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I let doctor，the flow is yours。
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Yes，thank you。I'm sorry everyone about my voice。I'm a bit ill and I have a sore throat but I hope my voice persists at this volume for the next thirty minutes。It's good to see so many familiar faces and to be virtually back at Warwick。I haven't been there for I think two years since my graduation or slightly less so。Thank you so much um Jen for introducing me and thank you for for the invite。I just want to say it's quite difficult to hold this event，I think I mean I was asked。
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To to to talk about this book and that that was recently published and that I edited。I think a while ago，but um，but yes for a month now，I think we're watching a genocide happening in in Palestine。It's quite difficult for a lot of us to focus and concentrate on our research while this is happening。And also I think my research is on migration in the Arab world and I focus on Arabic literature and um，it's，it's really impossible to talk about Arabic literature or the Arab world without taking into consideration Palestinian displacement and dispossession。So。
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Speaking，there's one point five million Palestinians being displaced within Gaza。
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Another。I don't know how many Palestinians displaced within the West Bank and this is obviously not new。This is the beginning was in nineteen forty eight with seven hundred and fifty thousand Palestinians being displaced from historic Palestine。So I'm not going to talk about that in detail，I just want to。I just wanted to start with it because part of my research is to look at Palestinian。
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Migration narratives，migration for work in the gulf States and the volume that I'm going to，I'm talk about at the beginning now also includes a couple of chapters by two contributors about Palestinian displaced refugees in Lebanon and in Kuwait as depicted in literature，so。
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I'm just going to I am sharing，I think。
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So I'm gonna go to the next slide I you can see the next slide is apparact。I'm just checking。Yeah，it's moved。
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Yeah yes。
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It's moved，OK，perfect，so，so，so this is a。This is a book that I edited and was published by routed advances in Middle East and Islamic studies series in twenty twenty three and um，obviously the beginning of the book，as you mentioned was，was a conference I organized in June，twenty nineteen the conference is called the Arab road as robust citizenship，identity and belonging in literature and popular culture，and that was funded by the humanities Research Center。So the book came much later，so all。
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In the book are not based on the conference，but I thought I'd acknowledge the fact that it started at work and the project came from my interest in understanding how the notion of rubba can be articulated when placed inside the boundaries of the familiar rather than in the realm of the unfamiliar and the far away。
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So what about basically hurba's an Arabic word？It basically means estrangement，but it's an interesting word with much complexity that allows it to encompass different experiences in states of being。Um，it can be understood as the stranging place itself。It's physical，it's psychological，it's spiritual and so on。And what I do in the introduction to this book is give an overview of its roots and its derivatives to make a case for it being a capacious term that can be useful for rethinking how we approach this location in literary and cultural works。
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So roba is a concept and a state of being can allow us to understand narratives of dislocation in a more expansive way。
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First by situating these narratives within the Arab world and even within the boundaries of the homeland itself，and second by disentangling them from experiences of migration，exile and diaspora because it describes feelings of alienation that emerging different states of estrangement，including but not exclusively those caused by migration and exile，it has the capacity to function as a tool for nuancing our understanding of the region as not only the home away from which estrangement takes shape，but as a site of dislocation as well。
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Where strangements can be experienced by local inhabitants and foreigners alike。
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And so this word，what about our strange meant？It's no doubt associated mostly with displacement and migration to foreign places，particularly Europe and North America，because it's primarily in such experiences that an individual feels detached from the place and from people due to differences in language，culture and religion，amongst other factors and narratives of migration and exile in Europe and North America have，of course，been at the center of numerous works of literature by Arab writers，including those who are preoccupied by the encounter with colonial modernity。
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In metropolitan centers throughout the twentieth century。
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Of course，recent political conflict in the region has intensified the movement of refugees and migrants out of the Arab world，producing an even larger body of work in Arabic and other languages。Um，however，and this is the main contention of this project and why I wanted to edit this book。What is overshadowed by these narratives is the fact that the region constituting what we understand today as the Arab world has always been experienced as an estranging place by migrants，refugees，travelers，enslaved people and other mobile subjects。
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Mobilities and dysport communities in the Arab world itself tend to be marginalized despite the significant political，social and cultural implications of their presence。
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And so the volume seeks to depart from the focus on the encounter with the West by investigating narratives of this location。
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Set within the Arab world，whether this location is the result of inter Arab migration and displacement or foreign encounters。
