WEBVTT

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/45-0
00:00:03.050 --> 00:00:08.202
So I hope, uh, now I'm nervous.
I hope I will be able to provide

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/45-1
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some sustained answers or
reflections on

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/45-2
00:00:11.452 --> 00:00:16.287
interdisciplinarity and still
mobility. So let me just share

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/45-3
00:00:16.287 --> 00:00:17.080
my screen.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/53-0
00:00:18.420 --> 00:00:22.980
Umm, OK, it's not no.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/58-0
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OK, here it is.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/71-0
00:00:28.830 --> 00:00:33.260
So we'll just, yeah, just to
share both, OK.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/64-0
00:00:29.770 --> 00:00:30.340
We have it.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/127-0
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Umm well, as Elena has already
pointed out, my talk today is

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/127-1
00:00:38.872 --> 00:00:43.466
about how do we understand
international student mobility

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/127-2
00:00:43.466 --> 00:00:48.061
from an interdisciplinary
perspective, which is basically

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/127-3
00:00:48.061 --> 00:00:53.051
the key question at the heart of
my book and the question I've

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/127-4
00:00:53.051 --> 00:00:57.250
been asking myself since 2010
when I started my PhD.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/204-0
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And I've been asking my myself
this question because I see

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/204-1
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student mobility as a migration
process as a complex social

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/204-2
00:01:06.610 --> 00:01:11.273
phenomenon that does not belong
to a particular discipline. And

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/204-3
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of course, preps for you. This
might come across as a truism,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/204-4
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but I believe that in our
contemporary academia in over

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/204-5
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compartmentalized academia, we
are focusing a bit more on the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/204-6
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things that separate us rather
than the things that bring

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/204-7
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together.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/225-0
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Because we belong to specific
disciplinary communities, and

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/225-1
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sometimes we focus on
disciplinary discourses rather

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/225-2
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than the problem. The research
problem itself.

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So.

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As I said, this is the key
question behind my book and the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/258-1
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question will be addressing
today hopefully providing some

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/258-2
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useful points of reflection for
for all of us, including myself.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/319-0
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So why, then, an
interdisciplinary approach? Is

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it enough to have the interest
of two disciplines to follow

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this interdisciplinary approach?
Well, this is what I'll be

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/319-3
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addressing in the first part of
my talk, and in the second part

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I will be looking at the
theoretical and methodological

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foundations of an
interdisciplinary approach to

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then address the practical
implications and to address the

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practical implications.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/352-0
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I I will bring the voices of 50
sojourners. So 31 sojourners in

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/352-1
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Portugal, and the South Journal
group in Portugal is actually

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composed of exchange students
and highly skilled immigrants.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/367-0
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And then as a journal group in
the UK, so 19 international

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students in the UK.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/389-0
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And so we will look at their
experiences of adaptation to the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/389-1
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host culture to demonstrate the
importance of an

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interdisciplinary approach.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/405-0
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Starting then with the first
question, why then an

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/405-1
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interdisciplinary approach?
Well, let's say that.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/451-0
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Umm for me, student mobility is
a migration phenomenon and so I

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/451-1
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want to approach to mobility
from the perspective of

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sociology of migration. But then
I realized that I can't fully

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understand student mobility
without looking at the language

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related variables. So we'll use
the insights from applied

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linguistics.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/488-0
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So I'll bring the insights from
sociology and apply linguistics

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/488-1
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together to develop these more
interdisciplinary understanding

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/488-2
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and integrating understanding
from two different disciplinary

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standpoints.

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To developed a more
comprehensive understanding and

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so the more disciplines are
combined, the more comprehensive

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understanding how will develop.

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So to put it simply,
interdisciplinarity offers us a

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critical idiom that allows us to
develop this more comprehensive

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understanding of complex
phenomena. So phenomena that are

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characterized by multiple
variables, multiple variables of

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interest.

