WEBVTT

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And I will put full screen.
Let's see if it works.

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Well, one second. OK. So do you
do you see this full screen now?

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Yes, yes we do.

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Excellent, excellent, excellent.
Can I start?

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Go ahead.

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Alright. So thank thank you very
much for for the invitation

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today. It's it's a pleasure to
be here and present the the most

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important results of study that
was commissioned by the.

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The called, which stands for
Culture Committee of the

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European Parliament, so it's
like an advisory report rather

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than a research report, although
there is much research done in

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it and the result, the name of
this study is the European Union

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approach to European Union's
approach to multilingualism, in

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its own communication policy,
which was published 3-4 weeks

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ago. It's free, available
online.

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With summaries in five
languages, by the way, as I

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said, it was published by the
European Parliament's Committee

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on Culture and Education CULT.

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And I am one of the authors in
this amazing team.

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Uh, uh. With other colleagues
from different universities,

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including Strathclyde. Apologies
for my horrible pronunciation of

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the name Cyprus, Zurich, Paris,
Paris, Tois or.

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Better. Yeah. And and others the
the key objective of this study

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is to assess the EU approach to
multilingualism and the

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referring here to EU
institutions. OK.

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And all these and agencies. So
the EU as a public

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administration in its
communication policy and to

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propose some recommendations
about which we can we can talk

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later. But I'd like first to
present the results of this

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policy policy study and we had
three specific objectives.

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The first one was to assess the
legal, compliance and

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transparency of the language
regimes, which is a synonym for

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language policy of EU
institutions, bodies and

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agencies, as well as their
website language policy. So

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there is part of the study is
legal analysis. You will find

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plenty of references on any
possible legal aspect of EU

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multilingualism, including.

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A decision of the Court of
Justice.

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The and and treaties and of
course, the regulation #1 of 58,

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about which I'm going to talk
later. The second topic or

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objective of this study was to
provide a map.

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Of the use of EU official
languages across Edu channels

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focusing on website. So the
study focuses on ggirl

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communication on digital
communication, not papers

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written communication in terms
of classic paper books etcetera.

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But the website analysis mostly
and the derive some policy

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lessons are recommendation for
EU policymakers.

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So these are the general
objectives of the study and it

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refers. If I can establish a
connection between this study

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and academic and the academic
literature and research on Edu.

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It's the study.

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Is very much connected to
existing UM, uh studies and

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papers published in the area of
EU language policy, of course,

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but also linguistic justice and
democracy in multilingual

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countries or multilingual areas.
EU is not a country, but it's

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not really an international
organization. It's a

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supranational organization with
powers that no international

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institution has. So it's much
more. It's not a federation, but

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it's not really.

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Just an intergovernmental
institution like the United

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Nations, for example, and so we.

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We are in a in a in a very
hybrid context. EU is a very

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hybrid organization which is a
democratic one. We make we go

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for election elections at the
European for the European

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Parliament and we vote for
members of the European

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Parliament and decisions of the
EU. They may have direct effect

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on our situation, our as
citizens and residents in

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general, so decisions of the you
are not always.

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Mediated through national
governments and there is an

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empirical tradition in
linguistic justice. There is a

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very interesting literature,
especially in political sciences

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and political philosophy, about
principles and ethical norms

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about justice between languages,
which is something called.

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A interlingual listic justice as
opposed to intra linguistic

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justice, which is something
different. For example, you know

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gender, inclusive pronouns, etc.
And politically correctly

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language which concerns about
ethical issues within the usage

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of 1 specific language could be
German, English or whatever, but

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in this is not what we are
dealing with. We are dealing

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with justice between languages
and the plural, so connection

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with multilingualism.

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And therefore the study of.

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Justice between speakers and.

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There are, there are few studies
on on this on this topic from.

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Economist and and and people in
policy analysis. Uh. Trying to

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estimate different effects of
using more or less languages on

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equality between speakers and
the study. In addition to that,

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contributes also to the academic
discussion on.

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Multilingual democracies, and
this is a very interesting and

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fascinating debate between
people who say that we need a

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common language. We didn't
necessarily a common language

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for a European demos as opposed
to people who think you know we

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are in a multilingual policy and
therefore we need multilingual

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policies and institutions,
especially democratic

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institution, have to adapt to
multilingualism and not citizens

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to monolingualism. So this is,
you know.

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Very interesting result
discussion and you have some

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references here in this slide.
Now let's recap very briefly how

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you multilingual multilingual is
at the institutional level looks

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00:07:04.397 --> 00:07:08.717
like. So I'm referring here to
the EU as a set of institutions,

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agencies and bodies active in
many policy areas.

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00:07:13.564 --> 00:07:18.412
That interact with citizens,
businesses and Member States. So

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it's a supranational public
administration. Uh, so it's it's

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00:07:23.182 --> 00:07:28.186
part of the public sector. The
you as we know has now 27 Member

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States. After Brexit, the number
decreased was 2827. Sorry. And

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we still have 24 official in
working languages. You see here

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the list.

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At the corner store of EU
language policy also calls as a

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language regime. I think this is
a calc from the regime

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linguistic, which means
essentially institutional

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1194-3
00:07:50.738 --> 00:07:54.496
language policy language regime
is an institutional language

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policy that is a set of official
and working languages and a set

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of rules that explain how these
languages should be used, to

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what extent translation and
interpreting is necessary, et

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00:08:05.831 --> 00:08:09.774
cetera, et cetera. So a language
regime is the language policy.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1253-0
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Albany Institution of a public
administration. And so the

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language regime is established
in was established in 1958 in

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regulation #1, and it's
interesting because that was the

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very first regulation adopted by
the European Economic

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Communities. That was the name
of the EU at the time, and

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that's very interesting. You
know why? Because.

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00:08:30.364 --> 00:08:34.257
Uh, you know, language choices
and therefore language policy

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1318-1
00:08:34.257 --> 00:08:37.767
cannot be avoided before
starting to work together, we

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1318-2
00:08:37.767 --> 00:08:41.085
have to establish in which
language we want to work

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1318-3
00:08:41.085 --> 00:08:44.978
together. So language policy is
necessary. You cannot escape

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1318-4
00:08:44.978 --> 00:08:48.807
language policy decisions, and
it's not by chance. Actually

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1318-5
00:08:48.807 --> 00:08:52.508
there regulation number one was
the very first regulation

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1318-6
00:08:52.508 --> 00:08:56.145
adopted by the European
Communities at that time. So the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1318-7
00:08:56.145 --> 00:08:57.294
EU legislation #1.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1341-0
00:08:59.364 --> 00:09:02.873
Establish establishes a set of
official working languages.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1341-1
00:09:02.873 --> 00:09:06.203
There were four at that time,
German, French, Dutch and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1341-2
00:09:06.203 --> 00:09:08.284
Italian. Then the least
increased.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1350-0
00:09:08.444 --> 00:09:13.064
A. As that you enlarged in
during the decades.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1399-0
00:09:14.504 --> 00:09:17.901
The regulation number, what is
rather short has few articles.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1399-1
00:09:17.901 --> 00:09:21.079
In a nutshell, it says that
regulations and other general

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1399-2
00:09:21.079 --> 00:09:24.202
text or text of general
application should be drafted in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1399-3
00:09:24.202 --> 00:09:27.708
all official languages and that
the Official Journal of the You