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Um the conditions that have triggered migration，after all，from the Arab world to the West and elsewhere are often interlinked with factors that have led many Arab states to become an estranging place for migrants and the space people，the most evident of which our authoritarianism，exclusionary notions of national identity and citizenship。
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So，the region has been historically a hub of movement and is associated with mobility in contemporary times due to the outflow of people seeking refuge for more an economic crises，the circumstances that give rise to hurba is a feeling and a state of being have not always been the outcome。However，of of spatial distance from the homeland。In fact，the focus on mobility risks marginalizing articulations of vote。Bauer，you know，estrangement that demonstrate how the act of staying at home。
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Itself heightens feelings of alienation。How these feelings are entwined in many ways，with experiences of migration and displacement。
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And So what I，what I what I do in in this in this book is to show how the art board has been a place of affordable for sedentary peoples during periods of turmoil and transformation，as well As for ethnic，religious，linguistic minorities at various historical junctures。In some cases，estrangements can be the impetus for leaving the homeland，an act which then either generates other forms of estrangement due to physical dislocation or offers possibilities of belonging in a new place。
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In other cases，estrangement or urban can be a position that individuals actively embrace or adopt to assert their difference in places or societies that reject their presence or that or to seek refuge from systematic marginalization。
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Um and so II ask in this contribution why some narratives are more dominant than others to illustrate that there's no uniform narrative of dislocation in the Arab world。Um，and that we have to decentralize the unidirectional story of South north mobility and to recognize psychological and emotional out of placeness as forms of dislocation as well。
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Expressions of what about within the Arab world，however，have not been the subject of much attention and this is where the contribution of this project comes。
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There has been more emphasis on experiences of estrangement in the West and on migration and other kinds of mobilities from the Arabs，mainly western destinations。
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And this is not unique to research on the region。It's a reflection obviously of migration research trends in the social sciences，so there has been much criticism against the dominance of migration studies by movement from the global South to the global north。
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Despite the fact that South South migration is greater in terms of numbers。
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The alignment of migration research with the interests of state agendas and its reliance on state funding have amongst many other reasons。
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Contributed to its eurocentrism and its preoccupation with South South migration，primarily its impact on northern immigration states。A growing body of scholarship has been seeking to centralize the global South and migration research in order to question classical concepts and frameworks and to propose alternative theorizations that can test your centric assumptions of of universality。
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Beyond migration，studies in the social sciences research on the social and contemporary diasporas of the abroad underscores its cosmopolitanism。
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And contributes to understanding the political，social and cultural applications of migration to and within the region。
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So，for example，as with migration structures，when you think of cosmopolitanism in the Arab world，you cannot understand that without recognizing the role of modern colonialism and imperial domination in shaping mobilities and everyday relations between migrant communities and local populations。
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Examining the past and present realities of diasporas and the global South counters，the tendency to prioritize movement from peripheral colonies to central metropolitan foregrounds displacement and migration between colonies。At the same time，cosmopolitanism in the Arab world cannot be understood only in relation to European，imperial and colonial control。For it is the result of multiple histories，including those of non European empires as well as contemporary factors。
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And so the diverse societies and cultures of the Arab world were both entangled with and existed independently from the encounter with European modernity。
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I'm just，yeah，um，so in the case of the Arab world，if，if if we move on to talk about literature specifically not just about migration，even before the formation of diasporas the emergence of the figure of the exilic Arab writer in nineteenth and early twentieth century Arab writer's，there's been concern with questions of modernity and tradition in the encounter with European，western or Occidental other。
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And in subsequent years and until today，their physical encounters with European metropolis and other western centers found a large space in Arab fiction，but literary，of course，literary expressions of migration and exile at home and in the diaspora have been manifold，and so there are myriad ways in which my Arab writers from different parts of the region have responded to experiences of migration，exile and displacement。But the encounter with European colonialism and modernity，of course，has been crucial to both these experiences and to the body of writing they made possible。
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And。And that's why post colonial approaches are essential for appreciating the significance of this writing and post。Colonial approaches have been obviously useful employed in Arab literary scholarship，despite being slow and adequately engaging with the Arab world and its literary and literary and cultural productions。