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And since we have multiple
variables, multiple variables of

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interest, one discipline is not
enough to understand all these

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different variables and how they
relate to each other.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/627-0
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OK, so looking at the
kaleidoscope of disciplines that

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developed knowledge about
international student mobility,

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I can point out quite a few
examples education and for

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apology applied linguistics,
human geography, psychology,

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namely social psychology and
cross cultural psychology,

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sociology, among others. So.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/680-0
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It's when we stretch a the
meaning making of this

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discipline to create new
meanings that we develop a more

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comprehensive understanding, or
the more comprehensive

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understanding that it's behind
interdisciplinarity. So let's

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say that international student
mobility is at the middle. Is it

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the middle?

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Because it doesn't belong to 1
discipline, but the several in

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this middle space is a contested
space because the issues, the

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variables and the problems that
characterize to immobility do

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00:05:31.973 --> 00:05:35.789
not belong to 1 discipline, but
to several. And it's when

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disciplines bring their forces
together, when we bring them

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together that we are able to
develop more integrated and more

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comprehensive understanding of
student mobility.

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So in why do we then need an
interdisciplinary approach? Well

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outside for two reasons.

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Well, we need it because so far
knowledge about student mobility

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00:06:02.138 --> 00:06:05.851
is quite fragmented and
scattered across disciplinary

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silos. And so once the field is
fairly established and I, I

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would say that the area of study
of student mobility is fairly

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00:06:14.307 --> 00:06:18.363
established, disciplinary
interest in student mobility, at

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least in Europe, immersed in the
mid 90s, become forget that it

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was in 1987 that Erasmus program
was established.

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But I would say that so far we
people interested in steering

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mobility have been approaching
it from a a mono disciplinary

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perspective.

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And so it's important to
systematize the knowledge that

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has been developed so far and
developed a more integrated

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understanding of international
student mobility. And like if,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/927-3
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let me give you a few examples.
So there are plenty of books

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00:06:53.821 --> 00:06:57.734
about international student
mobility. If we look at early

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/927-5
00:06:57.734 --> 00:07:01.918
books on international student
mobility. So let's look at the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/927-6
00:07:01.918 --> 00:07:02.930
top four there.

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00:07:04.930 --> 00:07:09.820
Academic mobility in a changing
world, student mobility in

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00:07:09.820 --> 00:07:14.378
narrative in Europe, they to
Dhillon Erasmus 11/2. The

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/977-2
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authority and mobility. Erasmus.
A communication winter. So for

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/977-3
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example, these three books.

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00:07:23.140 --> 00:07:27.201
By Murphy's June Papat Siva in
until all three of them are

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00:07:27.201 --> 00:07:30.917
focused on experiences of
otherness. But the way they

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1040-2
00:07:30.917 --> 00:07:35.185
approach otherness is different.
For example, for Matilde and

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Katial, she approaches otherness
from an intercultural

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communication perspective, which
is situated within language and

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1040-5
00:07:43.444 --> 00:07:47.643
cultural diuretics, which has a
strong tradition in southern

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Europe as well as in
Scandinavian countries.

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00:07:51.880 --> 00:07:56.038
But for example, Murphy's
Lejeune uses as her theoretical

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1113-1
00:07:56.038 --> 00:08:00.411
framework, sociology of the
stranger. What is interesting in

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1113-2
00:08:00.411 --> 00:08:04.641
morphology Jones book, and
although Murphy's book is based

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1113-3
00:08:04.641 --> 00:08:09.301
on her PhD, which is in applied
linguistics, what is interested,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1113-4
00:08:09.301 --> 00:08:13.603
interesting to say as well is
that a lot of colleagues call

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1113-5
00:08:13.603 --> 00:08:17.833
Murphy Louisiana Migration
scholar because her approach is

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1113-6
00:08:17.833 --> 00:08:22.206
more a sociological approach.
But what is interesting to see

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00:08:22.206 --> 00:08:22.780
is that.