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1399-4
00:09:27.708 --> 00:09:30.174
must be published in all
official languages.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1457-0
00:09:31.084 --> 00:09:34.802
You institutions this is Article
6 of regulation #1 Edu.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1457-1
00:09:34.802 --> 00:09:38.650
Institutions may determine so
may decide in their internal

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1457-2
00:09:38.650 --> 00:09:42.302
rules of Procedure which
languages are used in specific

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1457-3
00:09:42.302 --> 00:09:46.150
cases. This is to give a certain
degree of flexibility for

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1457-4
00:09:46.150 --> 00:09:50.129
internal communication within
specific institutions, IG, the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1457-5
00:09:50.129 --> 00:09:53.064
Commission or the Parliament or
the Council.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1475-0
00:09:54.324 --> 00:09:58.317
And then the regulation #1 also
says that documents that rise to

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1475-1
00:09:58.317 --> 00:10:00.774
a Member State or to or buy a
citizens.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1503-0
00:10:01.224 --> 00:10:05.089
Umm can be drafted in any
language and the EU has to reply

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1503-1
00:10:05.089 --> 00:10:08.822
in the same language. This
article later was transformed

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1503-2
00:10:08.822 --> 00:10:13.014
even in an article in a treaty
in the Treaty of Maastricht. So.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1539-0
00:10:13.284 --> 00:10:16.724
Uh, it's it's kind of
constitutional level now these

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1539-1
00:10:16.724 --> 00:10:20.748
provisions, so any citizen can
have any citizen has the right

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1539-2
00:10:20.748 --> 00:10:24.577
to right to the EU in one of the
24 official languages and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1539-3
00:10:24.577 --> 00:10:26.784
receive a reply in that
language.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1565-0
00:10:27.424 --> 00:10:31.196
And document addressed by EU
institutions, 2 Member States or

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1565-1
00:10:31.196 --> 00:10:35.211
national residing a Member State
shall be drafted in the language

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1565-2
00:10:35.211 --> 00:10:36.914
of the state. All right now.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1578-0
00:10:40.054 --> 00:10:43.875
What is the issue here? The
issue is that regulation number

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1578-1
00:10:43.875 --> 00:10:44.384
one was.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1584-0
00:10:45.134 --> 00:10:46.944
Published in 1958.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1595-0
00:10:47.694 --> 00:10:51.904
And you know how many people
were using the Internet in 1958?

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1620-0
00:10:52.574 --> 00:10:57.157
Zero. No one they entered was
not invented. We computers were,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1620-1
00:10:57.157 --> 00:11:01.740
you know, primitive if any. Now
we are in completely different

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1620-2
00:11:01.740 --> 00:11:05.014
world. We are in a world in
which few of us.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1632-0
00:11:06.234 --> 00:11:12.614
Read papers in in, in, in paper,
or at least we read.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1652-0
00:11:13.504 --> 00:11:16.378
And we have access to scientific
information or in general

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1652-1
00:11:16.378 --> 00:11:18.814
information through paper. Yes,
we still do, but.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1725-0
00:11:19.954 --> 00:11:23.445
The digital communication
through the different devices

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1725-1
00:11:23.445 --> 00:11:27.311
that we use today, computers
that the smartphones and tablets

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1725-2
00:11:27.311 --> 00:11:31.239
is probably especially for the
younger generation of you know,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1725-3
00:11:31.239 --> 00:11:35.104
I am a mix between you know I
started to have to be a digital

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1725-4
00:11:35.104 --> 00:11:38.907
man when I was in my 20s. So I
remember how the world looked

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1725-5
00:11:38.907 --> 00:11:42.648
like before, but some of you you
may not know how the world

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1725-6
00:11:42.648 --> 00:11:46.327
looked before the digital
revolution. You are born and you

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1725-7
00:11:46.327 --> 00:11:50.068
live in this world in which the
Internet is everywhere even

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1725-8
00:11:50.068 --> 00:11:50.504
really.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1738-0
00:11:50.664 --> 00:11:53.954
Perhaps, perhaps, sometimes too
much everywhere, so the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1738-1
00:11:53.954 --> 00:11:55.834
regulation number one was never.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1753-0
00:11:57.054 --> 00:12:00.731
Updated to take this into
account, nor the decision of the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1753-1
00:12:00.731 --> 00:12:02.414
Court of Justice of the EU.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1775-0
00:12:03.104 --> 00:12:07.887
To date, deal with adult with
digital communication. What is

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1775-1
00:12:07.887 --> 00:12:12.434
the consequences of that in
practice? Is that very often?

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1800-0
00:12:13.544 --> 00:12:17.397
Institutions, bodies and
agencies that make up EU

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1800-1
00:12:17.397 --> 00:12:22.098
consider published documents
published online as a byproduct

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1800-2
00:12:22.098 --> 00:12:24.564
of their internal communication.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1829-0
00:12:25.444 --> 00:12:29.072
So and and as I said before,
article #6 of the regulation #1

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1829-1
00:12:29.072 --> 00:12:32.403
says that for internal
communication within the EU, you

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1829-2
00:12:32.403 --> 00:12:34.604
know there is a certain
flexibility.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1843-0
00:12:35.234 --> 00:12:41.311
Which however is problematic,
because when you publish a

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1843-1
00:12:41.311 --> 00:12:42.804
working paper.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1866-0
00:12:43.564 --> 00:12:47.383
Even the even the if, even if
this working paper was an

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1866-1
00:12:47.383 --> 00:12:50.384
internal document, as soon as it
is online.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1890-0
00:12:51.474 --> 00:12:55.703
It it is a publication because
it is public. So the difference

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1890-1
00:12:55.703 --> 00:12:59.127
now between internal and
external communication is

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1890-2
00:12:59.127 --> 00:12:59.664
blurred.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1894-0
00:13:00.554 --> 00:13:03.664
And considering documents.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1933-0
00:13:05.424 --> 00:13:09.963
That are the byproduct of
meetings on and and and internal

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1933-1
00:13:09.963 --> 00:13:14.271
communication as something that
is not a publication is

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1933-2
00:13:14.271 --> 00:13:18.502
problematic in many respects
because they are actually

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1933-3
00:13:18.502 --> 00:13:21.964
publications and in some of
these documents.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1936-0
00:13:22.674 --> 00:13:23.494
May have.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1941-0
00:13:24.954 --> 00:13:27.774
Content that can have.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1953-0
00:13:28.504 --> 00:13:32.304
An impact, or at least can
affect citizens, businesses,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/1953-1
00:13:32.304 --> 00:13:33.254
Member States.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2016-0
00:13:34.124 --> 00:13:37.858
Which don't necessarily
understand the language in which

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2016-1
00:13:37.858 --> 00:13:42.115
this document is published. One
example, just to give you a very

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2016-2
00:13:42.115 --> 00:13:46.111
clear example from one year ago,
but this is a problem which

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2016-3
00:13:46.111 --> 00:13:50.303
happens every five years. There
the guidelines for Erasmus Plus

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2016-4
00:13:50.303 --> 00:13:54.298
program, so the RASBORA Erasmus
Plus program is part of, you

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2016-5
00:13:54.298 --> 00:13:58.097
know, the one of the most
important programs in EU funded

