846b31affb06-1
00:30:02.724 --> 00:30:06.976
verticalisation can lead to
shift? Does in order to maintain

942484ad-86aa-4071-bcd3-846b31affb06-2
00:30:06.976 --> 00:30:11.229
language does virtualization
have to be reversed or replaced

942484ad-86aa-4071-bcd3-846b31affb06-3
00:30:11.229 --> 00:30:15.063
with a form of internal
fertilisation where there is a

942484ad-86aa-4071-bcd3-846b31affb06-4
00:30:15.063 --> 00:30:18.480
kind of regional or county sub
national control?

630a2729-d1dc-45cb-80f8-8d937add160d-0
00:30:19.170 --> 00:30:20.290
Um.

7dd4586b-de4e-4c9e-b7c5-30f80ec7b11f-0
00:30:21.050 --> 00:30:23.538
Of local of Community
institutions, but using the

7dd4586b-de4e-4c9e-b7c5-30f80ec7b11f-1
00:30:23.538 --> 00:30:25.280
Minoritised language, for
example.

52208511-fa8d-437b-bf59-759e8b4824b3-0
00:30:26.210 --> 00:30:29.197
Um education through the medium
of Welsh education through

52208511-fa8d-437b-bf59-759e8b4824b3-1
00:30:29.197 --> 00:30:32.134
Scottish Gaelic. Um official
status of Welsh and Scottish

52208511-fa8d-437b-bf59-759e8b4824b3-2
00:30:32.134 --> 00:30:34.920
Gaelic and local governments and
regional governments.

803c62d9-8472-43a8-86c8-3b1986c562e5-0
00:30:36.920 --> 00:30:38.970
I can next slide please, Helena.

c1c252a6-f133-4198-bd3e-63187263d440-0
00:30:42.460 --> 00:30:45.100
So I'm interested in the
application of.

fb42f8eb-3c64-4571-9faa-c20138169c13-0
00:30:45.920 --> 00:30:48.880
Um, the verticalisation model of
shift more widely.

bc430c2b-20fa-49ad-8197-07cb467717dc-0
00:30:49.660 --> 00:30:53.074
And so first we need to
understand what this is. So as I

bc430c2b-20fa-49ad-8197-07cb467717dc-1
00:30:53.074 --> 00:30:56.668
mentioned, it is based primarily
on the study of historical

bc430c2b-20fa-49ad-8197-07cb467717dc-2
00:30:56.668 --> 00:31:00.382
immigrant language communities
in the, in the US for example,

bc430c2b-20fa-49ad-8197-07cb467717dc-3
00:31:00.382 --> 00:31:04.215
UM, German, Finnish, Norwegian
in the upper Midwest. So there's

bc430c2b-20fa-49ad-8197-07cb467717dc-4
00:31:04.215 --> 00:31:07.690
the states of Wisconsin,
Michigan, Minnesota for example.

f030c898-368b-418f-b516-8a877c202e04-0
00:31:08.340 --> 00:31:11.542
We have Pennsylvania Dutch you
may have heard of in

f030c898-368b-418f-b516-8a877c202e04-1
00:31:11.542 --> 00:31:15.361
Pennsylvania. So this is the
Amish religious community and as

f030c898-368b-418f-b516-8a877c202e04-2
00:31:15.361 --> 00:31:18.933
example of a Native American
community, Cherokee in North

f030c898-368b-418f-b516-8a877c202e04-3
00:31:18.933 --> 00:31:22.875
Carolina. So this theory draws
on work by the sociologist Ronan

f030c898-368b-418f-b516-8a877c202e04-4
00:31:22.875 --> 00:31:26.017
Warren and his concepts of
vertical and horizontal

f030c898-368b-418f-b516-8a877c202e04-5
00:31:26.017 --> 00:31:29.897
community organisation. And he
identified a what do you call a

f030c898-368b-418f-b516-8a877c202e04-6
00:31:29.897 --> 00:31:33.469
great change in American
communities in the 19th and 20th

f030c898-368b-418f-b516-8a877c202e04-7
00:31:33.469 --> 00:31:37.350
century, basically involving an
intensification of capitalism?

49f7bc05-e364-47d7-adcc-e24f7246255f-0
00:31:38.660 --> 00:31:43.455
Where local communities which
were autonomous had their own

49f7bc05-e364-47d7-adcc-e24f7246255f-1
00:31:43.455 --> 00:31:47.931
social infrastructure or
institutions, economic, social

49f7bc05-e364-47d7-adcc-e24f7246255f-2
00:31:47.931 --> 00:31:48.969
and cultural.

ef1a2232-911c-46da-a63a-91027ef8b159-0
00:31:49.630 --> 00:31:54.003
Ended up coming under the
control of the wider community.

ef1a2232-911c-46da-a63a-91027ef8b159-1
00:31:54.003 --> 00:31:57.924
Um. So this meant for example
where there was local

ef1a2232-911c-46da-a63a-91027ef8b159-2
00:31:57.924 --> 00:32:01.996
subsistence agriculture for
local communities sale or

ef1a2232-911c-46da-a63a-91027ef8b159-3
00:32:01.996 --> 00:32:06.520
exchange with the community. It
then became part of a wider

ef1a2232-911c-46da-a63a-91027ef8b159-4
00:32:06.520 --> 00:32:11.271
market where individuals were
had their own businesses working

ef1a2232-911c-46da-a63a-91027ef8b159-5
00:32:11.271 --> 00:32:12.930
for the community. Um.

11aeb2b1-7991-42e6-bb6e-61e20ed0ed79-0
00:32:14.550 --> 00:32:17.770
They then became later became
employed in businesses and

11aeb2b1-7991-42e6-bb6e-61e20ed0ed79-1
00:32:17.770 --> 00:32:20.030
industries owned outside the
community.

8b271605-b8db-4f46-a0b4-74a22883c632-0
00:32:21.320 --> 00:32:25.480
And he's also connected with
language, so in the locally um.

6c584218-4a85-4e81-98ef-3eaa555c778e-0
00:32:26.550 --> 00:32:29.596
When the community was locally
organised with locally

6c584218-4a85-4e81-98ef-3eaa555c778e-1
00:32:29.596 --> 00:32:33.150
controlled institutions, they
would be speaking to each other.

6c584218-4a85-4e81-98ef-3eaa555c778e-2
00:32:33.150 --> 00:32:33.320
Um.

12ee6b96-40db-4895-9aed-3b2ed21e49c7-0
00:32:33.830 --> 00:32:36.872
Using their own language, their
their heritage language with its

12ee6b96-40db-4895-9aed-3b2ed21e49c7-1
00:32:36.872 --> 00:32:38.230
German, Finnish or Norwegian.

c2889b4d-98a2-42ec-af80-7bea32b6e728-0
00:32:39.050 --> 00:32:41.950
Similarly, socialisation they
might, would, might, may have

c2889b4d-98a2-42ec-af80-7bea32b6e728-1
00:32:41.950 --> 00:32:44.705
had their own, uh, autonomous
school system in their own

c2889b4d-98a2-42ec-af80-7bea32b6e728-2
00:32:44.705 --> 00:32:45.140
language.

f2e6ab0e-edef-4dd7-856a-aec783678cba-0
00:32:46.020 --> 00:32:50.854
And but later the education
system came uh. National under

f2e6ab0e-edef-4dd7-856a-aec783678cba-1
00:32:50.854 --> 00:32:55.443
National or County, State or
control using English. Um.

f2e6ab0e-edef-4dd7-856a-aec783678cba-2
00:32:55.443 --> 00:32:57.410
Simply for religion. Uh.

0e53b51b-5f77-4706-9ebe-5d110b817892-0
00:32:58.080 --> 00:33:01.665
First autonomous, locally
controlled religion and then

0e53b51b-5f77-4706-9ebe-5d110b817892-1
00:33:01.665 --> 00:33:05.380
becoming part of region or
national networks. Again. Uh,

0e53b51b-5f77-4706-9ebe-5d110b817892-2
00:33:05.380 --> 00:33:06.880
using English language.

d14156e3-4963-4829-b9a5-3ef3429464de-0
00:33:08.710 --> 00:33:11.927
And the observation is that
communities which have undergone

d14156e3-4963-4829-b9a5-3ef3429464de-1
00:33:11.927 --> 00:33:15.039
fertilisation. So this includes,
say, the German, Finnish,

d14156e3-4963-4829-b9a5-3ef3429464de-2
00:33:15.039 --> 00:33:16.200
Norwegian and certain.