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Carol Regional Research was
developed within applied

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00:08:26.221 --> 00:08:29.823
linguistics, but then she
adopted a theoretical framework

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1175-2
00:08:29.823 --> 00:08:33.363
which is more common in
sociology, so this is in a sense

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00:08:33.363 --> 00:08:36.220
a good example of
interdisciplinary work. But

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1175-4
00:08:36.220 --> 00:08:40.257
coming back to my point, and if
we look at the four books at the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1175-5
00:08:40.257 --> 00:08:44.045
bottom, these are more recent
books like, let me give you an

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1175-6
00:08:44.045 --> 00:08:48.020
example of why interdisciplinary
interdisciplinarity is needed.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1202-0
00:08:48.910 --> 00:08:53.551
So looking at the Routledge and
Book of Study Abroad, research

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1202-1
00:08:53.551 --> 00:08:57.749
in practice by the title, I
would assume this book would

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1202-2
00:08:57.749 --> 00:09:01.580
have contributions from many
different disciplines.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1216-0
00:09:02.350 --> 00:09:05.815
But if you Google the the book
and if you look at the table of

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1216-1
00:09:05.815 --> 00:09:06.310
contents.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1360-0
00:09:45.260 --> 00:09:49.178
The internationalization of
higher Education Routledge

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1360-1
00:09:49.178 --> 00:09:53.524
series, where I published only
in in 2023, books came out on

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1360-2
00:09:53.524 --> 00:09:58.013
international student mobility,
so this is really a hot topic,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1360-3
00:09:58.013 --> 00:10:02.145
but it's important to reflect.
As I said on what has been

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1360-4
00:10:02.145 --> 00:10:03.570
accomplished so far.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1375-0
00:10:05.230 --> 00:10:09.260
So there are also several
networks for focusing on

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1375-1
00:10:09.260 --> 00:10:11.710
international student mobility.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1415-0
00:10:12.850 --> 00:10:15.938
Some some of them, like they
European network on

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1415-1
00:10:15.938 --> 00:10:19.782
international student mobility,
which I have the pleasure to

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1415-2
00:10:19.782 --> 00:10:23.941
belong to, came out of this need
to also systematize knowledge on

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1415-3
00:10:23.941 --> 00:10:27.596
international student mobility,
systematize the different

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1415-4
00:10:27.596 --> 00:10:30.180
pockets of knowledge that are
available.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1417-0
00:10:31.910 --> 00:10:32.330
And.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1442-0
00:10:33.550 --> 00:10:38.322
To give you an example in a
possible way to approach to

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1442-1
00:10:38.322 --> 00:10:43.946
mobility more comprehensively is
to organize collaborations among

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1442-2
00:10:43.946 --> 00:10:45.480
scholars across 2.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1480-0
00:10:45.560 --> 00:10:49.454
Is that across different themes
in instead of disciplines? So

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1480-1
00:10:49.454 --> 00:10:52.909
the any network the European
network are international

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1480-2
00:10:52.909 --> 00:10:56.741
student mobility for example,
and I don't know if some of my

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1480-3
00:10:56.741 --> 00:11:00.510
colleagues joined the webinar is
organizing to five working

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1480-4
00:11:00.510 --> 00:11:00.950
groups.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1549-0
00:11:03.400 --> 00:11:07.892
In although they are organized
according to themes, it's also

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1549-1
00:11:07.892 --> 00:11:11.804
interesting to see that, for
example, certain certain

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1549-2
00:11:11.804 --> 00:11:15.789
disciplines tend to cluster
across certain themes. For

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1549-3
00:11:15.789 --> 00:11:20.136
example, working Group 3 on
social and cultural integration

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1549-4
00:11:20.136 --> 00:11:24.338
of it will be more likely to
find colleagues from applied

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1549-5
00:11:24.338 --> 00:11:28.830
linguistics and language and
education in this working group,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1549-6
00:11:28.830 --> 00:11:32.090
rather than working Group One
that focus on.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1555-0
00:11:32.810 --> 00:11:34.900
Global trends that macro level.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1563-0
00:11:36.750 --> 00:11:40.170
So different disciplines have
different variables of interest.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1567-0
00:11:41.540 --> 00:11:42.920
In different emphasis.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1601-0
00:11:44.890 --> 00:11:49.511
But what is important here? Uh,
well, I think the what? The

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1601-1
00:11:49.511 --> 00:11:54.364
fines, interdisciplinarity. If I
had to .1 key feature I would

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1601-2
00:11:54.364 --> 00:11:57.830
say integration the integration
of insights.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1649-0
00:11:58.500 --> 00:12:03.357
And I use integration basically
as the line of the medication