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2016-6
00:13:58.097 --> 00:13:59.604
with billions of euros.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2051-0
00:14:00.494 --> 00:14:04.462
And, among other things, Edu
programs like Erasmus Plus

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2051-1
00:14:04.462 --> 00:14:08.571
supports exchanges between
schools, between associations,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2051-2
00:14:08.571 --> 00:14:12.681
promotes mobility within the EU
and in order to apply for

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2051-3
00:14:12.681 --> 00:14:15.444
funding, you have to read a very
long.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2063-0
00:14:16.184 --> 00:14:20.114
A list of of a documents. One
huge book called the guidelines.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2105-0
00:14:21.294 --> 00:14:25.009
Well, the guidelines were
published in the first place in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2105-1
00:14:25.009 --> 00:14:28.979
English only, and translation
came later few weeks later, but

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2105-2
00:14:28.979 --> 00:14:32.246
the deadline was already one
month later after the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2105-3
00:14:32.246 --> 00:14:35.832
publication, which means that
associations at NGOs with

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2105-4
00:14:35.832 --> 00:14:38.714
limited capacity of working in
English only.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2138-0
00:14:40.074 --> 00:14:44.004
They were put in a disadvantaged
position, but because these

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2138-1
00:14:44.004 --> 00:14:48.128
guidelines, which I insist are
related to funding, so something

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2138-2
00:14:48.128 --> 00:14:51.607
clearly important for for
association and NGOs, well,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2138-3
00:14:51.607 --> 00:14:53.604
since these guidelines are not.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2148-0
00:14:54.404 --> 00:14:57.924
An official document published
in the Official Journal.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2182-0
00:14:58.874 --> 00:15:03.201
They are treated in practiced as
an internal document, although

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2182-1
00:15:03.201 --> 00:15:07.394
they it is in practice on the
web, which is a publication. So

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2182-2
00:15:07.394 --> 00:15:11.383
you see here the contradiction
between you know which each

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2182-3
00:15:11.383 --> 00:15:11.924
becames.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2190-0
00:15:12.304 --> 00:15:16.684
Uh, which became evident thanks
to the digital revolution.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2214-0
00:15:17.784 --> 00:15:21.619
So in this one of the 1st
results of this project is that

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2214-1
00:15:21.619 --> 00:15:24.594
we provided a map of the
existing situation.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2229-0
00:15:25.404 --> 00:15:30.654
In the EU, and thanks to uh data
mining data mining techniques.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2283-0
00:15:31.054 --> 00:15:35.892
Uh, crawlers etcetera, we
managed to examine some 1.5

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2283-1
00:15:35.892 --> 00:15:41.179
million web pages of the Edu
website, more precisely 13 EU

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2283-2
00:15:41.179 --> 00:15:46.555
websites. So you see here the
list of entities we have, all

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2283-3
00:15:46.555 --> 00:15:51.752
institutions, the Parliament,
the Commission, the Central

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2283-4
00:15:51.752 --> 00:15:57.576
Bank, the Court of Auditors, the
Court of Justice and of course,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2283-5
00:15:57.576 --> 00:15:57.934
the.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2337-0
00:16:00.654 --> 00:16:04.972
The Council we have in this
list, some bodies, IG European

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2337-1
00:16:04.972 --> 00:16:09.655
botsman, the European Committee
of the Regions and the European

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2337-2
00:16:09.655 --> 00:16:13.899
Economic and Social Committee
and some agencies which are

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2337-3
00:16:13.899 --> 00:16:18.144
specialized in some specific
areas, IG chemical agency or

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2337-4
00:16:18.144 --> 00:16:22.754
Food Safety Authority, etcetera.
So we don't map all possible.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2394-0
00:16:25.794 --> 00:16:29.618
Bodies and and agencies. But
this is not even necessary

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2394-1
00:16:29.618 --> 00:16:33.783
because most of agencies they
are the fact of monolingual. I

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2394-2
00:16:33.783 --> 00:16:38.085
mean they're website is the fact
of monolingual. So we examine

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2394-3
00:16:38.085 --> 00:16:42.387
all six institutions plus bodies
and some agencies 13 entities

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2394-4
00:16:42.387 --> 00:16:46.826
were examined for a total amount
of web pages of 1.5 million. So

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2394-5
00:16:46.826 --> 00:16:49.284
there's a huge amount of web
pages.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2433-0
00:16:51.224 --> 00:16:54.884
And in generally speaking, a web
website contains different

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2433-1
00:16:54.884 --> 00:16:58.848
sections. You know that's that's
common. I think every one of us

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2433-2
00:16:58.848 --> 00:17:02.691
has the experience of that. So
the first step we had to do was

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2433-3
00:17:02.691 --> 00:17:06.594
to organize the content and we
organized the content into some.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2437-0
00:17:07.354 --> 00:17:08.104
You know.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2505-0
00:17:09.944 --> 00:17:14.959
Groups or labels using using the
site map of your website itself

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2505-1
00:17:14.959 --> 00:17:19.587
and these here are generally
speaking the most common types

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2505-2
00:17:19.587 --> 00:17:24.679
of content that are published on
the website of the different use

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2505-3
00:17:24.679 --> 00:17:29.385
situations, agent bodies. So
there are web pages that are in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2505-4
00:17:29.385 --> 00:17:34.168
the section about organization.
So who we are, what do we do?

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2505-5
00:17:34.168 --> 00:17:38.334
Policies, funding, tenders,
recruitment documents of.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2570-0
00:17:38.414 --> 00:17:41.833
Any possible type, news events,
speeches, meetings and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2570-1
00:17:41.833 --> 00:17:45.750
committee. This is especially
true for the European Parliament

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2570-2
00:17:45.750 --> 00:17:49.729
and initiatives from citizens or
toward the citizen, apart from

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2570-3
00:17:49.729 --> 00:17:53.583
general information such as who
was the architect, that build

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2570-4
00:17:53.583 --> 00:17:56.567
the Nice building of the
European Parliament in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2570-5
00:17:56.567 --> 00:18:00.111
Strasbourg, for example. So all
Web page is more or less

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2570-6
00:18:00.111 --> 00:18:02.784
referred to one of these types
of content.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2646-0
00:18:03.694 --> 00:18:07.970
And which makes of course the
analysis easier because you know

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2646-1
00:18:07.970 --> 00:18:12.110
the crawler what they did, it
was essentially a studying the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2646-2
00:18:12.110 --> 00:18:16.182
URL, the strings of any of all
URLs saying whether all more

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2646-3
00:18:16.182 --> 00:18:20.187
basically all web pages are
available at least in English.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2646-4
00:18:20.187 --> 00:18:24.259
So the question was to see
whether they were available also

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2646-5
00:18:24.259 --> 00:18:27.924
in the other 24 official
languages. And these are the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2646-6
00:18:27.924 --> 00:18:32.132
results which I'm going now to
present a bit. So you see here

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2646-7
00:18:32.132 --> 00:18:34.304
the institutions in blue bodies.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2719-0
00:18:34.384 --> 00:18:39.082
In green in the in the yellow
and agencies in red or orange,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2719-1
00:18:39.082 --> 00:18:43.704
you know, depending on on your
your preferences on the left

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2719-2
00:18:43.704 --> 00:18:48.479
hand side on the left hand side
you see the percentage of web