18b435de-92b2-490a-b9f8-b4c39f8fcee5-0
00:33:17.370 --> 00:33:20.766
Amish communities, which
underwent fertilisation, also

18b435de-92b2-490a-b9f8-b4c39f8fcee5-1
00:33:20.766 --> 00:33:22.310
underwent language shift.

d7037263-7179-4dcb-b952-6a7fdf2f195d-0
00:33:23.130 --> 00:33:26.871
On the other hand, there are
communities which maintain

d7037263-7179-4dcb-b952-6a7fdf2f195d-1
00:33:26.871 --> 00:33:29.210
local, uh, horizontal control
and.

6827031f-1787-4fec-831f-3f141920883b-0
00:33:30.880 --> 00:33:34.016
This includes some Amish
communities in Pennsylvania

6827031f-1787-4fec-831f-3f141920883b-1
00:33:34.016 --> 00:33:37.388
which maintained Pennsylvania
Dutch and Yiddish speaking

6827031f-1787-4fec-831f-3f141920883b-2
00:33:37.388 --> 00:33:40.169
Hasidic Jews. Uh, for example,
New York State.

7b44b120-a66e-4de6-9e74-699f37e85370-0
00:33:41.080 --> 00:33:43.480
And if you're familiar with
these communities also.

2accc69b-850b-4279-a809-157714f62f51-0
00:33:44.180 --> 00:33:47.714
Characteristic for being
detached from the outside

2accc69b-850b-4279-a809-157714f62f51-1
00:33:47.714 --> 00:33:51.734
communities. Um, so not just
horizontal organisation, but

2accc69b-850b-4279-a809-157714f62f51-2
00:33:51.734 --> 00:33:55.546
also limited communication,
their own cultural, social

2accc69b-850b-4279-a809-157714f62f51-3
00:33:55.546 --> 00:33:56.170
networks.

5ab25a97-44f8-436c-8276-275f1ebacbc5-0
00:33:56.860 --> 00:33:57.380
Um.

f296ba48-cae2-4435-b5d1-9b87c833c526-0
00:33:58.200 --> 00:34:01.776
And even excluding modern mass
media, especially in the case of

f296ba48-cae2-4435-b5d1-9b87c833c526-1
00:34:01.776 --> 00:34:04.850
Amish, uh, because they don't
have electricity either.

f1b89338-0da7-49e4-a173-44778e7bcbd2-0
00:34:05.840 --> 00:34:07.390
Can I have the next slide
please, Helena?

c2e15a0a-169c-47cc-a8f5-be74973cd7c6-0
00:34:09.490 --> 00:34:12.767
Okay, so if we tried to present
this in a kind of simplified

c2e15a0a-169c-47cc-a8f5-be74973cd7c6-1
00:34:12.767 --> 00:34:14.810
schema, which is page 19 of the
book.

86dd508a-9b3a-415c-8d4a-55271b23689f-0
00:34:15.680 --> 00:34:17.500
Um, they have.

e7fdb103-1c1f-4bde-be8c-3cc46a201dd2-0
00:34:18.920 --> 00:34:22.723
Uh, so in leftmost column we
have language shift um plus

e7fdb103-1c1f-4bde-be8c-3cc46a201dd2-1
00:34:22.723 --> 00:34:26.060
language shift happened, minus
it doesn't happen.

b790a68e-88ad-4ec9-8e45-b647cece1103-0
00:34:26.910 --> 00:34:30.627
Second column verticalisation
happens plus uh minus it doesn't

b790a68e-88ad-4ec9-8e45-b647cece1103-1
00:34:30.627 --> 00:34:31.040
happen.

6068d016-e956-49cc-848d-2db0ac27a082-0
00:34:31.980 --> 00:34:35.184
So there hypothesis is that
where you get verticalisation

6068d016-e956-49cc-848d-2db0ac27a082-1
00:34:35.184 --> 00:34:36.510
you have language shift.

19863e51-1994-4fbe-afe3-2c0a9fbd1189-0
00:34:37.270 --> 00:34:40.365
Um, you can get language ship
without verticalisation as well,

19863e51-1994-4fbe-afe3-2c0a9fbd1189-1
00:34:40.365 --> 00:34:43.017
and they give examples of
linguist side or linguistic

19863e51-1994-4fbe-afe3-2c0a9fbd1189-2
00:34:43.017 --> 00:34:43.460
genocide.

a2378638-ed57-4123-9657-99a83301a57a-0
00:34:44.540 --> 00:34:45.070
Um.

964bd8a7-c463-4620-bf4e-4bdd8d3a84e2-0
00:34:46.930 --> 00:34:49.670
Their hypothesis that you that
you don't have.

4f751aa1-68f0-41e3-92d8-46967ccf275a-0
00:34:50.640 --> 00:34:54.110
Um, cases of virtualization
without language shift. So this

4f751aa1-68f0-41e3-92d8-46967ccf275a-1
00:34:54.110 --> 00:34:57.754
is the third row, uh, the minus
the language shift and plus of

4f751aa1-68f0-41e3-92d8-46967ccf275a-2
00:34:57.754 --> 00:34:58.680
verticalisation.

ec5bcfa6-593c-489c-87e7-b4e65790248a-0
00:34:59.570 --> 00:35:03.101
And then there's the minus - No
language shift, no

ec5bcfa6-593c-489c-87e7-b4e65790248a-1
00:35:03.101 --> 00:35:04.210
verticalisation.

ff9094c7-5cdd-4e3a-817d-bee0410f1550-0
00:35:05.040 --> 00:35:08.790
This is the case of stable
bilingualism. But of course, if

ff9094c7-5cdd-4e3a-817d-bee0410f1550-1
00:35:08.790 --> 00:35:12.478
we're interested in the survival
of minorities endangered

ff9094c7-5cdd-4e3a-817d-bee0410f1550-2
00:35:12.478 --> 00:35:14.640
languages today, we also need
to.

562bb6f9-ace5-4193-9b4f-d478af7d8dcc-0
00:35:15.950 --> 00:35:19.052
See. Ask yourselves whether it's
possible to have stable

562bb6f9-ace5-4193-9b4f-d478af7d8dcc-1
00:35:19.052 --> 00:35:19.760
bilingualism.

adf0bb6f-e1ee-4aa3-b0c2-8f34df69de64-0
00:35:20.510 --> 00:35:23.340
In cases of language minority
ization.

d2e94b25-28f0-4cc6-aa78-74476a607741-0
00:35:24.550 --> 00:35:25.580
And also understand.

462b620f-c1b5-4aa7-bc9c-bcac93d65503-0
00:35:26.910 --> 00:35:29.460
What do we need to do on the
level language planning?

dbd7e27d-6e99-4f95-8119-0d83033913e1-0
00:35:30.300 --> 00:35:33.530
In order to stop or reverse
language shift.

36619fab-627f-4062-8491-1e624cd28d9c-0
00:35:34.440 --> 00:35:36.600
So this will be a step further
on how.

58e65ffd-bb7c-4dcb-9e66-f72f88cfbef8-0
00:35:37.280 --> 00:35:40.389
For example, social, historical,
social, linguistic theory and

58e65ffd-bb7c-4dcb-9e66-f72f88cfbef8-1
00:35:40.389 --> 00:35:41.130
investigations.

46efe185-c634-4408-813c-75be0c1a8ab8-0
00:35:41.900 --> 00:35:47.722
Um could be applied um or could
be an input for present day

46efe185-c634-4408-813c-75be0c1a8ab8-1
00:35:47.722 --> 00:35:54.030
social and cultural, linguistic
issues account. Next slide Hella

46efe185-c634-4408-813c-75be0c1a8ab8-2
00:35:54.030 --> 00:35:54.710
please.

7250d94c-6bf7-4b3b-a659-daf9bb2c7d98-0
00:35:55.690 --> 00:35:58.597
Okay, so this raises the
question is can this

7250d94c-6bf7-4b3b-a659-daf9bb2c7d98-1
00:35:58.597 --> 00:36:02.263
virtualization model be applied
more generally? It's been

7250d94c-6bf7-4b3b-a659-daf9bb2c7d98-2
00:36:02.263 --> 00:36:05.865
applied in quite specific cases
in the US, and mostly to

7250d94c-6bf7-4b3b-a659-daf9bb2c7d98-3
00:36:05.865 --> 00:36:07.130
immigrant languages.

ffc85468-85bc-47db-b553-4f224b0e281b-0
00:36:07.980 --> 00:36:09.840
Uh, which became implanted.

fc660b44-1268-4dab-8ff3-7557059c7c3f-0
00:36:10.780 --> 00:36:14.980
Uh, already within a wider
English speaking community.