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1649-1
00:12:03.357 --> 00:12:07.352
between the, meaning the
different meanings or the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1649-2
00:12:07.352 --> 00:12:10.407
different approaches to
discipline. So

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1649-3
00:12:10.407 --> 00:12:13.854
interdisciplinarity,
multidisciplinarity or

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1649-4
00:12:13.854 --> 00:12:18.790
transdisciplinarity. What what
does this mean in practice? So.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1714-0
00:12:19.490 --> 00:12:24.431
If we follow a multidisciplinary
a multi multidisciplinary sorry

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1714-1
00:12:24.431 --> 00:12:29.371
approach, or if a certain field
of studies multidisciplinary, it

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1714-2
00:12:29.371 --> 00:12:32.792
doesn't mean that it's
interdisciplinary. So

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1714-3
00:12:32.792 --> 00:12:37.428
Multidisciplinarity is just a
more relationship of proximity

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1714-4
00:12:37.428 --> 00:12:41.837
rather than integration. So the
contribution of different

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1714-5
00:12:41.837 --> 00:12:46.550
disciplines remains separate,
whereas in interdisciplinarity.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1732-0
00:12:47.290 --> 00:12:50.948
We have really to integrate the
insights of different

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1732-1
00:12:50.948 --> 00:12:53.320
disciplines to create new
meaning.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1757-0
00:12:54.160 --> 00:12:57.660
As for transdisciplinarity, some
people call it

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1757-1
00:12:57.660 --> 00:13:02.035
interdisciplinarity plus because
it involves integration of

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1757-2
00:13:02.035 --> 00:13:05.390
insights from academic
disciplines, but also.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1767-0
00:13:06.830 --> 00:13:11.060
Integrating the insights from
voices outside the academia.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1778-0
00:13:13.200 --> 00:13:16.810
OK, So what does then
integration mean?

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1780-0
00:13:17.710 --> 00:13:18.380
Well.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1855-0
00:13:19.300 --> 00:13:22.034
I would say that
interdisciplinary

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1855-1
00:13:22.034 --> 00:13:27.034
interdisciplinary theories have
different ways of understanding

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1855-2
00:13:27.034 --> 00:13:31.878
interdisciplinarity O if you
look to your right and to and if

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1855-3
00:13:31.878 --> 00:13:36.253
you read the book by Joe Moran
and he comes from a more

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1855-4
00:13:36.253 --> 00:13:40.003
humanities tradition, he sees
interdisciplinary

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1855-5
00:13:40.003 --> 00:13:44.457
interdisciplinarity and
integration, in particular a bit

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1855-6
00:13:44.457 --> 00:13:48.910
more broadly as a form of
dialogue, whereas for lattuca.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1918-0
00:13:49.390 --> 00:13:53.340
She sees interdisciplinarity
according to the type of

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1918-1
00:13:53.340 --> 00:13:57.802
questions that we ask. And As
for Repco and still stuck. And

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1918-2
00:13:57.802 --> 00:14:02.630
I'm sorry if I mispronounced his
name. They see it as a cognitive

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1918-3
00:14:02.630 --> 00:14:07.019
integration, as a a cognitive
process where we evaluate the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1918-4
00:14:07.019 --> 00:14:11.042
the the contributions of
different disciplines and the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1918-5
00:14:11.042 --> 00:14:15.212
insights of this of different
disciplines to create some

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1918-6
00:14:15.212 --> 00:14:19.528
common ground. And when we are
able to create these common

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1918-7
00:14:19.528 --> 00:14:20.040
ground.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1964-0
00:14:20.120 --> 00:14:24.304
Then we can develop the more
comprehensive understanding of a

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1964-1
00:14:24.304 --> 00:14:28.421
particular social phenomenon. In
my case, it's international

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1964-2
00:14:28.421 --> 00:14:32.808
student mobility. So I would say
my understanding of integration

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1964-3
00:14:32.808 --> 00:14:36.723
is closer to RECO and still
stuck in the sense that I see

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/1964-4
00:14:36.723 --> 00:14:39.760
integration as an explicit
process where we.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2007-0
00:14:40.040 --> 00:14:44.051
Are we kind of put in into
perspective different mutual