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2719-3
00:18:48.479 --> 00:18:53.178
pages available in all languages
the Court of Justice of the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2719-4
00:18:53.178 --> 00:18:57.722
reopen Union, for example,
scores one which means 100%. So

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2719-5
00:18:57.722 --> 00:19:02.651
everything is available in all
languages. Great. The Parliament

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2719-6
00:19:02.651 --> 00:19:04.654
is also very multilingual.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2743-0
00:19:04.724 --> 00:19:09.613
84% on average, of white pages
on the website are available in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2743-1
00:19:09.613 --> 00:19:13.494
all languages, and then you see
going down which.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2762-0
00:19:14.484 --> 00:19:19.039
You know, other institutions or
agencies, they may be less good,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2762-1
00:19:19.039 --> 00:19:22.473
let's say in providing
multilingual information,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2762-2
00:19:22.473 --> 00:19:23.034
however.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2782-0
00:19:24.454 --> 00:19:27.902
This is only part of the story
because, as I said, web pages

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2782-1
00:19:27.902 --> 00:19:30.784
are organized in according to
the type of content.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2851-0
00:19:31.454 --> 00:19:36.877
So you may have a website in
which there are two sections,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2851-1
00:19:36.877 --> 00:19:42.483
let's say to be superior to
simplify to the extreme, you may

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2851-2
00:19:42.483 --> 00:19:47.814
have two sections, one on you
know news and one on policy

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2851-3
00:19:47.814 --> 00:19:53.880
documents. So if the web section
of an institution contains a lot

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2851-4
00:19:53.880 --> 00:19:59.670
of web pages in news, then the
mean will be skewed towards you

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2851-5
00:19:59.670 --> 00:20:01.784
know the value that is.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2856-0
00:20:01.864 --> 00:20:03.354
The dominant in that section.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2886-0
00:20:04.184 --> 00:20:08.360
Or that type of content. So in
that on the right hand side of

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2886-1
00:20:08.360 --> 00:20:12.536
this slide, you see a different
definition of multilingualism

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2886-2
00:20:12.536 --> 00:20:14.624
index. Here we make an average.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2947-0
00:20:15.804 --> 00:20:19.409
Uh. Of the degree of
multilingualism per type of

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2947-1
00:20:19.409 --> 00:20:23.823
content? OK, so on the left hand
side you have the absolute

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2947-2
00:20:23.823 --> 00:20:28.384
value, the absolute mean. So all
mixing all web pages, we see

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2947-3
00:20:28.384 --> 00:20:32.577
that 84% on average are
multilingual for the Parliament,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2947-4
00:20:32.577 --> 00:20:37.064
for example, on the right hand
side of the slide you see the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/2947-5
00:20:37.064 --> 00:20:40.154
average percentage of
multilingual pages.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3021-0
00:20:40.774 --> 00:20:44.705
Uh, per type of content. So you
see here that the situation

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3021-1
00:20:44.705 --> 00:20:48.701
changes a bit. So the Court of
Justice and the Council, they

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3021-2
00:20:48.701 --> 00:20:52.436
are very multilingual. The
European Court of Auditors as

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3021-3
00:20:52.436 --> 00:20:56.301
well the Parliament to this
Agency for Security and safety

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3021-4
00:20:56.301 --> 00:21:00.297
in the workplace as well. The on
boots, man, for example, is

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3021-5
00:21:00.297 --> 00:21:04.425
pretty multilingual, whereas on
the left hand side, you see it

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3021-6
00:21:04.425 --> 00:21:08.356
doesn't score very well, but
this is precisely because they

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3021-7
00:21:08.356 --> 00:21:11.304
have a big, big section, a web
section with.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3050-0
00:21:11.484 --> 00:21:15.833
A lot of news in English only,
but most of their sections, even

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3050-1
00:21:15.833 --> 00:21:19.843
if they are small, contain
multilingual content. So on the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3050-2
00:21:19.843 --> 00:21:21.474
right hand side you see.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3090-0
00:21:22.774 --> 00:21:26.472
If you visit any of the web
sections of a website, what is

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3090-1
00:21:26.472 --> 00:21:30.484
the likelihood that there is at
least some information in other

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3090-2
00:21:30.484 --> 00:21:34.432
languages than English? So this
is the differences between the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3090-3
00:21:34.432 --> 00:21:38.381
two graphs, but they converge
towards similar discussions with

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3090-4
00:21:38.381 --> 00:21:39.384
some exceptions.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3177-0
00:21:40.774 --> 00:21:44.506
However, this is only part of
the story, because you may say

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3177-1
00:21:44.506 --> 00:21:47.994
and you are right if you say
that that's OK, but not all

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3177-2
00:21:47.994 --> 00:21:51.848
content is very, very important.
So we must make a distinction

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3177-3
00:21:51.848 --> 00:21:55.213
between documents that can
really affect citizens, for

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3177-4
00:21:55.213 --> 00:21:58.884
example, because they distribute
public money and you know,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3177-5
00:21:58.884 --> 00:22:02.433
information about, as I said
before, the architect of the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3177-6
00:22:02.433 --> 00:22:05.736
life of the architect of the
building of the European

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3177-7
00:22:05.736 --> 00:22:09.469
Parliament in Strasbourg. If
it's not available in my native

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3177-8
00:22:09.469 --> 00:22:11.304
language, honestly, who cares?

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3190-0
00:22:11.774 --> 00:22:15.434
So we must make a step forward,
and we did that step.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3217-0
00:22:16.844 --> 00:22:21.368
So in order to do that step we
we we developed based on legal

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3217-1
00:22:21.368 --> 00:22:24.944
analysis, a typology of
documents, a typology of

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3217-2
00:22:24.944 --> 00:22:25.674
documents.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3229-0
00:22:26.414 --> 00:22:29.987
A general typology of documents
and we make a distinction

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3229-1
00:22:29.987 --> 00:22:31.404
between core documents.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3307-0
00:22:32.154 --> 00:22:36.190
We try to legally obliged to be
available in all official

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3307-1
00:22:36.190 --> 00:22:40.435
languages. Typically they are,
you know, publications in the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3307-2
00:22:40.435 --> 00:22:44.263
Official Journal or other
documents that are published

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3307-3
00:22:44.263 --> 00:22:48.299
also on the website. Primary
documents. We define them as

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3307-4
00:22:48.299 --> 00:22:51.778
document that should be
available in all official

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3307-5
00:22:51.778 --> 00:22:55.954
languages, even if there is no
explicit norm providing that

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3307-6
00:22:55.954 --> 00:23:00.477
they should be available in also
official languages and why they

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3307-7
00:23:00.477 --> 00:23:02.704
should be available in our view.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3334-0
00:23:02.784 --> 00:23:06.577
Based on legal analysis, because
they have substantive content

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3334-1
00:23:06.577 --> 00:23:10.190
and that can have potential
impact on rights and obligation

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3334-2
00:23:10.190 --> 00:23:13.441
of citizens, businesses and
public authorities at the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3334-3
00:23:13.441 --> 00:23:14.344
national level.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3340-0
00:23:15.714 --> 00:23:17.534
And these type of contract that
includes.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3385-0
00:23:18.644 --> 00:23:22.303
State aid guidance EU funding
programs call for tenders