5c874543-ac75-4ff7-9f49-9da0fbb25983-0
00:36:16.150 --> 00:36:19.908
So the reason why it's
interesting is because it's

5c874543-ac75-4ff7-9f49-9da0fbb25983-1
00:36:19.908 --> 00:36:20.940
ambitious. Um.

63eed7bd-3583-47f9-982d-21ade2fdeb6c-0
00:36:22.160 --> 00:36:25.460
It is an attempt to provide a.

463da3b1-f1eb-49dd-8f94-84f3a611b28e-0
00:36:26.400 --> 00:36:29.550
Universal framework or way of
approaching understanding.

aac8aa40-775a-4235-bfb1-e24e4750ef5c-0
00:36:30.820 --> 00:36:33.953
Language shift scenarios of
language shift in terms of how

aac8aa40-775a-4235-bfb1-e24e4750ef5c-1
00:36:33.953 --> 00:36:36.290
one community relates to wider
communities.

f5c85330-d3af-4d0e-aac3-257aa4cd81a2-0
00:36:37.290 --> 00:36:37.940
And the.

1a9dad3a-5922-4ba7-af9c-83c0a3277418-0
00:36:38.980 --> 00:36:43.161
One of the biggest issues in
social linguistics generally

1a9dad3a-5922-4ba7-af9c-83c0a3277418-1
00:36:43.161 --> 00:36:43.450
and.

51827538-a792-4d82-97b5-d8b2c4d00682-0
00:36:44.760 --> 00:36:46.990
Possibly there isn't a more.

6384b30a-27c6-4981-9e94-e0efca987f00-0
00:36:47.780 --> 00:36:51.837
Extreme case of this down in
studying language shift is that

6384b30a-27c6-4981-9e94-e0efca987f00-1
00:36:51.837 --> 00:36:55.095
scenarios, communities tend to
be different. Uh,

6384b30a-27c6-4981-9e94-e0efca987f00-2
00:36:55.095 --> 00:36:59.020
geographically, historically,
politically, linguistically.

0597a3ac-922d-4541-a0fa-60dcf71d68b3-0
00:37:00.140 --> 00:37:00.550
And.

be523508-d5fd-4bdd-a066-62f6dd76f4f6-0
00:37:01.340 --> 00:37:04.315
Can we generalise from one
community to another? And this

be523508-d5fd-4bdd-a066-62f6dd76f4f6-1
00:37:04.315 --> 00:37:07.290
is the kind of big question of
the applicability of this.

befd785b-cd67-4add-a9ff-fbf62f977714-0
00:37:07.990 --> 00:37:08.570
Um.

c2383b2a-cedd-443c-a438-9aaca4dce05d-0
00:37:10.090 --> 00:37:14.117
Of a theory about language shift
applied in one part of the world

c2383b2a-cedd-443c-a438-9aaca4dce05d-1
00:37:14.117 --> 00:37:14.850
at one time.

c365c150-11a6-4696-8ccc-4aba6606eb8c-0
00:37:15.540 --> 00:37:19.316
Say in the 19 century, 20th
century is applicable to another

c365c150-11a6-4696-8ccc-4aba6606eb8c-1
00:37:19.316 --> 00:37:22.721
part of the world. Say
Minoritised languages in Europe

c365c150-11a6-4696-8ccc-4aba6606eb8c-2
00:37:22.721 --> 00:37:26.560
to Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish
Britain in the 21st century.

00ad961f-c368-430d-b387-792f34e952bb-0
00:37:28.610 --> 00:37:31.060
So they note the authors.

231b5736-82de-438a-907b-cfab178722d9-0
00:37:31.760 --> 00:37:35.250
Of the of the book on the chips
work note and stressed that.

63fe2eb7-ca15-40a9-9d5b-1109318a382e-0
00:37:36.080 --> 00:37:37.750
For all their theories are us
based.

3d657b12-875c-4260-a90b-f36235851c50-0
00:37:38.730 --> 00:37:39.370
And.

a31777ec-fc18-4629-a466-74799bad7712-0
00:37:40.090 --> 00:37:40.890
This is.

bab1fbc9-c8e0-461c-8230-db7ee078d5e5-0
00:37:41.730 --> 00:37:45.431
How their work evolved
historically? Um, and they are

bab1fbc9-c8e0-461c-8230-db7ee078d5e5-1
00:37:45.431 --> 00:37:46.940
specifically inviting.

98e3d0b6-e85c-4bd4-a7ae-8ab4a1ee3ef4-0
00:37:47.680 --> 00:37:50.715
Uh, and encouraging cross
linguistic research in other in

98e3d0b6-e85c-4bd4-a7ae-8ab4a1ee3ef4-1
00:37:50.715 --> 00:37:52.390
other cases, in other languages.

86999614-c5c9-4400-80c4-fff0f5a5332c-0
00:37:54.500 --> 00:37:57.270
To test the applicability of
their claim.

09f352a5-5d9a-49c8-bc9e-7a088bb2c68b-0
00:37:59.260 --> 00:38:03.474
So this is what I want to look
at briefly here. How applicable

09f352a5-5d9a-49c8-bc9e-7a088bb2c68b-1
00:38:03.474 --> 00:38:04.010
is this?

d84a9a25-9aa4-4e12-94eb-50b0740cffa2-0
00:38:04.860 --> 00:38:08.698
Theory to indigenous minority
languages in Europe. So first

d84a9a25-9aa4-4e12-94eb-50b0740cffa2-1
00:38:08.698 --> 00:38:11.450
contrast between indigenous and
immigrant.

03e21124-5cdd-4da4-82f3-c4e1c92d732a-0
00:38:12.180 --> 00:38:16.203
Uh between Europe and the US and
also the larger uh minorities

03e21124-5cdd-4da4-82f3-c4e1c92d732a-1
00:38:16.203 --> 00:38:20.100
communities which combinations
in their own right. So Welsh,

03e21124-5cdd-4da4-82f3-c4e1c92d732a-2
00:38:20.100 --> 00:38:23.612
Scottish Gaelic, Irish and
Britain come the next slide

03e21124-5cdd-4da4-82f3-c4e1c92d732a-3
00:38:23.612 --> 00:38:24.060
please.

1ef04b8e-918d-402f-8691-0cd08a143e8e-0
00:38:26.360 --> 00:38:28.870
So on the one hand, there is.

8da98285-2ac3-4dec-8252-f2ab8c26f47c-0
00:38:31.890 --> 00:38:36.337
The virtualization model seems a
priori to be very relevant

8da98285-2ac3-4dec-8252-f2ab8c26f47c-1
00:38:36.337 --> 00:38:41.007
because we have a broad change
over over the centuries in that

8da98285-2ac3-4dec-8252-f2ab8c26f47c-2
00:38:41.007 --> 00:38:44.935
the Celtic nations, Celtic
speaking communities were

8da98285-2ac3-4dec-8252-f2ab8c26f47c-3
00:38:44.935 --> 00:38:48.938
originally historically
politically, economically and

8da98285-2ac3-4dec-8252-f2ab8c26f47c-4
00:38:48.938 --> 00:38:52.941
culturally autonomous and
they're being progressively

8da98285-2ac3-4dec-8252-f2ab8c26f47c-5
00:38:52.941 --> 00:38:54.719
absorbed into the wider.

fe53bea3-d094-4a61-a83f-2020b2bdf5f4-0
00:38:55.650 --> 00:38:59.170
Uh, white into other two nations
which were?

5dd89fa8-2ce2-4d39-ba99-193813d87896-0
00:39:00.090 --> 00:39:05.385
Politically and economically and
socially dominant. So this is in

5dd89fa8-2ce2-4d39-ba99-193813d87896-1
00:39:05.385 --> 00:39:06.830
the case of Wales.

c9a40dd9-09c5-4804-aa82-6fb1f2c4816d-0
00:39:08.280 --> 00:39:11.302
Um, the Scottish Highlands?
Gaelic speaking too. Much higher

c9a40dd9-09c5-4804-aa82-6fb1f2c4816d-1
00:39:11.302 --> 00:39:13.680
in the case of Ireland he's been
absorbed into.