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2007-1
00:14:44.051 --> 00:14:47.560
logical and conceptual
assumptions to create new

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2007-2
00:14:47.560 --> 00:14:51.786
meaning? So for me integration
is really to happen at both

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2007-3
00:14:51.786 --> 00:14:56.011
conceptual and to logical level.
And when I talk about the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2007-4
00:14:56.011 --> 00:15:00.022
mythological level, I'm thinking
about mixed methods in

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2007-5
00:15:00.022 --> 00:15:00.810
particular.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2015-0
00:15:01.520 --> 00:15:03.550
But I will explain that in a
second.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2027-0
00:15:04.820 --> 00:15:09.950
Well, so, but let's then focus
on the conceptual level, so.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2058-0
00:15:11.270 --> 00:15:15.757
To basically developed a more
comprehensive understanding of

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2058-1
00:15:15.757 --> 00:15:20.391
student mobility in my book, I
brought sample studies together

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2058-2
00:15:20.391 --> 00:15:24.510
according to their different
variables of interest and.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2074-0
00:15:25.910 --> 00:15:30.758
When I did it, I came up with
the four macro organizers that

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2074-1
00:15:30.758 --> 00:15:32.030
group different.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2126-0
00:15:33.330 --> 00:15:37.119
Variables of interest in
different samples studies, so

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2126-1
00:15:37.119 --> 00:15:41.667
the four macro organizers I came
up with are the learning domains

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2126-2
00:15:41.667 --> 00:15:46.007
abroad. Variables informing the
experience of studying abroad,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2126-3
00:15:46.007 --> 00:15:49.797
the long term impact of study
abroad in global student

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2126-4
00:15:49.797 --> 00:15:52.966
dynamics and
internationalization these later

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2126-5
00:15:52.966 --> 00:15:53.380
Marco.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2176-0
00:15:54.200 --> 00:15:58.417
Macro organizer refers to the
macro level of student mobility,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2176-1
00:15:58.417 --> 00:16:02.166
so student mobility flows
basically. But let's focus on

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2176-2
00:16:02.166 --> 00:16:06.451
the learning domains. So if we
think about the learning domains

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2176-3
00:16:06.451 --> 00:16:09.999
of studying abroad, I would
point out three specific

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2176-4
00:16:09.999 --> 00:16:14.083
learning domains. So second
language acquisition, of course,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2176-5
00:16:14.083 --> 00:16:17.430
intercultural learning and
disciplinary learning.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2196-0
00:16:20.550 --> 00:16:24.651
So all learning domains involve
predispositions and mediation,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2196-1
00:16:24.651 --> 00:16:27.320
variable and mediating
variables. Sorry.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2229-0
00:16:28.760 --> 00:16:32.322
So, but, but let's look at
second language acquisition in

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2229-1
00:16:32.322 --> 00:16:36.008
in particular, because a lot of
colleagues are from applied

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2229-2
00:16:36.008 --> 00:16:39.509
linguistics. So I thought it
would be interesting to use

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2229-3
00:16:39.509 --> 00:16:42.150
second language acquisition as
an example.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2254-0
00:16:42.980 --> 00:16:48.839
If we think about research
developed on SLA in study abroad

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2254-1
00:16:48.839 --> 00:16:52.550
context, we can go as big as the
50s.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2306-0
00:16:53.280 --> 00:16:58.865
And we have what we call the
first generation of SLS LAN SLA

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2306-1
00:16:58.865 --> 00:17:03.261
studies focused on student
mobility on language

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2306-2
00:17:03.261 --> 00:17:08.022
acquisition, in study abroad
context. So this first

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2306-3
00:17:08.022 --> 00:17:13.059
generation of studies were
mostly focused on speaking,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2306-4
00:17:13.059 --> 00:17:18.370
adopting typically quantitative
approaches, measuring pre

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2306-5
00:17:18.370 --> 00:17:21.300
proficiency in post proficiency.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2314-0
00:17:21.450 --> 00:17:25.040
The post proficiency after the
study abroad experience.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2356-0
00:17:26.060 --> 00:17:31.152
But UM, research on SLA in study
abroad flourished strongly after