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3385-1
00:23:22.303 --> 00:23:26.224
information about healthcare
during the coronavirus crisis,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3385-2
00:23:26.224 --> 00:23:30.406
for example, Web page is about
the rights of EU citizen to move

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3385-3
00:23:30.406 --> 00:23:34.065
from one country to another for
one or two weeks, we're

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3385-4
00:23:34.065 --> 00:23:35.764
available in English only.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3425-0
00:23:36.564 --> 00:23:40.230
And information where trans was
translation, where translate was

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3425-1
00:23:40.230 --> 00:23:43.557
translated later in other
languages. So you see here there

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3425-2
00:23:43.557 --> 00:23:46.884
is a clear difference between
what we defined as secondary

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3425-3
00:23:46.884 --> 00:23:50.606
documents, the famous history of
the life of the architect of the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3425-4
00:23:50.606 --> 00:23:53.764
buildings of the European
Parliament in Strasbourg and.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3494-0
00:23:54.484 --> 00:23:58.925
Websites or web pages to be more
precise, containing information

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3494-1
00:23:58.925 --> 00:24:03.024
about colorful tenders, funding
programs like Erasmus Plus,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3494-2
00:24:03.024 --> 00:24:07.396
state aid guidance, healthcare
information, rights of citizens.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3494-3
00:24:07.396 --> 00:24:11.359
Even if this content is not
core, that is not included in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3494-4
00:24:11.359 --> 00:24:15.663
documents. Publishing Official
Journal. In our view, it should

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3494-5
00:24:15.663 --> 00:24:19.967
be translated because this has
or can have an impact on rights

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3494-6
00:24:19.967 --> 00:24:23.451
and obligations of citizens,
businesses and public

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3494-7
00:24:23.451 --> 00:24:24.544
authorities now.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3504-0
00:24:26.074 --> 00:24:30.484
Based on this, then we did a a
cross table.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3546-0
00:24:31.184 --> 00:24:35.865
In which as you can see here on
the left hand side you see the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3546-1
00:24:35.865 --> 00:24:40.398
type of content, the exactly the
same type of content that I

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3546-2
00:24:40.398 --> 00:24:44.633
listed just before. So policies,
news, funding, tenders,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3546-3
00:24:44.633 --> 00:24:48.274
recruitment and how this content
can be defined.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3595-0
00:24:49.124 --> 00:24:53.696
Whether this is core, primary or
secondary, sometimes, as in the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3595-1
00:24:53.696 --> 00:24:57.425
case of policy, it can be
everything. Then we had to

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3595-2
00:24:57.425 --> 00:25:01.857
manually enter the 13 website
and decide whether some sections

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3595-3
00:25:01.857 --> 00:25:05.866
were mostly core, mostly
primary, or they contain mostly

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3595-4
00:25:05.866 --> 00:25:09.454
secondary document. It was a
very, very hard work.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3600-0
00:25:10.574 --> 00:25:11.884
But thanks to this work.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3629-0
00:25:12.544 --> 00:25:16.754
We come to this conclusion here
and this is a very important

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3629-1
00:25:16.754 --> 00:25:21.171
result of this analysis because
of on the left hand side, sorry

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3629-2
00:25:21.171 --> 00:25:23.794
on the right hand side of this
slide.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3636-0
00:25:24.684 --> 00:25:27.564
You see these bars now?

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3663-0
00:25:28.324 --> 00:25:33.702
What do they mean here? We, we,
we, we we measured the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3663-1
00:25:33.702 --> 00:25:39.764
percentage of core or primary
documents. So those who must be

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3663-2
00:25:39.764 --> 00:25:43.284
translated or should be
translated.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3675-0
00:25:44.084 --> 00:25:48.264
That are actually translated and
we did this for the six.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3691-0
00:25:49.834 --> 00:25:52.990
Institutions only, not for
agencies and bodies, but for the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3691-1
00:25:52.990 --> 00:25:53.884
6th institutions.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3765-0
00:25:54.934 --> 00:25:58.809
The European Council and the
Council of the European Union,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3765-1
00:25:58.809 --> 00:26:02.425
they are two different
institutions, but they share the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3765-2
00:26:02.425 --> 00:26:06.235
same website, so they are put
together. That's why you see

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3765-3
00:26:06.235 --> 00:26:10.433
only 5 bars. Oh, sorry, 6 bars,
but yes, so they have, they have

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3765-4
00:26:10.433 --> 00:26:14.114
a joint, a joint website. So
they fix. Sorry, they fixed

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3765-5
00:26:14.114 --> 00:26:17.665
institutions, they are
considered as two different but

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3765-6
00:26:17.665 --> 00:26:21.540
they share the same website
anyway. So what you see here is

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3765-7
00:26:21.540 --> 00:26:24.834
that there are four
institutions, namely the Court

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3765-8
00:26:24.834 --> 00:26:25.544
of Justice.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3785-0
00:26:25.984 --> 00:26:30.908
The Council, European Council,
the European Court of Auditors,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3785-1
00:26:30.908 --> 00:26:35.519
the Parliament that score very
well, meaning that on their

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3785-2
00:26:35.519 --> 00:26:36.144
website.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3788-0
00:26:37.104 --> 00:26:38.724
Most of.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3796-0
00:26:39.744 --> 00:26:43.414
White pages containing core or
primary.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3816-0
00:26:44.154 --> 00:26:48.510
Type of document so coral
primary content that should be

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3816-1
00:26:48.510 --> 00:26:52.713
translated are actually
translated. Not always, but in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3816-2
00:26:52.713 --> 00:26:53.554
most cases.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3841-0
00:26:54.404 --> 00:26:57.917
However, the Commission and the
European Central Bank,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3841-1
00:26:57.917 --> 00:27:01.876
especially the European Central
Bank, they don't perform very

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3841-2
00:27:01.876 --> 00:27:05.453
well with respect to other
institutions, less than half

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3841-3
00:27:05.453 --> 00:27:05.964
percent.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3863-0
00:27:06.684 --> 00:27:09.981
Of the content that must be or
should be translated in the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3863-1
00:27:09.981 --> 00:27:13.054
website of the European
Commission is not available in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3863-2
00:27:13.054 --> 00:27:14.674
other languages than English.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3869-0
00:27:15.634 --> 00:27:17.624
These percentages just 5%.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3908-0
00:27:18.454 --> 00:27:21.840
In the case of the European
Central Bank, yes, OK,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3908-1
00:27:21.840 --> 00:27:25.491
economists and people are
interested only finance. You

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3908-2
00:27:25.491 --> 00:27:29.541
know, they read the Financial
Times and that you Wall Street

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3908-3
00:27:29.541 --> 00:27:33.524
Journal. So they know English.
OK, but they use ECB is not.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3964-0
00:27:35.184 --> 00:27:40.214
An external institution is part
now of the core institutions of

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3964-1
00:27:40.214 --> 00:27:44.773
the EU and makes decisions and
communicates with not only

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3964-2
00:27:44.773 --> 00:27:49.725
technical agents like brokers or
Ministry of Finance, but also

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3964-3
00:27:49.725 --> 00:27:53.655
with people and smaller
businesses. Well, only 5%

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3964-4
00:27:53.655 --> 00:27:58.214
according to these results of
the content that should be.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3984-0
00:27:59.304 --> 00:28:03.149
Uh. Available in all languages
is actually available in all

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3984-1
00:28:03.149 --> 00:28:07.251
languages, so there is a rather
great disparity between between

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3984-2
00:28:07.251 --> 00:28:09.174
institutions, especially what.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/3987-0
00:28:10.184 --> 00:28:10.844
Are you know?