88d0f6bb-accb-485c-a58f-c294ef49c5d5-0
00:39:14.560 --> 00:39:18.665
England or will leave the United
Kingdom speak with English as

88d0f6bb-accb-485c-a58f-c294ef49c5d5-1
00:39:18.665 --> 00:39:22.641
dominant language, in the case
of Breton being absorbed into

88d0f6bb-accb-485c-a58f-c294ef49c5d5-2
00:39:22.641 --> 00:39:26.616
the French name. French nation?
Well, uh, with French as the

88d0f6bb-accb-485c-a58f-c294ef49c5d5-3
00:39:26.616 --> 00:39:29.679
only official language and
hegemonic language.

5e14b316-885f-448c-bb9c-4471c828e4df-0
00:39:30.560 --> 00:39:34.476
So as part of this, there's been
a broader shift from kind of

5e14b316-885f-448c-bb9c-4471c828e4df-1
00:39:34.476 --> 00:39:38.077
local political and cultural
autonomy to, uh, political,

5e14b316-885f-448c-bb9c-4471c828e4df-2
00:39:38.077 --> 00:39:41.930
economic and cultural dependence
within a centralised nation

5e14b316-885f-448c-bb9c-4471c828e4df-3
00:39:41.930 --> 00:39:42.310
state.

e7427634-531a-4ea6-a0fb-fb55e4a9f8c4-0
00:39:43.340 --> 00:39:47.047
In a broader context of internal
colonialism. Now here I'm

e7427634-531a-4ea6-a0fb-fb55e4a9f8c4-1
00:39:47.047 --> 00:39:51.070
speaking on a very broad level.
So the question that arises is.

eba794cf-ca47-4e74-9141-56f0a0bc759c-0
00:39:51.690 --> 00:39:55.247
If we look at Wales as a whole
account, it was historically

eba794cf-ca47-4e74-9141-56f0a0bc759c-1
00:39:55.247 --> 00:39:59.042
absorbed into the English state,
became annexed formally in the

eba794cf-ca47-4e74-9141-56f0a0bc759c-2
00:39:59.042 --> 00:40:00.110
1536 Act of Union.

aaca7750-d164-4b75-964a-ddd14a52693f-0
00:40:02.080 --> 00:40:07.452
Um, and this entailed various
important changes, such as a one

aaca7750-d164-4b75-964a-ddd14a52693f-1
00:40:07.452 --> 00:40:11.290
legal system with one official
language. Um.

d347b0d5-d479-4042-b974-141243a2b5f6-0
00:40:14.120 --> 00:40:19.196
A gradual um, the Welsh Gentry,
aristocracy kind of gradually

d347b0d5-d479-4042-b974-141243a2b5f6-1
00:40:19.196 --> 00:40:22.390
adopting English, becoming
anglicised.

43ca9354-4a01-43de-a0a0-504e12c03003-0
00:40:23.120 --> 00:40:26.683
So that's on a broad national
level, but of course we have

43ca9354-4a01-43de-a0a0-504e12c03003-1
00:40:26.683 --> 00:40:29.823
communities, individual
communities, and these were

43ca9354-4a01-43de-a0a0-504e12c03003-2
00:40:29.823 --> 00:40:33.206
affected differently at
different times, had different,

43ca9354-4a01-43de-a0a0-504e12c03003-3
00:40:33.206 --> 00:40:36.890
um, geographical proximity, um,
different cultural proximity

43ca9354-4a01-43de-a0a0-504e12c03003-4
00:40:36.890 --> 00:40:40.453
with the, with the, with the
English Welsh border and with

43ca9354-4a01-43de-a0a0-504e12c03003-5
00:40:40.453 --> 00:40:42.929
English state, with the English
economy.

600ff58b-0f46-47ed-9968-344d7ce23c97-0
00:40:44.660 --> 00:40:45.240
So.

217d7508-2101-4611-b365-3f79636cfc58-0
00:40:45.910 --> 00:40:48.514
We can talk about
verticalisation and all the

217d7508-2101-4611-b365-3f79636cfc58-1
00:40:48.514 --> 00:40:51.628
maintenance of of horizontal
organisation on different

217d7508-2101-4611-b365-3f79636cfc58-2
00:40:51.628 --> 00:40:54.630
levels, on national level and
also community levels.

2f0ca36a-da4d-4734-8eb2-3a4ef1f16e69-0
00:40:56.540 --> 00:41:00.216
And a consequence, linguistic
consequence of this gradual

2f0ca36a-da4d-4734-8eb2-3a4ef1f16e69-1
00:41:00.216 --> 00:41:04.273
absorption of the Celtic nations
within larger dominant English

2f0ca36a-da4d-4734-8eb2-3a4ef1f16e69-2
00:41:04.273 --> 00:41:07.759
or French speaking nations is
societal one way banning

2f0ca36a-da4d-4734-8eb2-3a4ef1f16e69-3
00:41:07.759 --> 00:41:11.753
realism. So that's the situation
of today. The speakers of the

2f0ca36a-da4d-4734-8eb2-3a4ef1f16e69-4
00:41:11.753 --> 00:41:14.859
Minoritised language are
bilingual, the dominant

2f0ca36a-da4d-4734-8eb2-3a4ef1f16e69-5
00:41:14.859 --> 00:41:15.430
language.

7ecaf31c-dacf-44fe-845c-096ed2d2f3b9-0
00:41:16.110 --> 00:41:19.229
But the external community, um,
speaking the Dom language,

7ecaf31c-dacf-44fe-845c-096ed2d2f3b9-1
00:41:19.229 --> 00:41:21.820
English or French, is
predominantly monolingual.

11989a8f-3524-4e2e-ad67-c9bfa8d38376-0
00:41:23.420 --> 00:41:24.830
Gonna have the next slide
please.

d944ad9e-1046-47a5-8ed3-2d50099e8c8c-0
00:41:27.060 --> 00:41:27.670
OK.

1c9cc120-c6ce-43ca-a851-d89f3e69b873-0
00:41:28.290 --> 00:41:30.690
But the other hand, there are
some key differences between.

b4f908f9-1d50-4c4e-ab41-dcaf1cec01ee-0
00:41:31.480 --> 00:41:32.040
The.

81549363-496f-4374-bde0-1bdca6530edf-0
00:41:32.820 --> 00:41:36.688
Uh, the Celtic languages or or
more generally minoritised like

81549363-496f-4374-bde0-1bdca6530edf-1
00:41:36.688 --> 00:41:39.820
indigenous minorities languages
in Europe and the.

0081075f-216c-421b-ba1b-2eab66c97049-0
00:41:40.480 --> 00:41:43.437
Immigrant language is the US on
which the verticalisation theory

0081075f-216c-421b-ba1b-2eab66c97049-1
00:41:43.437 --> 00:41:44.120
has been based.

73859adb-ae0d-448a-80f6-e5b11cfa2058-0
00:41:45.140 --> 00:41:49.107
So the US immigrant communities
where the Germans in Wisconsin

73859adb-ae0d-448a-80f6-e5b11cfa2058-1
00:41:49.107 --> 00:41:51.500
or Norwegians also in the Upper
West.

7d6a02e9-d8e1-4bc8-adbf-41d55f619e17-0
00:41:52.380 --> 00:41:53.080
Started.

2ab9c377-ee83-42a1-aacb-ab4c0910e104-0
00:41:54.030 --> 00:41:54.690
Um.

5cc13edb-f9ae-4c47-9ae0-93733ebc2872-0
00:41:55.730 --> 00:42:00.123
They arrived as speech islands
within a larger dominant English

5cc13edb-f9ae-4c47-9ae0-93733ebc2872-1
00:42:00.123 --> 00:42:01.290
speaking society.

456213e9-bfb6-4020-9265-f822b21458e7-0
00:42:03.550 --> 00:42:04.620
And this was cow.

0302ca3f-d767-4799-888e-1ecdf8911c94-0
00:42:05.400 --> 00:42:09.189
Also relatively late, so that
the time span for, um, these

0302ca3f-d767-4799-888e-1ecdf8911c94-1
00:42:09.189 --> 00:42:13.300
immigrants speaking communities
may range from say a century or

0302ca3f-d767-4799-888e-1ecdf8911c94-2
00:42:13.300 --> 00:42:17.282
less than a century to say 150
years. So this is a relatively

0302ca3f-d767-4799-888e-1ecdf8911c94-3
00:42:17.282 --> 00:42:18.310
short time span.