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2356-1
00:17:31.152 --> 00:17:35.472
the publication of Barbara's
freed Seminole Book Second

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2356-2
00:17:35.472 --> 00:17:40.178
Language acquisition in a study
abroad context. And here the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2356-3
00:17:40.178 --> 00:17:42.570
focus was different as we know.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2367-0
00:17:44.970 --> 00:17:48.777
Research researchers came to the
realization that it's not enough

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2367-1
00:17:48.777 --> 00:17:48.950
to.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2431-0
00:17:50.060 --> 00:17:54.471
Focus on quantitative gains in
language proficient proficiency,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2431-1
00:17:54.471 --> 00:17:58.055
but it's also important to
understand the mediating

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2431-2
00:17:58.055 --> 00:18:02.328
variables that can influence
language proficiency. So some of

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2431-3
00:18:02.328 --> 00:18:05.912
these mediating variables
include opportunities for

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2431-4
00:18:05.912 --> 00:18:09.565
contact with host social
circles, the type of social

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2431-5
00:18:09.565 --> 00:18:13.632
networks international students
form abroad, and how these

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2431-6
00:18:13.632 --> 00:18:17.147
affect their language
proficiency, difficulties in

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2431-7
00:18:17.147 --> 00:18:20.180
adaptation, the advantage of the
home stay.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2436-0
00:18:20.420 --> 00:18:21.570
In studying abroad.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2461-0
00:18:24.730 --> 00:18:29.380
Then let's look at the
conceptual diagram in full. So

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2461-1
00:18:29.380 --> 00:18:34.892
as we can see, the format grow.
Organizers are characterized by

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2461-2
00:18:34.892 --> 00:18:37.820
different variable groups and
if.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2505-0
00:18:39.870 --> 00:18:43.986
We think about intercultural
learning as a variable of

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2505-1
00:18:43.986 --> 00:18:48.926
interest. I could I we can think
also of disciplines that address

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2505-2
00:18:48.926 --> 00:18:53.267
intercultural learning in study
abroad context. So social

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2505-3
00:18:53.267 --> 00:18:57.682
psychology apply, linguistics
education, even business and

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2505-4
00:18:57.682 --> 00:18:58.880
management. But.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2524-0
00:19:01.050 --> 00:19:07.201
If I now focus on the migration
Nexus, so the Nexus between

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2524-1
00:19:07.201 --> 00:19:11.200
standing your bras and working
abroad.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2567-0
00:19:12.850 --> 00:19:16.785
Then the the disciplines
approaching these variable of

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2567-1
00:19:16.785 --> 00:19:20.792
interest are quite different. So
here I'm talking about

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2567-2
00:19:20.792 --> 00:19:24.584
disciplines as varied as
sociology, human geography,

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2567-3
00:19:24.584 --> 00:19:29.020
economy, political sciences and
even education. So Elena, how

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2567-4
00:19:29.020 --> 00:19:30.880
well am I doing with time?

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2570-0
00:19:31.960 --> 00:19:33.080
Just to ask.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2599-0
00:19:35.310 --> 00:19:38.309
If you could try and wrap up in
10 minutes so that we have

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2588-0
00:19:38.190 --> 00:19:38.710
Yeah.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2599-1
00:19:38.309 --> 00:19:41.409
plenty of time to discussion,
we've got a an excellent large

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2599-2
00:19:41.409 --> 00:19:42.070
audience, so.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2603-0
00:19:42.150 --> 00:19:43.210
OK, very good.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2613-0
00:19:44.260 --> 00:19:49.740
OK, so moving them to the
practical applications.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2624-0
00:19:50.800 --> 00:19:56.790
So I will use one example of the
adaptation phase of.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2638-0
00:19:57.970 --> 00:20:02.260
Of the sojourners that are also
at the heart of my book.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2650-0
00:20:03.940 --> 00:20:09.410
So basically, as I said in at
the beginning. So UM.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2670-0
00:20:10.120 --> 00:20:15.660
This book is also also delves
into the experience of 50

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2670-1
00:20:15.660 --> 00:20:20.310
sojourners so 31 in Portugal, in
19 in the UK.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2690-0
00:20:21.740 --> 00:20:24.281
And so we have actually
different sojourner groups