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4006-0
00:28:12.504 --> 00:28:15.466
Institutions like the
Parliament, as opposed to more

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4006-1
00:28:15.466 --> 00:28:18.876
technical institutions such as
the European Central Bank and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4006-2
00:28:18.876 --> 00:28:19.714
the Commission.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4047-0
00:28:21.104 --> 00:28:26.630
Does this matter? Yes, it does,
and not only for normative

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4047-1
00:28:26.630 --> 00:28:32.249
reasons, not only for legal
reasons, but because we have to

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4047-2
00:28:32.249 --> 00:28:37.774
see what are the results of lack
of multilingualism on the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4047-3
00:28:37.774 --> 00:28:40.584
capabilities of understanding.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4051-0
00:28:42.084 --> 00:28:43.374
By you residents.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4103-0
00:28:44.894 --> 00:28:49.463
And here in the study, we use
the most recent wave of the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4103-1
00:28:49.463 --> 00:28:54.582
Adult Education Survey published
by Eurostat, the European Union

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4103-2
00:28:54.582 --> 00:28:59.387
Agency for Statistics released
in 2016. Sorry, published for

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4103-3
00:28:59.387 --> 00:29:03.877
the first time in 2016 and
updated in 2021. I think they

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4103-4
00:29:03.877 --> 00:29:07.264
are collecting new data exactly
this year.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4132-0
00:29:08.744 --> 00:29:14.212
The the the adult educational
services are very large survey

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4132-1
00:29:14.212 --> 00:29:19.411
uh. You see here more than 170,
five, 174,000 statistical

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4132-2
00:29:19.411 --> 00:29:21.114
observations about.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4166-0
00:29:21.674 --> 00:29:26.847
Uh, many aspects of your
residence life, including their

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4166-1
00:29:26.847 --> 00:29:32.292
education and their language
skills. So this survey focuses

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4166-2
00:29:32.292 --> 00:29:37.374
on adults, so people between 20
aged between 25 and 64.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4202-0
00:29:38.264 --> 00:29:41.685
Also, retire people are not
included in people and children

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4202-1
00:29:41.685 --> 00:29:45.391
and people in still in training
are not included. So we focus on

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4202-2
00:29:45.391 --> 00:29:49.040
adult people. Residents in the
27th Member States, we know what

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4202-3
00:29:49.040 --> 00:29:52.689
are, what is their mother tongue
or mother tongues. And we also

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4202-4
00:29:52.689 --> 00:29:52.974
have.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4239-0
00:29:53.794 --> 00:29:58.709
Uh data about their language
skills in foreign languages, in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4239-1
00:29:58.709 --> 00:30:03.705
particular for the 1st and 2nd
foreign language. We know from

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4239-2
00:30:03.705 --> 00:30:08.701
the data they're self assessed
level of proficiency, which is

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4239-3
00:30:08.701 --> 00:30:11.924
defined very in a very smart way
using.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4327-0
00:30:12.704 --> 00:30:16.137
Descriptors more or less like in
the common framework of

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4327-1
00:30:16.137 --> 00:30:19.750
reference for languages. Of
course, in surveys you must use

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4327-2
00:30:19.750 --> 00:30:23.605
very short definitions, but the
AES does not ask people whether

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4327-3
00:30:23.605 --> 00:30:27.399
you speak German as a foreign
language. Well, very well or not

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4327-4
00:30:27.399 --> 00:30:31.072
very well. They provide you
examples and they say if you are

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4327-5
00:30:31.072 --> 00:30:34.866
proficient, well, if beans do
yourself yourself as someone who

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4327-6
00:30:34.866 --> 00:30:38.540
can understand the wide range of
demanding texts and use the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4327-7
00:30:38.540 --> 00:30:41.612
language flexibly and you
mastered language almost

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4327-8
00:30:41.612 --> 00:30:42.274
completely.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4382-0
00:30:42.814 --> 00:30:46.333
Not maybe your knowledge is
something you know like good,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4382-1
00:30:46.333 --> 00:30:49.852
which means are you able to
understand the essential of a

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4382-2
00:30:49.852 --> 00:30:53.311
clear language and produce
simple text? I can't describe

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4382-3
00:30:53.311 --> 00:30:57.133
the experiences and events and
communicate fairly fluently, so

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4382-4
00:30:57.133 --> 00:31:01.017
research and applied linguistics
showed us that when we collect

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4382-5
00:31:01.017 --> 00:31:01.684
data about.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4459-0
00:31:02.584 --> 00:31:06.277
Proficiency about levels of
language skills using can do

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4459-1
00:31:06.277 --> 00:31:10.034
descriptors like this one or
those in the common European

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4459-2
00:31:10.034 --> 00:31:14.051
framework. Then the results are
much more reliable, much more

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4459-3
00:31:14.051 --> 00:31:18.067
similar to actual tests. So I'm
not saying that this is gold,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4459-4
00:31:18.067 --> 00:31:21.630
but we can rely on these
descriptors much more than in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4459-5
00:31:21.630 --> 00:31:24.481
other surveys like
Eurobarometer, where the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4459-6
00:31:24.481 --> 00:31:28.627
definitions of proficiency are
not really defined, and what the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4459-7
00:31:28.627 --> 00:31:32.643
result of statistical analysis
it tells us well tells us very

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4459-8
00:31:32.643 --> 00:31:33.874
interesting things.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4483-0
00:31:34.584 --> 00:31:38.188
So when the European Union, the
Commission, the the Central

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4483-1
00:31:38.188 --> 00:31:41.792
Bank, communicates in English
only and this happens most of

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4483-2
00:31:41.792 --> 00:31:44.074
the time, at least on their
websites.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4504-0
00:31:45.154 --> 00:31:48.184
What is the percentage of the
population who can potentially

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4504-1
00:31:48.184 --> 00:31:51.364
have access to these documents
in the sense to understand them?

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4513-0
00:31:52.174 --> 00:31:55.314
Well, the percentage is
surprisingly pretty low.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4543-0
00:31:56.384 --> 00:32:01.805
So if we consider for the case
of English here English only. So

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4543-1
00:32:01.805 --> 00:32:07.227
when a web page is available one
in English only, then only 30%

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4543-2
00:32:07.227 --> 00:32:08.074
of adults.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4548-0
00:32:08.914 --> 00:32:10.564
Residents in the European Union.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4590-0
00:32:12.214 --> 00:32:16.375
Are either native speakers of
this language or they declare to

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4590-1
00:32:16.375 --> 00:32:20.669
be proficient in this language,
which means I can understand the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4590-2
00:32:20.669 --> 00:32:24.764
wide range of demanding text and
user language flexibly. Note

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4590-3
00:32:24.764 --> 00:32:28.926
that here I'm not referring to
simple texts, I'm not referring

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4590-4
00:32:28.926 --> 00:32:29.124
to.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4649-0
00:32:30.454 --> 00:32:33.648
Go to a pub and ask for a beer.
Here we are dealing with