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What I argue in my introduction to this book is the limits of postcolonial approaches，which have not enabled us to go beyond the encounter with the West and understanding Arab literature and culture，especially when approaching issues of migration，displacement，exile，diaspora and so on。
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And the problem here is how the influence of postcolonial approaches in the study of literature from the formerly colonized world，including Arab literature，may have led to this neglect of literary and cultural works which are not necessarily concerned with having a conversation with western literary cannons or with tackling dislocation in western geographical locals。
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And I want to reference here，um，the work of literary critic，while Hassan。
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Um he knows the postcode that post colonial criticism is an inherently comparative as orientalism in the way in which it stopped short of dismantling the east West or South north access。
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Postcolonial criticism allowed the continued centrality of Europe and a kind of reverse your centrism，even with the when the aim to contest its hegemony，and this is evident in the unequal public and critical reception of literary texts。And I'm quoting hasn't here on the slide because it's a long coat，but basically his investigation of the implications of bringing together。
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Post，colonial theory。
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With Arabic literary studies primarily within the domain。Okay，I need to cough soak。
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Primarily within the domain of comparative literature is useful for highlighting the limitations of approaching narratives of migration and displacement in relation to the West，and asan here gives the example of Sudanese novels that have received much less visibility than the work of tayyip Saleh。
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Who is known for his season of migration to the north，it's a novel published in nineteen sixty six。
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Sorry，I'm just gonna take a break。
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So this is what Salah argues on this，uh，as I，uh，on the slide。
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He says the agenda of comparison remains eurocentric。
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Texts that dialogue with European works，themes and motifs enjoy greater visibility than those that are not oriented towards Europe。
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This is true with Arab readers，as with the paradigms of comparative literature as an economic discipline，American compared with literature has so far accommodated three major paradigms of comparison。
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A dominant north north paradigm。
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Um，and then，uh，the north-south paradigm and then the South South paradigm，which he identifies as having the scope um for a kind of comparison that moves beyond this encounter with the West。
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Sorry，I'm just going to mute myself for a second。
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Yes，I will give in a couple of minutes just to catch your breath because I think we put you on the spot here。
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Think she's hit the highest rate of words per minute of any of our speakers that I've ever had the pleasure of。
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Just um，I think I think it's actually，uh，quite well time because I'd like a little bit more time personally to digest this quote。
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OK，that's good，so not then can take a bath and then we can continue。
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Yeah，I mean，I don't have to necessarily read the quotation，um，uh，but basically this is，um。
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This is hassan's argument，and he identifies the South South paradigm that has been enabled by comparative literary studies as a small，recently emerging domain，but with much potential for challenging the boundaries and the verticality um with which post colonial studies as well as Arabic literary studies tend to operate。
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And so the South South paradigm would make it possible to recognize horizontal links that are often overlooked in studies that reinscribe primacy and vertical relations that radiate unidirectionally between the metropolitan center and each of its colonies。
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And so this horizontal comparativism that he talks about does not imply decontextualization from European colonialism，but a reconceptualization of these fields of study through a triangulated model of comparison。
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The east West dualism that hasn't talks about and the easy association of voorba with what is typically perceived as the foreign and alienating West are manifest in the centrality of narratives of migration，exile and basement in the West and the marginality of narratives in which urban estrangement is articulated in closer less foreign places or even at home。Um，this is just a brief run through um，of what I argue in this book there，there are nine contributions。
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Covering different sort of aspects related to dislocation in the Arab world。Um，so I just talked about my own bits in this book，um，but the other chapters are super interesting and I'd encourage you to look at them。
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In the final bit。
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Of this，I I'm just gonna make a connection between this project and my own research。
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In migration on the gulf region，which I also situate within the South South framework。
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So I'm interested in social，literary and cultural implications of migration to the gulf following the growth of oil economies in the region。
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I'm just gonna move？
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Sorry，I'm just gonna move in the slides。