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2690-1
00:20:24.281 --> 00:20:26.724
exchange students, highly
skilled immigrants and

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2690-2
00:20:26.724 --> 00:20:27.870
international students.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2729-0
00:20:29.850 --> 00:20:33.404
I won't go into their
demographics into detail because

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2729-1
00:20:33.404 --> 00:20:37.539
that's not the most important,
but what I would like to to show

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2729-2
00:20:37.539 --> 00:20:41.610
is basically a practical example
of how interdisciplinarity is

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2729-3
00:20:41.610 --> 00:20:44.260
important. Also at the logical
level so.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2760-0
00:20:46.150 --> 00:20:50.462
At one point in my research, I
asked participants how did they

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2760-1
00:20:50.462 --> 00:20:54.912
feel, whether they felt at home
in the local community avaru, so

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2760-2
00:20:54.912 --> 00:20:58.540
their host city in Portugal and
Newcastle in the UK.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2762-0
00:20:59.740 --> 00:21:00.450
So.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2778-0
00:21:01.700 --> 00:21:06.010
Most of them felt a home to a
moderate, almost to a large

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2778-1
00:21:06.010 --> 00:21:06.530
extent.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2783-0
00:21:07.350 --> 00:21:08.930
Then I asked why.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2789-0
00:21:10.140 --> 00:21:11.670
And these were their answers.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2799-0
00:21:13.950 --> 00:21:16.780
So I'll give you a moment to
have a look at them.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2810-0
00:21:24.350 --> 00:21:26.980
So I then tried to categorize
their answers.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2812-0
00:21:27.720 --> 00:21:28.250
And.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2814-0
00:21:29.970 --> 00:21:30.540
Uh.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2826-0
00:21:31.680 --> 00:21:35.330
This was the categories I came
up with and so clearly.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2849-0
00:21:35.950 --> 00:21:40.980
Umm, the the testimony is in
orange or about uprooting Ness.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2849-1
00:21:40.980 --> 00:21:45.350
So so journals fell uprooted
from their host cities.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2883-0
00:21:46.030 --> 00:21:50.899
Whereas those in blue are those
who felt rooted, they felt

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2883-1
00:21:50.899 --> 00:21:55.768
rooted through others through
social interactions. But the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2883-2
00:21:55.768 --> 00:22:01.050
testimonies from the sojourners
in the middle, the yellow ones.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2908-0
00:22:01.800 --> 00:22:06.419
If we look at them, they talk
about the host city. They talk

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2908-1
00:22:06.419 --> 00:22:11.190
about physical proximity, but
not necessarily social proximity

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2908-2
00:22:11.190 --> 00:22:13.310
and interaction with locals.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2910-0
00:22:14.540 --> 00:22:15.270
So.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2970-0
00:22:16.260 --> 00:22:20.542
I then asked myself, OK, perhaps
I need to go back to the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2970-1
00:22:20.542 --> 00:22:24.677
quantitative data and rethink
this. Three categories is

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2970-2
00:22:24.677 --> 00:22:29.402
sitting as that different from
Woodenness through others. So if

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2970-3
00:22:29.402 --> 00:22:33.832
we look at the median, we see
that City Ness and witness of

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2970-4
00:22:33.832 --> 00:22:36.490
the exact same meaning medium so
3.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2994-0
00:22:37.530 --> 00:22:42.244
So they are not so differently
quantitatively, but what does

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2994-1
00:22:42.244 --> 00:22:46.726
this mean? So I run some
comparisons, so only a Putin has

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/2994-2
00:22:46.726 --> 00:22:48.040
has a lower mean.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3024-0
00:22:49.380 --> 00:22:54.666
Uh by running the Kruskal Wallis
test to see which pairs were

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3024-1
00:22:54.666 --> 00:23:00.123
significantly different. So when
IS and as you can see from the

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3024-2
00:23:00.123 --> 00:23:02.510
table sickness and rudeness.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3034-0
00:23:03.820 --> 00:23:07.406
There's not Yale. There's not.
Give us a significant

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3034-1
00:23:07.406 --> 00:23:08.150
difference.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3040-0
00:23:09.010 --> 00:23:11.620
So I started questioning my
assumptions.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3061-0
00:23:12.980 --> 00:23:17.029
And I looked again at the
meaning of sickness in routines

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3061-1
00:23:17.029 --> 00:23:20.450
through others. What is there a
difference then?