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4649-1
00:32:33.648 --> 00:32:36.618
guidelines of projects we are
dealing with state aid

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4649-2
00:32:36.618 --> 00:32:40.260
information. We are dealing with
rights of passengers et cetera,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4649-3
00:32:40.260 --> 00:32:43.286
et cetera. So generally
speaking, we are dealing with

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4649-4
00:32:43.286 --> 00:32:46.480
documents that are pretty
demanding. Well when these are

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4649-5
00:32:46.480 --> 00:32:49.842
available English only, only 30%
of the population can have

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4649-6
00:32:49.842 --> 00:32:53.372
access to these documents. To
understand them without too much

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4649-7
00:32:53.372 --> 00:32:53.764
effort.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4683-0
00:32:54.804 --> 00:32:59.214
If we want to be a bit more
generous and include people who

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4683-1
00:32:59.214 --> 00:33:03.992
declare to have a good level of
skills or a fair level of skill,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4683-2
00:33:03.992 --> 00:33:07.814
than this percentage grows to
45% still a minority.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4710-0
00:33:08.414 --> 00:33:13.169
But a big minority, but still a
minority of the population. So a

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4710-1
00:33:13.169 --> 00:33:17.778
good and a fair level of keys
defined in what we call approach

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4710-2
00:33:17.778 --> 00:33:17.924
B.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4780-0
00:33:18.524 --> 00:33:22.473
Uh, maybe enough to understand
that tweet or a very simple

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4780-1
00:33:22.473 --> 00:33:26.623
message, but perhaps not really.
A demand in text. So we work

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4780-2
00:33:26.623 --> 00:33:30.304
with both approaches. The first
one approach A is very

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4780-3
00:33:30.304 --> 00:33:34.052
demanding. So say you are
someone who is linguistically

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4780-4
00:33:34.052 --> 00:33:38.268
included because you are either
a native speaker or you have a

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4780-5
00:33:38.268 --> 00:33:41.615
knowledge. A proficient
knowledge of English as a

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4780-6
00:33:41.615 --> 00:33:45.363
foreign language, whereas
approach B we consider native

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4780-7
00:33:45.363 --> 00:33:48.174
speaker plus people who have a
fair good.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4843-0
00:33:48.404 --> 00:33:51.871
Or proficient level of
knowledge, not people who have

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4843-1
00:33:51.871 --> 00:33:55.851
just elementary level, because
this is really too low. So you

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4843-2
00:33:55.851 --> 00:33:59.767
see here that when information
is published only in English,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4843-3
00:33:59.767 --> 00:34:03.426
this is the percentage of
included ranges between 13 and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4843-4
00:34:03.426 --> 00:34:06.957
45%. The percentage is much
higher when information in

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4843-5
00:34:06.957 --> 00:34:09.204
published in German and in
French.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4866-0
00:34:10.164 --> 00:34:14.279
Between 35% and 45%. So it's
larger, but it's very much

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4866-1
00:34:14.279 --> 00:34:18.614
concentrated only in French and
German speaking countries.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4897-0
00:34:19.674 --> 00:34:22.713
You know, after Brexit, there
are very little, you know,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4897-1
00:34:22.713 --> 00:34:26.072
people in percentage terms who
are native speakers of English,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4897-2
00:34:26.072 --> 00:34:29.485
more or less between one and 2%.
But there are still many, many

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4897-3
00:34:29.485 --> 00:34:32.684
speakers of French and German,
of course, as native tongue.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4964-0
00:34:33.724 --> 00:34:38.660
When a web page is publishing 3
languages, English, French and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4964-1
00:34:38.660 --> 00:34:42.813
German, then the percentage
increases to you know of

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4964-2
00:34:42.813 --> 00:34:47.749
residents who can understand,
depending on the indicator used,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4964-3
00:34:47.749 --> 00:34:52.136
is increasing between 3343,
sorry and 65 still not very

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4964-4
00:34:52.136 --> 00:34:56.446
good. Honestly, you cannot
define a language regime as

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4964-5
00:34:56.446 --> 00:35:00.833
effective if it includes only
between 43 and 65% of the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/4964-6
00:35:00.833 --> 00:35:04.594
population, especially because
in the approach.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-0
00:35:04.664 --> 00:35:07.865
Today we have we are a very
conservative definition of what

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-1
00:35:07.865 --> 00:35:10.959
language proficiency is, which
is, which is in my opinion

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-2
00:35:10.959 --> 00:35:14.107
important, because we know and
you know better than me, as

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-3
00:35:14.107 --> 00:35:17.468
apply linguists that you cannot
make, you know, you cannot add

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-4
00:35:17.468 --> 00:35:20.723
apples and pears or oranges and
bananas. I don't know. Every

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-5
00:35:20.723 --> 00:35:23.657
country has a different
combination. So you cannot put

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-6
00:35:23.657 --> 00:35:27.178
at the same level someone who is
a native speaker and someone who

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-7
00:35:27.178 --> 00:35:30.272
has just a fair or intermediate
level of knowledge of the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-8
00:35:30.272 --> 00:35:33.367
language. We must be very
careful with that. You see that

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5047-9
00:35:33.367 --> 00:35:35.234
using sticks, languages
increases.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5115-0
00:35:36.244 --> 00:35:40.501
Considerably the the the degree
of linguistic inclusion at the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5115-1
00:35:40.501 --> 00:35:44.893
moment, however, a fully fledged
multilingual language policy is

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5115-2
00:35:44.893 --> 00:35:48.745
the only one that includes
basically everyone. There are

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5115-3
00:35:48.745 --> 00:35:52.732
still some people who are
excluded, you know who they are.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5115-4
00:35:52.732 --> 00:35:55.975
Well, they are residents,
typically migrants or

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5115-5
00:35:55.975 --> 00:35:59.827
minorities, speaking Russian in
the Baltic countries and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5115-6
00:35:59.827 --> 00:36:03.341
migrants speaking Arabic,
Turkish most of the time,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5115-7
00:36:03.341 --> 00:36:06.314
Albanian, which are not official
languages.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5143-0
00:36:06.694 --> 00:36:10.759
And and and these people, they
don't have a very high level of

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5143-1
00:36:10.759 --> 00:36:14.823
skills in any of the other 24
official languages. So inclusion

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5143-2
00:36:14.823 --> 00:36:17.404
is not perfect, but is very,
very high.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5163-0
00:36:18.354 --> 00:36:21.601
Now so to come to conclusion
that we have time for

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5163-1
00:36:21.601 --> 00:36:25.484
discussion, the results based on
quantitative analysis both.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5170-0
00:36:26.174 --> 00:36:29.644
On the supply side, that is.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5243-0
00:36:31.284 --> 00:36:35.019
In which languages web pages are
published and on the demand

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5243-1
00:36:35.019 --> 00:36:39.060
side? So what languages European
residents understand what we see

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5243-2
00:36:39.060 --> 00:36:42.856
from results is that there is a
considerable variation in the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5243-3
00:36:42.856 --> 00:36:46.591
availability of multilingual
content. Some institutions they

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5243-4
00:36:46.591 --> 00:36:50.510
have a very high percentage of
their web pages available in all

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5243-5
00:36:50.510 --> 00:36:53.694
official languages. Some
institutions, agencies and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5243-6
00:36:53.694 --> 00:36:57.245
bodies. They have a very low
percentage of the of the web