37063e96-66b8-449f-8311-3ae2f9869856-0
00:42:19.090 --> 00:42:22.145
On the other hand, the the
indigenous minority, minority,

37063e96-66b8-449f-8311-3ae2f9869856-1
00:42:22.145 --> 00:42:25.621
uh language speaking communities
in Europe, in the case of Celtic

37063e96-66b8-449f-8311-3ae2f9869856-2
00:42:25.621 --> 00:42:28.676
languages formed a large
continuous areas. So look at the

37063e96-66b8-449f-8311-3ae2f9869856-3
00:42:28.676 --> 00:42:31.731
Nation of Wales, the Scottish
Highlands, the whole of the

37063e96-66b8-449f-8311-3ae2f9869856-4
00:42:31.731 --> 00:42:34.681
island of Ireland, the western.
For Brittany these were

37063e96-66b8-449f-8311-3ae2f9869856-5
00:42:34.681 --> 00:42:36.630
relatively large geographical
areas.

af02f329-6c6d-4ad7-a183-7e23963a73d4-0
00:42:37.860 --> 00:42:41.540
And they were not historically
originally surrounded.

2afc60cc-ba7d-48e1-9ece-f35d8777316e-0
00:42:42.900 --> 00:42:44.660
Um, by.

64ac4b1f-0a2d-448f-ad4d-42b94a3ed656-0
00:42:45.350 --> 00:42:49.545
A another society where society
speaking another dominant

64ac4b1f-0a2d-448f-ad4d-42b94a3ed656-1
00:42:49.545 --> 00:42:53.741
language. They were nations
areas on the periphery of the

64ac4b1f-0a2d-448f-ad4d-42b94a3ed656-2
00:42:53.741 --> 00:42:57.937
English Kingdom of the French
Kingdom and they came to be

64ac4b1f-0a2d-448f-ad4d-42b94a3ed656-3
00:42:57.937 --> 00:42:59.240
colonised by them.

db87fb11-5fea-49b7-8959-7227500f8cd3-0
00:43:01.570 --> 00:43:05.360
Um, the time span is also much
greater. So instead of dealing

db87fb11-5fea-49b7-8959-7227500f8cd3-1
00:43:05.360 --> 00:43:08.907
with, say, with one to two
centuries, we're dealing with,

db87fb11-5fea-49b7-8959-7227500f8cd3-2
00:43:08.907 --> 00:43:12.636
uh, millennia or Millennium or
more in terms of contact with

db87fb11-5fea-49b7-8959-7227500f8cd3-3
00:43:12.636 --> 00:43:16.244
the English and Irish and Welsh
and Scottish Gaelic, UM or

db87fb11-5fea-49b7-8959-7227500f8cd3-4
00:43:16.244 --> 00:43:20.157
Breton and French. There's also
a question of national identity

db87fb11-5fea-49b7-8959-7227500f8cd3-5
00:43:20.157 --> 00:43:21.380
and nationalism. So.

07fe693d-aee7-48a1-8f63-b19c7c997665-0
00:43:22.940 --> 00:43:27.299
Rather than being offshoots of
European communities in the US,

07fe693d-aee7-48a1-8f63-b19c7c997665-1
00:43:27.299 --> 00:43:31.174
in the case of the Celtic
nations, we have nations that

07fe693d-aee7-48a1-8f63-b19c7c997665-2
00:43:31.174 --> 00:43:35.672
own right, okay, not politically
independent in the present day,

07fe693d-aee7-48a1-8f63-b19c7c997665-3
00:43:35.672 --> 00:43:38.440
um, but they were national
communities.

4adbd593-b68c-46c0-9a5c-bcfab8badcc6-0
00:43:39.430 --> 00:43:41.420
And their native language.

6dfe757e-95a4-4a02-aae5-4c6a075c2f9d-0
00:43:42.080 --> 00:43:44.340
Is an integral part of the
national identity.

50f0a339-a68d-423f-b9ef-3004ec677d9a-0
00:43:46.180 --> 00:43:48.090
And language shift.

57fbb26c-0cc6-4e44-b6c8-d91fa096af2d-0
00:43:49.520 --> 00:43:53.240
Entails the threat, the kind of
extinction that of the native

57fbb26c-0cc6-4e44-b6c8-d91fa096af2d-1
00:43:53.240 --> 00:43:56.960
language and the loss of a key
part of national identity and.

444bdb36-1fcc-4012-b3d6-8b9c9f10e91f-0
00:43:58.040 --> 00:43:59.000
There's not been.

69a0613c-e688-4ee1-b088-b02bea1aab8b-0
00:44:00.060 --> 00:44:03.574
Just one way track and sense
there's also at the same time.

69a0613c-e688-4ee1-b088-b02bea1aab8b-1
00:44:03.574 --> 00:44:03.750
Uh.

8e10b160-48b4-487a-a5c4-fda85157d2e6-0
00:44:04.480 --> 00:44:06.958
In response to domination
English domination of French

8e10b160-48b4-487a-a5c4-fda85157d2e6-1
00:44:06.958 --> 00:44:09.708
domination, there's also been
strong political, cultural and

8e10b160-48b4-487a-a5c4-fda85157d2e6-2
00:44:09.708 --> 00:44:10.700
linguistic resistance.

795be7b2-65a9-423d-993b-def2778e3f87-0
00:44:12.090 --> 00:44:12.630
Um.

94920fb4-5da1-4a57-9b04-3204641967cd-0
00:44:13.430 --> 00:44:16.965
At Community level, national
level, individual level coped

94920fb4-5da1-4a57-9b04-3204641967cd-1
00:44:16.965 --> 00:44:20.561
with with varying degrees of
impact, but it's a significant

94920fb4-5da1-4a57-9b04-3204641967cd-2
00:44:20.561 --> 00:44:22.120
discount difference where.

05688783-e266-4f75-8d81-e4c7ee5b7277-0
00:44:23.660 --> 00:44:28.321
Even if German, uh ceased to be
spoken completely in parts of

05688783-e266-4f75-8d81-e4c7ee5b7277-1
00:44:28.321 --> 00:44:32.757
the US where it was once widely
spoken century or called 2

05688783-e266-4f75-8d81-e4c7ee5b7277-2
00:44:32.757 --> 00:44:33.810
centuries ago.

8e4fab8b-aabc-43c9-a7aa-8d8ab9e72adf-0
00:44:34.930 --> 00:44:39.636
The German language will still
survive in Germany, but if we're

8e4fab8b-aabc-43c9-a7aa-8d8ab9e72adf-1
00:44:39.636 --> 00:44:43.975
uh dies in Wales then that
that's it and this has is a big

8e4fab8b-aabc-43c9-a7aa-8d8ab9e72adf-2
00:44:43.975 --> 00:44:47.800
factor, um, a big difference
between the two cases.

8f6885d6-6495-4e26-ae1b-f4fe9d0392cf-0
00:44:49.630 --> 00:44:52.140
We're also looking at.

cb9d6a86-ad99-4ab0-a59d-f705d93b7ac8-0
00:44:52.840 --> 00:44:55.953
Variable degrees of
verticalisation and variable

cb9d6a86-ad99-4ab0-a59d-f705d93b7ac8-1
00:44:55.953 --> 00:44:59.638
degrees of shift over a wider
area and over a wider time.

cb9d6a86-ad99-4ab0-a59d-f705d93b7ac8-2
00:44:59.638 --> 00:45:03.070
Longer time period in the case
of Celtic, Rangers so.

a26e4e5b-e2f5-4980-a64e-ad7e3ff702a0-0
00:45:03.910 --> 00:45:05.030
If we look at the history.

3d0df6f9-c750-4a80-a133-184362b33889-0
00:45:06.070 --> 00:45:06.850
Um.

55a97f5e-7ec6-4d9a-a9b8-1e9384ef2ab3-0
00:45:07.570 --> 00:45:11.698
Of contact between English and
Welsh, for example. This goes

55a97f5e-7ec6-4d9a-a9b8-1e9384ef2ab3-1
00:45:11.698 --> 00:45:16.030
back to at least the 5th century
AD and there has been gradual.

ff32ac11-b68c-4a49-b04d-9b01e052e00c-0
00:45:17.620 --> 00:45:22.730
Jake, graphical retreat of Welsh
over 1 1/2 millennia.

528f802a-3696-4593-a648-4f70edb35aa2-0
00:45:26.000 --> 00:45:29.320
There has and this has involved
a kind of Welsh speaking

528f802a-3696-4593-a648-4f70edb35aa2-1
00:45:29.320 --> 00:45:30.020
communities.