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3075-0
00:23:21.320 --> 00:23:26.250
So given these results, I
basically decided to put City

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3075-1
00:23:26.250 --> 00:23:26.690
Ness.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3089-0
00:23:26.950 --> 00:23:31.433
And in the middle of my
adaptation continuent, because

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3089-1
00:23:31.433 --> 00:23:32.900
the the fact that.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3103-0
00:23:33.090 --> 00:23:37.687
A sojourners omitted others at
the level of discourse. It

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3103-1
00:23:37.687 --> 00:23:39.510
doesn't mean that they.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3137-0
00:23:40.630 --> 00:23:45.689
Made sense of their whole cities
without interacting with others.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3137-1
00:23:45.689 --> 00:23:50.518
Others were just excluded at the
level of discourse. So I then

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3137-2
00:23:50.518 --> 00:23:54.887
decided to put stickiness in the
middle of my adaptation

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3137-3
00:23:54.887 --> 00:23:55.960
continuum. So.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3195-0
00:23:57.370 --> 00:24:01.715
And that's why for me, it's
quite important to when we go

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3195-1
00:24:01.715 --> 00:24:06.061
for an interdisciplinary
approach, we we we kind of bring

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3195-2
00:24:06.061 --> 00:24:11.006
both the conceptual into logical
level because if I didn't go for

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3195-3
00:24:11.006 --> 00:24:15.502
mixed methods, if I was not
triangulating both quantitative

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3195-4
00:24:15.502 --> 00:24:20.222
and qualitative data, I think I
wouldn't be able to understand

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3195-5
00:24:20.222 --> 00:24:22.620
the concept of sitting as fully.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3302-0
00:24:53.790 --> 00:24:58.233
Umm, OK, so these are just some
final thoughts in the sense

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3302-1
00:24:58.233 --> 00:25:02.603
mixed methods which is behind
them to logical grounding of

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3302-2
00:25:02.603 --> 00:25:06.380
interdisciplinarity at
conceptual level in a sense

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3302-3
00:25:06.380 --> 00:25:10.675
share these same integrity of
habit of mind where we have

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3302-4
00:25:10.675 --> 00:25:13.860
really to integrate different
assumptions.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3313-0
00:25:15.260 --> 00:25:19.143
Having said that, and to finish
and to have enough time to

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3313-1
00:25:19.143 --> 00:25:19.670
discuss.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3348-0
00:25:20.390 --> 00:25:24.352
I'd like to leave you with some
burning questions that I I

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3348-1
00:25:24.352 --> 00:25:28.246
believe are at the heart of
interdisciplinarity. At least

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3348-2
00:25:28.246 --> 00:25:32.544
this for the questions I asked
myself before I start writing my

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3348-3
00:25:32.544 --> 00:25:32.880
book.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3364-0
00:25:33.930 --> 00:25:38.120
So how do you look at student
mobility and interpreted it?

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3379-0
00:25:39.700 --> 00:25:44.767
Then how does your discipline
looks at student mobility and

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3379-1
00:25:44.767 --> 00:25:45.950
interprets it?

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3396-0
00:25:48.450 --> 00:25:52.888
And holds water disciplines look
at student mobility and

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3396-1
00:25:52.888 --> 00:25:53.900
interpret it.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3398-0
00:25:54.560 --> 00:25:55.270
So.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3423-0
00:25:56.650 --> 00:26:00.625
Hopefully these questions offer
us enough food for thoughts, but

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3423-1
00:26:00.625 --> 00:26:04.417
these were really my burning
questions before I start writing

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3423-2
00:26:04.417 --> 00:26:06.680
my book, so thank you for your
time.

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3444-0
00:26:08.670 --> 00:26:12.126
Thank you very much for your
presentation. Joana. I'm going

28c7a665-75e4-4463-a317-07953c5f7f0a/3444-1
00:26:12.126 --> 00:26:15.640
to stop the recording and then
we will start the discussion.