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5243-7
00:36:57.245 --> 00:37:00.552
pages available in these
languages. And what even the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5243-8
00:37:00.552 --> 00:37:01.654
most important is.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5293-0
00:37:01.754 --> 00:37:05.294
Is that 2 institutions, namely
the the Central Bank of the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5293-1
00:37:05.294 --> 00:37:08.714
Commission, less than half
percent of what is defined as

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5293-2
00:37:08.714 --> 00:37:12.494
core or prime what we define as
core or primary content is not

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5293-3
00:37:12.494 --> 00:37:16.034
available in all official
languages, although it should be

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5293-4
00:37:16.034 --> 00:37:19.574
actually available in all
official languages. So this is a

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5293-5
00:37:19.574 --> 00:37:20.414
second result.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5310-0
00:37:21.324 --> 00:37:24.756
That's, uh, some institutions
perform better than other as

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5310-1
00:37:24.756 --> 00:37:27.374
regards the publication of core
and primary.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5363-0
00:37:28.134 --> 00:37:32.125
And another results based on the
analysis of language skills over

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5363-1
00:37:32.125 --> 00:37:35.935
Europeans, is that when only one
language is used, and usually

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5363-2
00:37:35.935 --> 00:37:39.563
this is, this is English. The
accessibility in terms of the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5363-3
00:37:39.563 --> 00:37:43.372
capacity potential, at least to
have access to these documents

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5363-4
00:37:43.372 --> 00:37:47.121
in terms to understand them or
to understand them without too

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5363-5
00:37:47.121 --> 00:37:48.754
much effort, is pretty low.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5392-0
00:37:49.984 --> 00:37:54.029
We have to consider at the same
time, you know that this maybe

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5392-1
00:37:54.029 --> 00:37:58.010
is changing because the EU is
introducing a systematic use of

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5392-2
00:37:58.010 --> 00:38:01.798
machine translation. It is
embodied more and more and more

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5392-3
00:38:01.798 --> 00:38:02.954
and more websites.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5436-0
00:38:04.084 --> 00:38:07.962
Machine translation is good. We
all use it. I think it is

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5436-1
00:38:07.962 --> 00:38:12.242
especially very good if you have
to translate simple documents,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5436-2
00:38:12.242 --> 00:38:16.187
but when it deals with complex
things like guidelines that

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5436-3
00:38:16.187 --> 00:38:20.466
gives access to funding. So we
are talking here about money and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5436-4
00:38:20.466 --> 00:38:24.412
the rights. Well, maybe you
prefer to rely on proper human

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5436-5
00:38:24.412 --> 00:38:25.214
translation.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5472-0
00:38:26.654 --> 00:38:29.764
The problem of that and then I
conclude here by connecting

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5472-1
00:38:29.764 --> 00:38:32.874
these results to the studies of
linguistic justice and the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5472-2
00:38:32.874 --> 00:38:35.509
linguistic democracy or
democracy in multilingual

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5472-3
00:38:35.509 --> 00:38:38.514
policies, actually, is that the
lack of attention to the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5472-4
00:38:38.514 --> 00:38:40.464
importance of multilingualism in
EU.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5496-0
00:38:41.434 --> 00:38:44.701
Can potentially fuel perception
of the US, especially in the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5496-1
00:38:44.701 --> 00:38:48.074
Central Bank of the Commission,
being distant and disconnected

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5496-2
00:38:48.074 --> 00:38:48.824
from citizens.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5514-0
00:38:50.084 --> 00:38:53.114
Given the current distribution
of language keys in the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5514-1
00:38:53.114 --> 00:38:55.924
population, which means that
less multilingualism.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5528-0
00:38:56.574 --> 00:39:00.306
Means less involvement and
engagement of citizens and

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5528-1
00:39:00.306 --> 00:39:01.964
residents in EU affairs.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5549-0
00:39:02.714 --> 00:39:06.140
Which may, you know, even fewer
populism. Attitudes toward the

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5549-1
00:39:06.140 --> 00:39:09.674
EU, which is certainly not what
Brussels wants. At least I hope.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5575-0
00:39:10.464 --> 00:39:13.839
But the main problem here you
see is that multilingualism

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5575-1
00:39:13.839 --> 00:39:17.156
during the last 10 years,
especially after the financial

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5575-2
00:39:17.156 --> 00:39:18.494
crisis of 2000, then 8.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5612-0
00:39:19.434 --> 00:39:23.159
Has lost a lot of traction.
There was a time where there was

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00:39:23.159 --> 00:39:27.006
a Commissioner for multilingual
in EU. Now multilingualism has

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00:39:27.006 --> 00:39:30.426
disappeared completely from any
of the portfolio of the

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00:39:30.426 --> 00:39:34.029
Commissioners. It is just
considered as something that you

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00:39:34.029 --> 00:39:34.334
know.

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00:39:35.234 --> 00:39:38.779
Is related to translating
documents, nothing more at the

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00:39:38.779 --> 00:39:42.324
moment at least, so there has
been, you know, a lack of.

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00:39:43.164 --> 00:39:46.052
Attention towards
multilingualism and although

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00:39:46.052 --> 00:39:49.923
machine translation can help,
this is of course not part. This

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00:39:49.923 --> 00:39:53.916
is just part of the solution. So
just to conclude in this report

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00:39:53.916 --> 00:39:57.173
we make some recommendations
given more important to

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00:39:57.173 --> 00:40:00.613
multilingualism, increase
funding what that was heavily

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00:40:00.613 --> 00:40:03.194
cut during the last decade and
establish.

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00:40:04.194 --> 00:40:05.324
Of.

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00:40:06.594 --> 00:40:09.418
On Commissioner for
multilingualism, responsible

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00:40:09.418 --> 00:40:10.744
towards the Parliament.

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00:40:11.434 --> 00:40:15.022
The establishment of a
Commissioner for multilingualism

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00:40:15.022 --> 00:40:19.122
is something that exists already
in Canada, Switzerland and the

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00:40:19.122 --> 00:40:23.158
United Nations, and this person
or group of people should have

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00:40:23.158 --> 00:40:26.810
the powers to address the
application and implementation

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00:40:26.810 --> 00:40:30.141
of multilingualism,
systematically producing every,

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00:40:30.141 --> 00:40:33.985
I don't know, two or three years
a report saying how you is

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00:40:33.985 --> 00:40:37.957
faring, how things are going,
whether web pages are available

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00:40:37.957 --> 00:40:41.033
in all languages, where
important documents are

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00:40:41.033 --> 00:40:42.314
multilingual or not.

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00:40:43.414 --> 00:40:46.956
This is what we recommend, among
other things, in the study,

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5793-1
00:40:46.956 --> 00:40:50.381
whether people will listen to
us, I don't know, but I'm at

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5793-2
00:40:50.381 --> 00:40:54.039
least glad that you listen to
me. Thank you very much for your

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00:40:54.039 --> 00:40:57.464
attention. And we have some time
for discussions, perhaps.

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5813-0
00:41:01.334 --> 00:41:04.552
Thank you very much for their
presentation, Michael. I I am

941070d7-0665-4c6e-9e1d-3260b6f1e38b/5813-1
00:41:04.552 --> 00:41:07.984
going to stop the recording now
and we can have our discussion.