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Yeah，following the growth of oil economies in the gulf region，and this is the phenomena reduced to political economic dimensions，without much attention to the cultural implications of that，the gulf tends to be exceptionalized because of its economic。
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And political reliance on oil and labor migration，as well as its restrictive migration policies。And this has not only led it to be approached as completely different from other migrant destinations，but it also resulted in the homogenization of migrants，visa v governmental and social structures that determine their experiences。And so I'm，I'm invested in developing a more nuanced understanding of gulf migration experiences through literature，and I have so far examined。
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Phone or translated texts as well as popular culture，with the aim of investigating how writers and artists from different national and cultural backgrounds have documented in reimagined the place of migrants in golf spaces。
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And，um，I have here on the slide a few examples of some books，um，say written in English，um，um，the Taco，the Taco gulf migration，but uh，I wanna speak a little bit for a few minutes on my particular interest in looking at Arabic literature。Um，and so my monograph currently in the making and is based on my pH d and thesis um is um uh is called migration to the gulf in the Arabic novel and it's on Arabic fiction published in the last three to four decades，and most of these Arabic novels，especially those responding to the rise of migration in the nineteen seventies。
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They illustrate the difficulty of articulating the massive changes brought about by oil。
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And one of the I began one of the ways in which II tried to talk about um gulf migration in literature，perhaps a useful beginning point is the famous essay of Indian writer amitav gosh um。It's an essay called petrafiction。The oil encounter in the novel in which he reviews the first two volumes of abdurahman munif squinted um cities of salt modern and men，which was published between nineteen eighty four and nineteen eighty nine and。
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Have that here。Um，and so he in this essay，he wrote about the muteness of the oil encounter in works of fiction。
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Because um，he says，um，the oil encounter challenges the practice of writing as we know it，um，he lauded munif's endeavour。He speculated about the scarcity of similar works of literature that tell the story of oil's beginnings and isolated deserts，which subsequently become incorporated as modern nation states into the capitalist world economy。
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And he noted the absence of a literary genre in which American or western oil man write about their experiences in the gulf。
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And also noted a similar literary Baroness on the gulf side because of the quirk of geography that caused oil to flow in areas that lie on the periphery of modern Arab literary and cultural production。And so he says，even writers from each from the region like Egypt and the Levant，are no more likely to write about the oil encounter than their western counterparts。
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And this he attributes this lack of interest in writing about oil and the gulf he attributes to the cultural peripherality，yet increasing economic superiority of the gulf where many Arab writers。
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I had to migrate for a living，but which was often perceived um，with resentment due to the politics of gulf monarchies that held regional power。Um and what I what I see in in in my book is that if labor migration in a region with small local populations is one of the primary ways in which the changes brought about my oil are registered in fiction，gosh's observation on the challenge of writing about oil is useful as well for thinking of writing about migration。
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Even when when oil is just in the background，so it's it is a gaussian self writes about gulf migration briefly and his novel the circle of freezen um。It's partially set in an unnamed coastal gulf city。Um，he refers to this attempt in in this essay in which he talks about the challenge of writing about oil。
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I want to quote um gosh，because um，his observation on the inadduces of traditional realist literary forums for registering the everyday experiences that oil generated is useful for appreciating the alienation，the incoherence，the placelessness，and that are so predominant in the few narratives that do take on the task of writing about gulf migration。And I have that，um，the next slide。
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He says，as one of the few people。
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Who have tried to write about the world of oil，I can bear witness to its slipperiness to the waste in which it tends to trip fiction。
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Into incoherence。It's the craft of writing itself，or rather writing as we know it，that is responsible for the newness of the oil encounter。The experiences that oil generated run counter to many。
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Of the historical imperatives that have shaped riding over the past decades，and it's and given it its distinctive forms。The territory of oil is bafflingly multilingual，while the novel with its conventions and，you know，it's，um，it's，it's mostly at home within monolingual speech。Um，and so on。Um，I'm not going to continue that because it's a long coat，but um，so basically what I find interesting here is how，um，there's difficulty of writing about the gulf，how that makes us think of it。It helps me think of the form of the novels that have tried to do that。
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Um，and this is a point that I take，um，as I，as I try to approach the different early narratives，particularly which gosh doesn't all acknowledge um in in his essay，so he says in the essay，he loads manifest novel and he mentions um men in the sun，but they're actually aside from these，there are a few Arabic novels that do take on the task of writing about gulf migration with with oil being very visibly in the background，and these novels are published in the nineteen eighties。