7e69a8df-8b7f-4c87-9f57-b06675ed977f-0
00:45:31.160 --> 00:45:33.889
In different places being more
integrated into English

7e69a8df-8b7f-4c87-9f57-b06675ed977f-1
00:45:33.889 --> 00:45:36.816
speaking, with the English
speaking wider community and in

7e69a8df-8b7f-4c87-9f57-b06675ed977f-2
00:45:36.816 --> 00:45:39.793
some cases quite autonomous and
separate and geographically

7e69a8df-8b7f-4c87-9f57-b06675ed977f-3
00:45:39.793 --> 00:45:40.290
separated.

8c78cae8-39d8-4067-b14f-9a33ec6d8609-0
00:45:41.280 --> 00:45:44.483
Again, this is a huge difference
in terms of scale, uh,

8c78cae8-39d8-4067-b14f-9a33ec6d8609-1
00:45:44.483 --> 00:45:47.801
geographical and time scale. So
this raises in particular

8c78cae8-39d8-4067-b14f-9a33ec6d8609-2
00:45:47.801 --> 00:45:50.948
highlights the question of how
much verticalisation is

8c78cae8-39d8-4067-b14f-9a33ec6d8609-3
00:45:50.948 --> 00:45:54.437
necessary for language shift
contributes language shift, and

8c78cae8-39d8-4067-b14f-9a33ec6d8609-4
00:45:54.437 --> 00:45:56.440
also what type of
verticalisation.

f33667e8-c5bc-44bf-9410-fa4a72d6f22b-0
00:45:59.030 --> 00:46:00.320
Other key differences that.

df786011-66d5-4e39-ab99-8a7999418459-0
00:46:01.410 --> 00:46:04.000
While historically the Celtic
languages.

746531ad-1b1b-45e9-92e9-61b9f1805381-0
00:46:05.590 --> 00:46:09.597
Well minoritised and oppressed
now, uh, in the for example, the

746531ad-1b1b-45e9-92e9-61b9f1805381-1
00:46:09.597 --> 00:46:13.291
case of Ireland and Irish
independence state, Irish is the

746531ad-1b1b-45e9-92e9-61b9f1805381-2
00:46:13.291 --> 00:46:15.170
official language, the strong.

3f61a2f6-c9ef-4068-b652-2b72b221c851-0
00:46:16.070 --> 00:46:20.499
Official support, recognition
and revitalization. Similarly in

3f61a2f6-c9ef-4068-b652-2b72b221c851-1
00:46:20.499 --> 00:46:24.718
in Wales there's very strong
official support for Welsh Um.

3f61a2f6-c9ef-4068-b652-2b72b221c851-2
00:46:24.718 --> 00:46:28.796
Not only in terms of recognition
but also actual use. Uh,

3f61a2f6-c9ef-4068-b652-2b72b221c851-3
00:46:28.796 --> 00:46:29.500
resources.

43930773-10cd-4245-b3f7-7d2b4a0bb2d8-0
00:46:30.530 --> 00:46:34.528
Promotion of the language.
Again, this is a key difference

43930773-10cd-4245-b3f7-7d2b4a0bb2d8-1
00:46:34.528 --> 00:46:38.324
between the US immigrant and
heritage languages and the

43930773-10cd-4245-b3f7-7d2b4a0bb2d8-2
00:46:38.324 --> 00:46:40.290
native, um, Celtic languages.

24a36de2-5b74-4e6c-816e-63bff4e40431-0
00:46:42.470 --> 00:46:46.210
The language shift is also a
very complex process. Um.

ea38d2ea-6023-45fd-857d-d11a944742f9-0
00:46:47.170 --> 00:46:48.630
The verticalisation theory.

6beca445-e6aa-4e2f-883e-221a3e1efd65-0
00:46:50.480 --> 00:46:52.670
Proposed as an overarching
framework.

ab5e27e3-0fd4-4b36-a3a7-9a8e25e71937-0
00:46:54.220 --> 00:46:56.300
There's a social and economic
organisation.

bfa5afcb-9a61-4521-8ddf-a180d44e79ad-0
00:46:57.200 --> 00:47:00.261
But when we look at the whole
complex, the other situation in

bfa5afcb-9a61-4521-8ddf-a180d44e79ad-1
00:47:00.261 --> 00:47:03.027
all its complexity, there are
actually multiple factors

bfa5afcb-9a61-4521-8ddf-a180d44e79ad-2
00:47:03.027 --> 00:47:05.990
contributing it. So in the
history of the Celtic languages.

4898724a-887c-4fa3-a66e-4966ef0e5189-0
00:47:07.430 --> 00:47:11.447
Um, we're dealing with
protracted political repression

4898724a-887c-4fa3-a66e-4966ef0e5189-1
00:47:11.447 --> 00:47:15.392
of the people speaking these
languages. Colonisation,

4898724a-887c-4fa3-a66e-4966ef0e5189-2
00:47:15.392 --> 00:47:16.779
minoritised nation.

b5c9da61-868c-47a6-81f6-f09142ecd52b-0
00:47:17.870 --> 00:47:19.630
Stigmatisation of these
cultures.

387832be-c7bc-4f8e-b5bb-c6c9a33da549-0
00:47:20.680 --> 00:47:23.770
There are also huge demographic
changes. Um.

2c73a12b-030a-4569-a8f4-669853ffb6d7-0
00:47:24.590 --> 00:47:28.752
If you take Ireland for example,
one of the big factors giving um

2c73a12b-030a-4569-a8f4-669853ffb6d7-1
00:47:28.752 --> 00:47:32.472
which contributed to the decline
of Irish language was the

2c73a12b-030a-4569-a8f4-669853ffb6d7-2
00:47:32.472 --> 00:47:36.067
plantation. So forced migration
of English speakers into

2c73a12b-030a-4569-a8f4-669853ffb6d7-3
00:47:36.067 --> 00:47:39.598
Ireland, forming large
communities. Also they took over

2c73a12b-030a-4569-a8f4-669853ffb6d7-4
00:47:39.598 --> 00:47:43.256
the land they confiscated the
land of of the native Irish

2c73a12b-030a-4569-a8f4-669853ffb6d7-5
00:47:43.256 --> 00:47:43.950
population.

5ad150de-15a2-418f-9668-443d27460136-0
00:47:44.930 --> 00:47:48.539
And this actually medical,
physical Wales, once Ireland was

5ad150de-15a2-418f-9668-443d27460136-1
00:47:48.539 --> 00:47:52.209
a relatively homogeneous Irish
speaking Ireland that came to

5ad150de-15a2-418f-9668-443d27460136-2
00:47:52.209 --> 00:47:52.390
be.

9d0b9911-6d19-4ac9-91f2-8fc110e03213-0
00:47:53.890 --> 00:47:57.155
Large politically dominance
English speaking communities in

9d0b9911-6d19-4ac9-91f2-8fc110e03213-1
00:47:57.155 --> 00:48:00.149
Scotland there was a phenomenon
of the of the Highland

9d0b9911-6d19-4ac9-91f2-8fc110e03213-2
00:48:00.149 --> 00:48:03.034
Clearances where the native
population was forced to

9d0b9911-6d19-4ac9-91f2-8fc110e03213-3
00:48:03.034 --> 00:48:03.470
migrate.