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And some in the nineteen nineties as well the most famous of course and and this he mentions is and the earliest perhaps gulf migration narrative is lasan can find these men in the sun。Um，it's a nineteen sixty two novella um that depicts the story of three Palestinian um refugees。Um，I think。
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In。
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Refugees in Jordan，I think um making their way from to to Kuwait in order to pursue a living and。And it's a quite tragic story。Um，uh，that really again reminds us of how much um Palestinian um dispossession remains at the heart um of of Arabic literature and and um and and this is also relevant to um the other work that III talk about in in my um in my book with which is a。
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Jordanian，Palestinian poet and novelist Ibrahim israelas novel prayer is a fever，but I need her mom，which is published in nineteen eighty five。
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Um，and this is also the story of a Palestinian um um。
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Refuge Palestinian displaced person。So we know that he's not migrating from Palestine and who pursues a living in Saudi Arabia。But his experience is dominated by alienation um and and oil is very much in the background。Um to that experience，so I'm just gonna read。
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How Nasrallah begins his novel this and it's it's an experimental book um in the sense that it's fiction，but it's also very poetic。It's。It's very first novel。After having written，um，uh，a few volumes of poetry。
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And this is how he begins，he's，he says，southward southward，where the Red Sea is，and the white sharks and al kung fuda。
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Southward southward，where sticky swarms of flies blackened the coffee bar tables and the city's main streets terminate in the void and the water is rushing from the heights of asir project themselves in vain towards the blue southward southward men poured down from the north or flow back to it，and the only harvest that ravaged them was a murderous isolation and exhilarated anguish。
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And so here you can see how the repetitive views of southward emphasizes the distinctive and unprecedented nature of this migration flow that differs from the more commonly documented routes that usually take Arab migrants to European or western cities in the north。
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And so I want to connect this with the first part of my talk。One of the main questions of my research on the gulf phrases，one of the questions that my my research on the gulf races is whether narratives of gulf migration speak thematically and formally to Arab representations of migrant encounters with the West，which have received substantive attention and scholarship on Arab literature and culture，particularly from post colonial perspectives，and obviously the main point that we need to think of is the idea of temporariness being at the heart of gulf migration。The fact that legal belonging is not an option for people and for migrants in the gulf，and this all makes their experiences。
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Quite far from traditional understandings of diaspora。
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As the permanent settlement of immigrants in a new country，and also there is the point on the geographical proximity of Arab migrants in the Gov and also the cultural proximity，the cultural affinities that Arabs that Arabic speaking people have。These factors may suggest that Arab migrants in the gulf，and hence their literature may not be，um，you know，as as maybe different say，from the writings of Arabs。
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Working on migration um or displacement in western or or or different locals um and so conceptualisations。Obviously one of the the points that I seek to do in this book is to highlight how conceptualizations of estrangement，exile，diaspora and Arab literature and culture have been developed precisely through the encounter with the West and colonial and post colonial periods。
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Because of the integral rule um of this encounter in the Arab project of modernity。As I said before，when I was talking about the edited collection and all of this may have contributed to lack of attention to the social and cultural applications of air migration to the gulf。But what I want to say is that these Arab affinities cannot be taken for granted。They are in fact challenged in novels depicting alienation and cultural tensions between gulf and non gulf Arabs。
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And everyday encounters and experiences，and so contrary to the public and until recently as well，contrary to scholarly perception of the gulf migrant as a temporary figure who exists solely as an economic actor。
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Effective encounters with the gulf in these novels，such as nocellus，but many others that I write about，um，these encounters generate unique migrant subjectivities that are irreducible to this perception that tries to see the gulf migrant as merely temporary。Um and so in in this book，um and in my research in general，I hope to demonstrate how。
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Examining Arab migration narratives in the gulf makes it possible to both reduce understandings to both contest reductive understandings of the figure of the gulf migrants and to rethink exclusion exclusions built into the conceptual tools by which experiences of migration and alienation are understood in Arabic that are studies。So it might be，it might be a sort of a project that necessitates questioning what we even mean by again diaspora and exile these tools that we used to understand these narratives。
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In the field of of Arabic literature。I think，yeah，I mean，I think I took all my time，so I'm gonna stop here。
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And I'll stop sharing as well。I'll stop sharing my Skype。
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Thank you very much for you。Interesting and inspiring talk on this fact that you're not feeling your best。Thanks very much for your effort and we are now moved to discussion part，so anyone who has questions。
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You can just unmute yourself or you can text in the chat box。