64e3e4e8-c5da-4d6d-8b34-dee3a72d54bb-0
00:48:04.780 --> 00:48:06.700
And in some cases, um.

ee3845d3-74f7-4ac7-868a-92269db313fa-0
00:48:07.810 --> 00:48:11.023
English speaking or Scott
speaking, farmers were brought

ee3845d3-74f7-4ac7-868a-92269db313fa-1
00:48:11.023 --> 00:48:14.123
into replacement Kaushik
farmers. So these demographic

ee3845d3-74f7-4ac7-868a-92269db313fa-2
00:48:14.123 --> 00:48:17.449
change has also began. But
there's also migration of large

ee3845d3-74f7-4ac7-868a-92269db313fa-3
00:48:17.449 --> 00:48:21.057
English speaking communities to
Wales to work in the coal mines

ee3845d3-74f7-4ac7-868a-92269db313fa-4
00:48:21.057 --> 00:48:24.609
and steel industry and so on.
And this also has a huge impact.

ee3845d3-74f7-4ac7-868a-92269db313fa-5
00:48:24.609 --> 00:48:27.822
So Verticalisation is 1
phenomenon happening at the same

ee3845d3-74f7-4ac7-868a-92269db313fa-6
00:48:27.822 --> 00:48:31.542
time as other phenomenon. So the
question arises, can we actually

ee3845d3-74f7-4ac7-868a-92269db313fa-7
00:48:31.542 --> 00:48:35.038
disentangle verticalisation? Can
we say, okay, this is due to

ee3845d3-74f7-4ac7-868a-92269db313fa-8
00:48:35.038 --> 00:48:35.940
verticalisation?

fc9015ed-7d71-485b-bd33-3d8beda64b1c-0
00:48:37.110 --> 00:48:40.702
Can we actually, as a is
virtualization actually a fully

fc9015ed-7d71-485b-bd33-3d8beda64b1c-1
00:48:40.702 --> 00:48:44.611
distinct phenomenon in its own
right? Is it like, is minority

fc9015ed-7d71-485b-bd33-3d8beda64b1c-2
00:48:44.611 --> 00:48:47.825
ization, is it part of
mineralization? Is minority

fc9015ed-7d71-485b-bd33-3d8beda64b1c-3
00:48:47.825 --> 00:48:48.330
ization?

efab31bd-9d41-478c-a362-5b4d5ea9fe88-0
00:48:49.270 --> 00:48:52.185
A part of virtualisation, and
also there's a question of

efab31bd-9d41-478c-a362-5b4d5ea9fe88-1
00:48:52.185 --> 00:48:52.850
bilingualism.

f3fc93e1-3cf9-4120-9ad8-0c2e5294569d-0
00:48:53.970 --> 00:48:58.597
Um, as a factor, as societal
bilingualism, as a prelude to to

f3fc93e1-3cf9-4120-9ad8-0c2e5294569d-1
00:48:58.597 --> 00:49:02.330
language shift. So now, sorry,
next slide please.

6874b73a-55e7-4a42-be9a-0ac94d2870c2-0
00:49:04.310 --> 00:49:06.490
Uh, what I will look at is.

c3bfe617-73a1-499e-98b1-bfcb04415310-0
00:49:07.560 --> 00:49:10.710
Broadly, to what extent can we
apply um?

caedcbde-627f-4b69-a27b-cbc02d3e96cc-0
00:49:12.660 --> 00:49:13.950
Fertilisation theory.

7b29289b-5242-494e-9e0d-4cb10804eb94-0
00:49:15.170 --> 00:49:17.830
More broadly and the Pacific
specifically to.

dba19b26-9404-40bf-ac92-0c7c1ed9f728-0
00:49:18.870 --> 00:49:22.076
Indigenous Minoritised
languages, Celtic languages in

dba19b26-9404-40bf-ac92-0c7c1ed9f728-1
00:49:22.076 --> 00:49:22.670
in Europe.

39869676-2b10-4af0-8ca9-6e18e6b80d3f-0
00:49:25.620 --> 00:49:26.070
And.

c0e1f9d1-a29f-42c3-9af0-5b211b3f51fd-0
00:49:26.890 --> 00:49:29.915
My position is that the
fertilisation theory is very is

c0e1f9d1-a29f-42c3-9af0-5b211b3f51fd-1
00:49:29.915 --> 00:49:33.156
very interesting. It raises a
very important question which

c0e1f9d1-a29f-42c3-9af0-5b211b3f51fd-2
00:49:33.156 --> 00:49:36.344
deserves investigation. So my
response to it is not yes or

c0e1f9d1-a29f-42c3-9af0-5b211b3f51fd-3
00:49:36.344 --> 00:49:39.747
yes, it's fully applicable. No,
it's not fully applicable, but

c0e1f9d1-a29f-42c3-9af0-5b211b3f51fd-4
00:49:39.747 --> 00:49:42.827
it's something which merits
further investigation and in

c0e1f9d1-a29f-42c3-9af0-5b211b3f51fd-5
00:49:42.827 --> 00:49:44.070
particular development.

ef21f079-2c6f-4f8a-b654-b156febbb723-0
00:49:45.820 --> 00:49:49.439
So the stronger testable claim
that verticalisation needs to

ef21f079-2c6f-4f8a-b654-b156febbb723-1
00:49:49.439 --> 00:49:52.880
shift. This is fundamental
importance, as I mentioned, so

ef21f079-2c6f-4f8a-b654-b156febbb723-2
00:49:52.880 --> 00:49:56.559
it raises these questions. So
does federalization necessarily

ef21f079-2c6f-4f8a-b654-b156febbb723-3
00:49:56.559 --> 00:49:59.170
to shift is stable, bilingual
and possible?

53a9d1d5-2ea2-419c-903c-a5123810937e-0
00:49:59.870 --> 00:50:00.790
And if stabilised.

1583558f-beb0-4c63-abe5-9d361ed43b90-0
00:50:01.670 --> 00:50:04.274
Stable bilingual is to be
possible. What language

1583558f-beb0-4c63-abe5-9d361ed43b90-1
00:50:04.274 --> 00:50:07.295
planning, maintenance and
revitalization steps need to be

1583558f-beb0-4c63-abe5-9d361ed43b90-2
00:50:07.295 --> 00:50:10.212
taken to achieve this? So this
is kind of the practical

1583558f-beb0-4c63-abe5-9d361ed43b90-3
00:50:10.212 --> 00:50:13.130
application of historical,
social, linguistic research.

f51c5dc9-a4e0-403a-8391-4161ed327083-0
00:50:14.140 --> 00:50:18.264
So the value of verticalisation
model is not as a mathematical

f51c5dc9-a4e0-403a-8391-4161ed327083-1
00:50:18.264 --> 00:50:21.080
formula as in virtualization
equals shift.

c46e67a6-a0b9-451a-9e44-fbbafe9c0e92-0
00:50:21.740 --> 00:50:25.377
But in how it can help us
understand, call think about

c46e67a6-a0b9-451a-9e44-fbbafe9c0e92-1
00:50:25.377 --> 00:50:26.700
language shifts. Um.

c3106a11-4edf-45cd-9af2-3553b700b63d-0
00:50:27.530 --> 00:50:29.547
And may and maintenance
scenarios in all their

c3106a11-4edf-45cd-9af2-3553b700b63d-1
00:50:29.547 --> 00:50:30.020
complexity.

031251db-a329-431a-bf53-e3bbbd665e4b-0
00:50:31.910 --> 00:50:35.329
Now, although they've got the
the proponents of virtualization

031251db-a329-431a-bf53-e3bbbd665e4b-1
00:50:35.329 --> 00:50:38.532
theory say this is a testable
theory. I would say it's not

031251db-a329-431a-bf53-e3bbbd665e4b-2
00:50:38.532 --> 00:50:41.571
easily testable simply because
of the complexity of the

031251db-a329-431a-bf53-e3bbbd665e4b-3
00:50:41.571 --> 00:50:44.883
concepts of virtualization.
These are very virtualization is

031251db-a329-431a-bf53-e3bbbd665e4b-4
00:50:44.883 --> 00:50:47.000
a complex and variable
phenomenon. So.

881dc638-118b-4ea7-91cf-e5ca306aaeec-0
00:50:47.920 --> 00:50:51.105
In order to understand the
implications of theory, we also

881dc638-118b-4ea7-91cf-e5ca306aaeec-1
00:50:51.105 --> 00:50:54.398
need to investigate further what
virtualization is? How much

881dc638-118b-4ea7-91cf-e5ca306aaeec-2
00:50:54.398 --> 00:50:55.640
virtualization in what?

6d987504-fd70-47b7-ac3e-ee6c92420ccb-0
00:50:56.590 --> 00:50:59.488
What types of fertilisation? How
much fertilisation can

6d987504-fd70-47b7-ac3e-ee6c92420ccb-1
00:50:59.488 --> 00:51:00.110
leadershift?

8b53ca03-7141-4a86-a103-b93edc0931ff-0
00:51:01.010 --> 00:51:03.050
Uh, and can it be? Can it be
reversed?

9bc3ec3a-098a-4670-91fe-ea68ef627a20-0
00:51:03.940 --> 00:51:05.550
So next slide please.

5aa21b54-2f63-4f0a-aa33-52aade63f3d9-0
00:51:09.050 --> 00:51:09.750
Now.

aac2bc53-08c6-4807-9640-edd3bd723e02-0
00:51:10.640 --> 00:51:14.626
Ohh start giving a more concrete
example. So this is the case of

aac2bc53-08c6-4807-9640-edd3bd723e02-1
00:51:14.626 --> 00:51:18.673
Bretton and Brittany. So the map
and the left corner of the slide

aac2bc53-08c6-4807-9640-edd3bd723e02-2
00:51:18.673 --> 00:51:21.985
is Brittany um. The western half
which is coloured is

aac2bc53-08c6-4807-9640-edd3bd723e02-3
00:51:21.985 --> 00:51:26.032
historically breath and speaking
area and it's the call different

aac2bc53-08c6-4807-9640-edd3bd723e02-4
00:51:26.032 --> 00:51:29.160
colours because they represent
different dialects.

f76edff1-6368-4f7f-8490-044032b4047a-0
00:51:30.400 --> 00:51:30.920
And.

75d45427-bba0-4a6b-941c-fe99410ee62f-0
00:51:31.650 --> 00:51:34.382
Then you can just about see a
kind of dotted line at the Far

75d45427-bba0-4a6b-941c-fe99410ee62f-1
00:51:34.382 --> 00:51:36.980
East which is partly cut off. So
this is the kind of the.

9ba33c4c-0467-43f6-8875-bc44b3e981b9-0
00:51:37.690 --> 00:51:41.578
Kind of historical borders of
Brittany. And then there's a

9ba33c4c-0467-43f6-8875-bc44b3e981b9-1
00:51:41.578 --> 00:51:45.665
kind of a lighter coloured area
which is the romance speaking

9ba33c4c-0467-43f6-8875-bc44b3e981b9-2
00:51:45.665 --> 00:51:49.619
part of Brittany. OA dialect
rather spent related to French

9ba33c4c-0467-43f6-8875-bc44b3e981b9-3
00:51:49.619 --> 00:51:52.520
was historically spoken there
called Gallo.

2a415eda-d335-4fe1-b914-0810d1efc0eb-0
00:51:54.140 --> 00:51:58.963
Uh, what's on to look look at is
a is this a survey conducted by

2a415eda-d335-4fe1-b914-0810d1efc0eb-1
00:51:58.963 --> 00:52:03.489
the kind of breath and scholar
and eminent French folklorist

2a415eda-d335-4fe1-b914-0810d1efc0eb-2
00:52:03.489 --> 00:52:07.941
poor Sybil in 1878, when he
tried to estimate the number of

2a415eda-d335-4fe1-b914-0810d1efc0eb-3
00:52:07.941 --> 00:52:12.245
better speakers, and also to
identify where precisely the

2a415eda-d335-4fe1-b914-0810d1efc0eb-4
00:52:12.245 --> 00:52:16.030
language border around between
French and Britain?

7ad9003f-c75b-4eee-bac3-5a55dc848c28-0
00:52:17.360 --> 00:52:20.739
And they give a quotation from
him. So what I mentioned is how

7ad9003f-c75b-4eee-bac3-5a55dc848c28-1
00:52:20.739 --> 00:52:24.010
he perceived the linguistic
situation at the time and how he

7ad9003f-c75b-4eee-bac3-5a55dc848c28-2
00:52:24.010 --> 00:52:24.440
thought.

ea076bb0-b476-4eec-ac70-f2c65ff42692-0
00:52:25.850 --> 00:52:30.600
This situation will be stable.
So there was a French was

ea076bb0-b476-4eec-ac70-f2c65ff42692-1
00:52:30.600 --> 00:52:35.684
spreading and Britons being
populations become bilingual but

ea076bb0-b476-4eec-ac70-f2c65ff42692-2
00:52:35.684 --> 00:52:40.685
he thought this would be a
stable situation so like what it

ea076bb0-b476-4eec-ac70-f2c65ff42692-3
00:52:40.685 --> 00:52:46.186
says so the French don't feel so
just translate this so in um all

ea076bb0-b476-4eec-ac70-f2c65ff42692-4
00:52:46.186 --> 00:52:46.520
the.

229109a4-f82d-407a-9c6d-947f4386733f-0
00:52:47.460 --> 00:52:49.740
Uh, towns in between speaking.

33d1fbe6-9517-4b62-b831-92f1022fcba6-0
00:52:50.770 --> 00:52:52.940
Country and the Breton speaking
area.

b4dddd88-1d00-40d1-b529-9f4498682df9-0
00:52:53.690 --> 00:52:56.822
Both languages that's better
than French are spoken, except

b4dddd88-1d00-40d1-b529-9f4498682df9-1
00:52:56.822 --> 00:52:59.902
in the in the Cal suburbs, the
outlying parts of the towns

b4dddd88-1d00-40d1-b529-9f4498682df9-2
00:52:59.902 --> 00:53:01.260
where Breton predominates.

d72a3b80-2ad9-4172-8d04-6587a2e2aa36-0
00:53:02.410 --> 00:53:04.000
In um.

8d59c0d2-aa0d-4457-9687-399db8f88d4b-0
00:53:05.250 --> 00:53:06.170
All the.

c4fd1506-366d-4440-9ef9-b425e0f09b9e-0
00:53:07.190 --> 00:53:12.010
Uh, common communal capitals and
all the larger urban

c4fd1506-366d-4440-9ef9-b425e0f09b9e-1
00:53:12.010 --> 00:53:15.670
settlements. Both languages were
spoken.

d8d4cdc5-b3fc-4ef3-ac2f-bc6de08a0238-0
00:53:17.220 --> 00:53:21.320
And the same will apply in the
countryside, in the finished our

d8d4cdc5-b3fc-4ef3-ac2f-bc6de08a0238-1
00:53:21.320 --> 00:53:25.165
countryside, so finished our is
the kind of the westernmost

d8d4cdc5-b3fc-4ef3-ac2f-bc6de08a0238-2
00:53:25.165 --> 00:53:29.201
Deepak Mall of France, of of of
Brittany. So say the same will

d8d4cdc5-b3fc-4ef3-ac2f-bc6de08a0238-3
00:53:29.201 --> 00:53:33.110
also happen shortly in the in
the countryside of Finisterre.

a65763b7-e677-46c5-85f4-da4a5f73a24d-0
00:53:34.730 --> 00:53:36.090
Also ask that now.

fedea1b0-c3d0-4022-b756-94399c2badc4-0
00:53:37.270 --> 00:53:41.654
French and Breton, I'm sorry to
jump in there. I think there's

fedea1b0-c3d0-4022-b756-94399c2badc4-1
00:53:41.654 --> 00:53:45.760
some interest in the chat window
in taking some questions.

ef766060-23fa-46f9-b4e0-5cec5088200f-0
00:53:47.900 --> 00:53:51.025
And we could extend the
opportunity of course to to

ef766060-23fa-46f9-b4e0-5cec5088200f-1
00:53:51.025 --> 00:53:54.212
share the the connexion
information to hear the rest

ef766060-23fa-46f9-b4e0-5cec5088200f-2
00:53:54.212 --> 00:53:57.758
would would that be okay to
invite some questions? Yes, of

ef766060-23fa-46f9-b4e0-5cec5088200f-3
00:53:57.758 --> 00:53:58.420
course now.

39a543d4-8cf4-4df2-b19f-2e4c697cd6b0-0
00:53:59.430 --> 00:54:01.380
If if that's okay with you.

122f9ebc-90ca-4dbc-8461-6707a9df4be1-0
00:54:02.740 --> 00:54:04.490
Can't see any of the.

0e66621f-e2ee-43ad-a1ee-792ff44d4a23-0
00:54:05.700 --> 00:54:07.870
The questions myself, yeah, I
understand.

e31d8afd-6e61-48f1-bdce-f9ec5e4f8408-0
00:54:09.790 --> 00:54:14.962
I thank you very much Chris and
thank you very much Oliver for

e31d8afd-6e61-48f1-bdce-f9ec5e4f8408-1
00:54:14.962 --> 00:54:20.216
that presentation. I I think I
will stop sharing now and we can

e31d8afd-6e61-48f1-bdce-f9ec5e4f8408-2
00:54:20.216 --> 00:54:25.552
address some of the questions in
a a bit of a discussion section

e31d8afd-6e61-48f1-bdce-f9ec5e4f8408-3
00:54:25.552 --> 00:54:29.740
and we can we can pick up on
some of these themes.

1e05d3db-d385-40b8-9509-675db289b373-0
00:54:35.630 --> 00:54:41.110
Excellent, so the recording is
now being signed.

7ebba7d2-15c8-4af7-b3bc-b413f9e55a5f-0
00:54:41.840 --> 00:54:44.110
So we can then have our.