WEBVTT NOTE duration:"00:32:05" NOTE recognizability:0.847 NOTE language:en-us NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 ca463357-41bb-4c49-89d3-7ae5924d8518 00:00:02.520 --> 00:00:04.820 Feature of Southeast Asian society. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 8680460f-a9ce-483e-ac46-feabcf51df21 00:00:04.820 --> 00:00:08.599 If we go back thousands of years the NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 bcc30ba9-72af-4a69-b4ab-99361984d58a 00:00:08.599 --> 00:00:10.934 the ancestors of mainland Southeast NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 efce2c8f-fe39-46f0-ae9b-604402b4d298 00:00:10.940 --> 00:00:12.750 Asia's ethnic majorities that the NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 faaf774b-d7f2-415f-925c-87d71cf141a5 00:00:12.750 --> 00:00:15.340 Burmese that I and the Vietnamese, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 d399c7dc-eae2-4444-b001-c2d34acbcc34 00:00:15.340 --> 00:00:17.926 they all migrated South from southern NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 88cd7820-04c4-4153-830d-087e6ea7b0a2 00:00:17.926 --> 00:00:20.812 China to displace or marginalized NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 b8b0b7b2-afb0-48bb-8828-f7cd1d85e722 00:00:20.812 --> 00:00:23.264 the previous indigenous inhabitants NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 4ab5546b-58a9-4554-beb4-c6453d8ae785 00:00:23.264 --> 00:00:25.446 and skip forward a few 1000 years. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 ea4c31a4-652e-4000-b969-24f96e4fd358 00:00:25.450 --> 00:00:27.921 It got during the colonial area hundreds NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 36b7ad3e-a8b9-4498-91f5-0b4cc0977969 00:00:27.921 --> 00:00:30.320 of thousands of Indian and Chinese NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 dea7793f-ee49-42ac-ad61-e1b4bfd25eae 00:00:30.320 --> 00:00:32.445 workers were encouraged to migrate. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 84dc4716-84c2-41b8-90f5-709dc7d0a10b 00:00:32.450 --> 00:00:35.075 To Burma, Malaysia and Indonesia to work NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 bbecb1c0-daff-4cb9-9f85-a3da3c9fd116 00:00:35.075 --> 00:00:38.148 on the rubber plantations and in my mind. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 8ea426dd-3633-4077-9787-fbb7ae3cc058 00:00:38.150 --> 00:00:40.060 Then you've got the Cold NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 bc5dcacc-e875-4d8c-bbb5-93e857071066 00:00:40.060 --> 00:00:41.588 War conflict and full. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 4dbcf794-fa62-45a3-9ddc-e0f277cf3b3d 00:00:41.590 --> 00:00:43.788 About that gave cause for those who NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 ef325395-dd94-4f9e-8af4-f9c0ddaad23b 00:00:43.788 --> 00:00:46.140 had lost to flee across borders, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 f2626977-9171-401c-b4d7-b5097adfe816 00:00:46.140 --> 00:00:48.450 and seek political refuge and NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 c29135ac-de36-4b8b-8baa-4b2a07660b31 00:00:48.450 --> 00:00:50.298 the migration trend continues. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 1a5c781f-2a81-403d-9a9e-4cad4929aaa2 00:00:50.300 --> 00:00:52.820 Today is there is an estimated NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 b5de9cf9-4306-47aa-b1c5-af9510d1fdc1 00:00:52.820 --> 00:00:54.988 23 million international migrants NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 06c865b9-a59d-4c30-a769-2ce5e5699967 00:00:54.988 --> 00:00:57.698 from the Southeast Asian region. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 3a1b5590-aa38-40af-bccc-7a21c238513e 00:00:57.700 --> 00:01:00.102 The collective impact of these people's NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 e91cd627-6359-4d7c-bdfd-054f1b0f4045 00:01:00.102 --> 00:01:02.916 movement is huge as they try to NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 8afc2710-dd57-49e4-8ea5-846fb7886e3d 00:01:02.916 --> 00:01:05.206 integrate into new societies and earn NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 5a944765-3a23-40cd-a141-24d6a3f46229 00:01:05.206 --> 00:01:08.270 money and send it back as remittances. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 1a07934d-f192-45ac-9e30-e85893ad3ea3 00:01:08.270 --> 00:01:10.482 Still more people migrate to big cities NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 b2c4a088-3bad-49a2-ac37-1fd417dd3d6c 00:01:10.482 --> 00:01:12.450 within their own country for work. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 9b0193cd-f3f7-4530-a19d-dd23f42ccc63 00:01:12.450 --> 00:01:15.500 But today I'll be focusing NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 bb26f0ee-db62-444d-a7ff-6bba9e50f3d1 00:01:15.500 --> 00:01:17.330 on international migration, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 41a8afb4-59bf-4905-9b3c-f3f3046db53e 00:01:17.330 --> 00:01:20.054 and specifically I want to consider NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 b546cd8f-37d6-488d-b8a8-bd4fa09f9232 00:01:20.054 --> 00:01:23.130 the case of Vietnamese labor migrants, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 8e79ff1e-1b81-4317-b840-1fbd13a7ca0d 00:01:23.130 --> 00:01:25.362 which this kind of forms the NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 a9c112a2-69fd-484e-81a6-1e71772f94b3 00:01:25.362 --> 00:01:28.140 background of my current research into NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 15a1bdf6-0271-4881-880c-7088e57f0293 00:01:28.140 --> 00:01:30.090 undocumented Vietnamese migration. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 e79f5fe3-885c-42a4-8f9e-23163678aa71 00:01:30.090 --> 00:01:32.690 Migration in the UK. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 f957afab-b0d9-47a8-bfcd-e47503d04339 00:01:32.690 --> 00:01:35.642 This is funded by the Independent NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 853d3b26-46b8-4263-a839-d30e8aab6f4c 00:01:35.642 --> 00:01:38.094 Social Research Foundation and for NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 0a41d3b5-c6da-431a-950f-fa2da49649b1 00:01:38.094 --> 00:01:40.894 the the past 12 months I've been NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 d0b7c559-37f0-4bae-81be-64a72e9ea5ea 00:01:40.894 --> 00:01:43.390 researching the lived experiences of. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 9df4c93b-1736-4778-b74f-ed6e40ff1c3e 00:01:43.390 --> 00:01:44.066 Uhm, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 179b840e-10e0-4bfc-bde4-b3896cdad3d2 00:01:44.066 --> 00:01:46.770 Vietnamese migrants in Coventry NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 b17b0d07-e4c7-42c0-8fdc-15d1c9d3b507 00:01:46.770 --> 00:01:49.190 which is in the UK and, uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 23c43878-7939-4918-bb91-1a40cbc06f3f 00:01:49.190 --> 00:01:51.270 I've been conducting interviews, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 d85ab5d3-facc-4903-99eb-22b880b359d5 00:01:51.270 --> 00:01:53.802 UM taking part in communal events NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 8dd044f3-a63a-44bd-991d-bad5cb5c2cb7 00:01:53.802 --> 00:01:57.212 such as weddings and parties as well NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 2e076c04-c1e5-4480-bee8-57991b48d8de 00:01:57.212 --> 00:01:59.400 as accompanying research participants NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 ebe09d61-f388-42ff-a058-a136c8140c54 00:01:59.400 --> 00:02:02.610 to meetings with immigration lawyers NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 dd65ff1d-5896-4d7c-80b0-622568532eff 00:02:02.610 --> 00:02:04.518 and facilitating free English NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 24eebcf2-2c22-487e-9d1c-3680da4a9d43 00:02:04.518 --> 00:02:06.426 lessons for the community. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 85912f6d-af85-4bb5-a1df-02a232b3bace 00:02:06.430 --> 00:02:09.551 During this pilot study I'm which NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 00df3356-f56f-44e7-9d14-0c86136ec9bf 00:02:09.551 --> 00:02:11.477 I'm hoping to secure further funding NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 d03f7d31-18ce-4cd8-a4a1-9329c539f81d 00:02:11.477 --> 00:02:13.870 for so this wasn't actually my PhD. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 d0d6355d-ad38-40ec-ae87-b7f9aee497ad 00:02:13.870 --> 00:02:14.599 Research, it's a. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 67e10496-7713-4471-8cd8-29a07d6751c6 00:02:14.599 --> 00:02:15.328 It's a new, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 25ca396a-95d8-4217-9c9c-ee9440dbff1b 00:02:15.330 --> 00:02:18.186 uh research that started since COVID. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 fed607d8-5e3f-4a67-b0fa-807359ba4621 00:02:18.190 --> 00:02:19.192 Basically when, uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 a2ebc6b7-2278-45de-a3f6-540e58450863 00:02:19.192 --> 00:02:21.530 I realized I wasn't gonna be able NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 e82f7128-0cef-4347-a0b6-95b0d1892820 00:02:21.595 --> 00:02:23.545 to get to Vietnam anytime soon. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 62856558-b632-47fd-8996-734d01936d6d 00:02:23.550 --> 00:02:25.741 So I might as well start finding NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 b47f9169-481b-4733-8dcb-c6bf6b7286e3 00:02:25.741 --> 00:02:27.580 out what's going on in the UK. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 2563df0c-2186-43c7-b7ac-898ad8294ded 00:02:27.580 --> 00:02:29.550 And I've. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 a6803c1b-2372-40d5-b206-607f8b67e198 00:02:29.550 --> 00:02:32.274 Learn about kind of the dynamics NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 2ee35d56-fad9-49d9-a564-cf294d6453b6 00:02:32.274 --> 00:02:35.054 of solidarity and support as well NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 3b20cf51-fc2e-4987-a812-704e13d960c6 00:02:35.054 --> 00:02:37.249 as kind of exploitation within NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 fa53e89d-599d-4000-86f1-c19d728aa017 00:02:37.249 --> 00:02:39.350 the UK Vietnamese diaspora. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 e304cc8d-ffee-4ed5-934a-4c698468578b 00:02:39.350 --> 00:02:39.793 However, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 7634aee2-0efd-45de-af5b-ed496475cb60 00:02:39.793 --> 00:02:42.451 to really understand the motivations and NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 68ad4b47-a11f-4302-96e6-b3aa2fcf3cd4 00:02:42.451 --> 00:02:44.709 behavior of Vietnamese migrants here, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 c04d81e6-f6eb-4b0b-a2ca-2a6d9fa2eaa9 00:02:44.710 --> 00:02:46.918 we need to take a step back and NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 7e1c41f0-72f2-4dc4-8ac3-c286c1bfd771 00:02:46.918 --> 00:02:48.688 understand where they're coming from. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 9bedecd8-289b-4600-ab04-7d70af3a13ac 00:02:48.690 --> 00:02:51.762 And that's what my talk today NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 9d128558-9300-4718-8158-8be411a2309a 00:02:51.762 --> 00:02:53.298 will hopefully provide. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 adf187d9-f1f3-46a7-bacb-9fec7e5d66e8 00:02:53.300 --> 00:02:55.304 I'll start with a brief history NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 32e971e8-332a-4c63-ac1a-17021b4d10bb 00:02:55.304 --> 00:02:58.550 of Vietnamese migration, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 732287ca-5fa9-4cd3-b89e-502de0a149ad 00:02:58.550 --> 00:03:00.165 and after this I'll discuss NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 3f88558f-7d09-47ff-baa5-d5c83f9398bd 00:03:00.165 --> 00:03:02.508 some of the kind of implications NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 11d7924f-b6dd-466c-9654-8a2b31933028 00:03:02.508 --> 00:03:04.470 for economic development, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 eb53ea89-f606-4d21-bfb8-f668c9106c51 00:03:04.470 --> 00:03:07.150 inequality and class relations NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 041d4457-f1ff-429b-9a93-4d45a7d68416 00:03:07.150 --> 00:03:10.500 both in Vietnam and abroad. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 c4949fc5-29e2-48f2-946a-fbfb5822a839 00:03:10.500 --> 00:03:12.271 And just to kind of say that NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 15f87f11-dfb3-4d81-89b3-771065a7473c 00:03:12.271 --> 00:03:13.902 this research is kind of still NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 e018ca04-7980-4ef1-b614-fa741f47a511 00:03:13.902 --> 00:03:15.516 very much a work in progress, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 171b8a4d-a860-41aa-8473-30691a823ee0 00:03:15.520 --> 00:03:17.945 so I definitely would appreciate NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 ebf2e468-16cc-413c-a723-a5ff05e553d0 00:03:17.945 --> 00:03:19.400 hearing your comments. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 afc3748e-12f5-4217-b9c2-4d78314954c8 00:03:19.400 --> 00:03:22.460 Your questions and feedback. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 7e80041b-d1f3-495b-a5d0-cb68a0ca6dc4 00:03:22.460 --> 00:03:24.684 So let's get started. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 4f91737c-90bf-4f1b-b5df-9bc2e67d6b01 00:03:24.684 --> 00:03:27.460 Then over the past 50 years, NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 74129674-1a92-4ce4-8bb2-41ecb2f0f6e8 00:03:27.460 --> 00:03:29.404 Vietnam's migration history has NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 82e479e6-fca2-4ce3-aadd-d14dedb5350b 00:03:29.404 --> 00:03:31.348 been characterized by distinct NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 02f7577f-532d-430a-a7b6-417eb40d1fc8 00:03:31.348 --> 00:03:33.802 waves associated with different NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 a81f8f84-c038-423c-ab50-8bd0fb3b32ff 00:03:33.802 --> 00:03:36.418 political and economic imperatives. NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 24729357-1805-4b18-9f0a-2f1003b9a7c5 00:03:36.420 --> 00:03:38.418 Although some of these waves kind NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 feda5bd8-8d47-450c-be8d-18ab77a9b094 00:03:38.418 --> 00:03:40.428 of overlap in terms of timings NOTE Confidence: 0.900195656111111 113c2ab3-155e-4e9c-bd06-c8cf9b758ff0 00:03:40.428 --> 00:03:42.577 and and when they start and stop. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 7edfa334-4e37-4945-964b-189bc5049444 00:03:42.580 --> 00:03:45.428 Uh, the first wave of post war migration? NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 4ce39e9a-58f1-48df-be6b-2481a6c11eed 00:03:45.430 --> 00:03:48.086 Uh, was people who had been kind of, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 462deeaa-0b19-47c9-88f8-48356148b430 00:03:48.090 --> 00:03:51.195 uh, on the side of the US backed former NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 63cbc364-38e0-4c82-989c-de11061187e6 00:03:51.195 --> 00:03:53.630 Republic of Vietnam or South Vietnam. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 e5d1803a-6cdc-4f0a-b13d-e4cc5d90e063 00:03:53.630 --> 00:03:57.032 Uh, which collapsed in 1975 after NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 3e8f56c1-fb28-41f6-bd65-2c29c59bf802 00:03:57.032 --> 00:03:59.300 northern Vietnam communists took NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 9463e9bb-114b-46fd-b55b-7671444008ff 00:03:59.387 --> 00:04:02.047 over and reunified the country, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 07aed56d-da33-4e64-b916-924e2c97d134 00:04:02.050 --> 00:04:04.586 and I used the scare quotes for reunified, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 0ab991f3-b7ca-49a9-87d1-86a53902452c 00:04:04.590 --> 00:04:06.710 'cause that's the official term NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 2006746c-d56f-45d8-86d7-d6714e29bd40 00:04:06.710 --> 00:04:08.739 as written by the Communists. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 706bdc75-0b00-44c4-9237-9a024d4ea5a8 00:04:08.739 --> 00:04:10.055 Southerners were more inclined NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 f2405dd3-30bc-4113-b00b-73afac7cd20a 00:04:10.055 --> 00:04:12.740 to see it as a kind of invasion. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 1bfdd686-17fb-4fd0-af1a-c94bdd655e51 00:04:12.740 --> 00:04:15.512 And those loyal to the former NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 1fc0886e-2c52-43a3-8ec9-1b0fa56a3cab 00:04:15.512 --> 00:04:17.909 regime were often rounded up NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 8b624df2-ef59-4504-bbaf-f385bf114ffd 00:04:17.909 --> 00:04:20.219 and sent to reeducation camps. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 4dc1bb57-03d5-4234-8581-87007c3c4b29 00:04:20.220 --> 00:04:24.350 Having land and assets confiscated from them, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 5a0e5186-8b85-4fd4-9c6c-b4ae847b61e9 00:04:24.350 --> 00:04:26.576 leaving them to face poverty and and NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 611a4f66-6617-4233-8bf8-f9d84fa3318c 00:04:26.576 --> 00:04:28.878 no prospects of getting a decent job. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 a7467700-a185-4fea-b48f-246731d6cabd 00:04:28.880 --> 00:04:32.088 If you had ties to the former regime. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 2311cde6-7eb9-418e-8258-28e637abd87f 00:04:32.090 --> 00:04:34.386 Uhm, but they didn't leave all at once. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 7d3430ac-84ea-46c7-aadb-400f2424dec6 00:04:34.390 --> 00:04:36.310 UM, partly because it was forbidden NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 bba1912c-30f2-41ab-9c43-fadb66859590 00:04:36.310 --> 00:04:38.808 to leave and it was a very difficult NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 1b3a78ed-4436-4b64-a9ae-b02649ae9cb1 00:04:38.808 --> 00:04:41.110 journey to get out of the country, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 25cc9c68-6990-487c-8a74-a6b1ac6c2950 00:04:41.110 --> 00:04:45.620 usually by boat between now. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 e9a454d7-576e-4a91-a290-e7ac5e704a2f 00:04:45.620 --> 00:04:48.733 1985 and 1995. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 6850229b-67a4-4dd9-9c73-390cce80d846 00:04:48.733 --> 00:04:51.105 Around 800,000 people left NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 f8d92568-9017-454e-a729-9895e5447e9a 00:04:51.105 --> 00:04:53.072 Vietnam mainly from the South, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 01cc1aa2-d83a-4443-b593-274abff55913 00:04:53.072 --> 00:04:55.130 but also a significant number of NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 50d299ab-9876-4a1b-bc33-733f3240c24f 00:04:55.201 --> 00:04:57.259 ethnic Chinese living in the north NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 0200679b-16d4-4eda-ae71-b653e31212ea 00:04:57.259 --> 00:04:59.640 who were targeted by the revolution. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 c2696cea-8d51-43db-898b-9b2c7d9576df 00:04:59.640 --> 00:05:01.344 As you know, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 b22ea585-219e-4ebb-8fa5-65c1673544b9 00:05:01.344 --> 00:05:04.184 likely capitalists due to their NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 1b346c8b-c435-43cc-ba6b-a6d221cacfa4 00:05:04.184 --> 00:05:06.240 powerful business networks. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 4199ad22-9ada-4f08-9156-d84a6726d87c 00:05:06.240 --> 00:05:10.015 Uh, so the so called boat people, uhm, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 39954467-924a-446a-ad6c-25c865d8d0fc 00:05:10.015 --> 00:05:12.920 initially sailed to places like Hong Kong, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 ef018521-ae01-4aea-bc13-85e5d535026d 00:05:12.920 --> 00:05:14.792 Indonesia, Malaysia, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 e721d64a-f3d5-4bf8-8dba-cdefa429b9e1 00:05:14.792 --> 00:05:17.600 Philippines or Thailand. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 f689d88c-447d-425f-abb2-e09d54eb6d64 00:05:17.600 --> 00:05:20.687 And there they would end up kind of waiting NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 1e652542-1971-47bc-9f27-09fb66d6e3ac 00:05:20.687 --> 00:05:23.202 around to be accepted as refugees and NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 a43eb803-2b2e-4c8a-8b95-9b6c9b0da5c4 00:05:23.202 --> 00:05:26.317 relocated to a third country such as the USA, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 2240276b-fd95-490b-87c3-214a1ff7f7a7 00:05:26.320 --> 00:05:28.536 Canada, Australia, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 c05ff2e6-6ad5-469c-9a0e-8e951f8f1316 00:05:28.536 --> 00:05:30.752 West Germany, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 7a065b2a-eb7f-4df8-a649-72af35609175 00:05:30.752 --> 00:05:34.059 France and the UK. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 e0075d04-2a5b-443e-9d3e-b79d2838478e 00:05:34.060 --> 00:05:37.636 So uhm, then the these people, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 a01833a6-dbd7-46b6-a08d-ff41053237ab 00:05:37.640 --> 00:05:39.100 the boat people would become NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 fd16e969-af64-4004-bc45-aea474e70583 00:05:39.100 --> 00:05:40.560 citizens of the Western nations, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 3d597cb3-afcc-4f5c-8d68-8ac552d5c2dc 00:05:40.560 --> 00:05:43.626 and in general harbored deep resentments NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 20fd2e23-62ff-4fd2-9f11-9889923c0bce 00:05:43.626 --> 00:05:46.160 towards the Vietnamese communist state. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 ee2bca02-4cb4-456f-a09e-79ae5c533a4a 00:05:46.160 --> 00:05:49.728 And I have an anecdote to emphasize this NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 8ecf3e44-8796-4862-9183-e529b34273fe 00:05:49.728 --> 00:05:53.526 point from several years ago when I was. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 7019705f-4d6e-4f49-8e0b-882e78ab745e 00:05:53.530 --> 00:05:55.693 Living in London and UH had just NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 7ce9f91e-c208-4aec-9f87-42aa174e4e7a 00:05:55.693 --> 00:05:57.671 done a year abroad in Vietnam NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 dd7da80b-453b-407e-b653-e8850bd09d9d 00:05:57.671 --> 00:06:00.132 and had a great time and uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 8a36e01c-9a08-444a-bbe7-1cf516d72fb6 00:06:00.132 --> 00:06:03.084 was visiting a kind of Vietnamese NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 1ca567b1-0830-40d5-90c8-564df46a00fe 00:06:03.084 --> 00:06:05.419 diaspora Community Center in London. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 e5ca5d25-767b-47b2-8f34-342d05f4e94e 00:06:05.420 --> 00:06:07.796 Decided to wear this T shirt that I NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 325d987d-7863-4699-a2d4-7d819fde0f62 00:06:07.796 --> 00:06:10.224 bought in Vietnam which has a red T NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 40b11a80-fb89-4fcc-866e-b6c48e0b8268 00:06:10.224 --> 00:06:12.479 shirt with a a yellow star in the middle. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 84425d91-044e-4b9e-867b-784e53ef4905 00:06:12.480 --> 00:06:15.168 The national flag and and as soon NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 8246e2d9-a16b-4d04-b5dd-5879db5fb9b6 00:06:15.168 --> 00:06:17.658 as I arrived at this center, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 b355f5b5-2997-4319-b363-8e664f043394 00:06:17.660 --> 00:06:19.592 my friend who volunteered their took NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 b1798b95-37af-4725-9700-4568539bab27 00:06:19.592 --> 00:06:21.899 one look at me and immediately took NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 7d367ecc-8264-4bde-9596-d743b85000cf 00:06:21.899 --> 00:06:24.489 me outside and told me that I should NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 c4ea6621-0322-40aa-944a-f2fd96a89c5f 00:06:24.489 --> 00:06:26.349 take off the T shirt immediately NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 24e30d8c-262a-461c-9d70-9dbc7e5d207f 00:06:26.349 --> 00:06:28.780 or put my coat back on because in NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 2605a7ad-dfc7-4316-84cb-d4bf8253fb39 00:06:28.780 --> 00:06:31.120 his words that this was flag was NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 251bb1b8-fc3d-49fb-8d92-1ecfd3678f2e 00:06:31.120 --> 00:06:33.040 a symbol of Communist oppression. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 b53c3b5a-53ad-40a6-b030-dc4c10ae9d6a 00:06:33.040 --> 00:06:35.200 Of the Vietnamese people and I NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 1ebc6ef1-6c70-4570-9786-5fc56078efa3 00:06:35.200 --> 00:06:36.280 was left feeling. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 9fe5d4f5-5e2b-4db3-810a-d66c5f4a30c5 00:06:36.280 --> 00:06:39.105 God the foolish from the NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 16356acd-d2aa-4899-ab0d-79cb2c41eac3 00:06:39.105 --> 00:06:40.800 Vietnamese communists perspective, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 ee0fe832-27ea-49f5-bc85-a37abcff6e6c 00:06:40.800 --> 00:06:41.198 uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 b5721963-83c1-41dd-b624-85ba5b4f1e23 00:06:41.198 --> 00:06:43.984 the boat people were seen as traitors NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 14521f77-efed-49a4-8f0e-5349e09980a5 00:06:43.984 --> 00:06:47.241 who had kind of abandoned their country NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 bbe92454-281b-47b9-9904-e089cd34ab69 00:06:47.241 --> 00:06:50.667 and were also viewed with kind of animosity, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 87b7bfd3-e6db-4db3-ba46-7a17e1b98caf 00:06:50.670 --> 00:06:53.298 at least initially. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 8c769e95-eee1-4791-ad33-84a35eb72176 00:06:53.300 --> 00:06:53.775 Uhm? NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 83b025de-faec-4aee-8150-5ba7c253dca8 00:06:53.775 --> 00:06:57.100 So, uh, that was the first wave. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 8fc7f58b-744f-436b-af49-2023dbfe9c42 00:06:57.100 --> 00:07:00.460 Then moving on to the second wave, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 fdf52e12-d429-43ea-bf0c-0f281b68ee99 00:07:00.460 --> 00:07:00.845 uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 7800bf2a-2ae7-44b2-97d3-ba31b14b60ee 00:07:00.845 --> 00:07:02.770 these are Vietnamese people who NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 0dc6e2a1-e6f4-4e89-80b9-f1c92ff455ea 00:07:02.770 --> 00:07:05.349 manage to migrate to other countries NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 c0e80d9e-38d9-4ca6-b33f-11ebcb058d03 00:07:05.349 --> 00:07:07.759 within the former communist bloc, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 4e1c3948-d7d8-46b6-b746-77cd6c9ae5f5 00:07:07.760 --> 00:07:11.040 like USSR East Germany, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 ccd3a9c8-1cb9-4683-8cb7-550c509391f5 00:07:11.040 --> 00:07:13.376 former Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 c79a9544-1ee9-4c24-98e0-fcc3842b140f 00:07:13.376 --> 00:07:16.160 Poland and so on. NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 1ca12de1-ffba-4ab3-86f0-1798a552319d 00:07:16.160 --> 00:07:17.152 And this, NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 9cd648f6-d60a-4de6-9feb-a69e7f679025 00:07:17.152 --> 00:07:20.272 this kind of migration network has NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 c05bf6a3-a3c4-4522-a751-d9959f178702 00:07:20.272 --> 00:07:22.448 been called socialist mobilities NOTE Confidence: 0.77476137375 837febe1-eae1-49f0-b0cc-5d248ea0c5d5 00:07:22.448 --> 00:07:24.080 and it usually NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 7ca52370-f50b-481d-b9d6-f87f47684346 00:07:24.168 --> 00:07:25.590 involved students. NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 fbede7a4-fdd0-4543-9432-fea68919b05d 00:07:25.590 --> 00:07:28.602 Moving abroad, ostensibly to learn new NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 49eb22e3-9987-48d2-b49e-34b31ceaf271 00:07:28.602 --> 00:07:30.610 technological and manufacturing skills NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 9cab459c-944e-4834-83e9-535aab8bde60 00:07:30.678 --> 00:07:32.827 in order to take back to Vietnam. NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 ff742398-3401-4114-aac7-eafe3cb6f89f 00:07:32.830 --> 00:07:35.040 UM however, many migrants also NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 b16111c6-c95a-4d92-acb8-1b87125c1c7b 00:07:35.040 --> 00:07:37.780 became involved in the black market NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 1d54521e-be00-4175-a5c9-56ed64a0c8ad 00:07:37.780 --> 00:07:39.492 smuggling commodities back to NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 8e72ad1a-a01f-47b6-8d29-29c15a4db3fb 00:07:39.492 --> 00:07:41.632 Vietnam that weren't available during NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 0aef3800-dddc-425c-98e3-035d06df4a71 00:07:41.632 --> 00:07:43.807 the kind of planned economy era. NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 9e964c51-a1de-4a90-ad1d-2b5be6678c2e 00:07:43.810 --> 00:07:46.995 And when the USSR and USSR disbanded NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 f37e1f4b-816d-4961-a87e-3f34b62405b1 00:07:46.995 --> 00:07:49.789 and the Berlin Wall came down, NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 84d579cf-1ec4-4334-b3d0-bb723459ed8e 00:07:49.790 --> 00:07:51.382 many Vietnamese migrants did NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 9a76583c-74bc-4c2a-94ee-69063c5117d5 00:07:51.382 --> 00:07:52.974 not return to Vietnam, NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 02622de6-58e2-4e22-a619-73168b8805f1 00:07:52.980 --> 00:07:55.392 but tried to stay on in these countries and. NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 ddc8e644-8ae3-4dee-8149-457d9e169c66 00:07:55.400 --> 00:07:58.130 Sooner or later have become regularised NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 4d52b2d4-bde9-46eb-8a06-772a8fe46e7b 00:07:58.130 --> 00:08:00.523 as citizens of these countries NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 5aba4f7e-012d-4750-8c4b-c19f565b647f 00:08:00.523 --> 00:08:02.988 in Russia and Eastern Europe. NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 f4f82dec-a484-4818-aa58-2fd3f1bdb1e4 00:08:02.990 --> 00:08:06.606 Compared to the first wave of boat people, NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 fdc2524b-d2a2-443c-abf1-7457afa39ed8 00:08:06.610 --> 00:08:09.634 this second wave a much less hostile to NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 389a070e-cc7f-4283-a05d-ef07c66dd324 00:08:09.634 --> 00:08:12.480 the Vietnamese state and have retained NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 e1161bc6-0388-4aec-9b0f-c143d0956875 00:08:12.480 --> 00:08:15.005 stronger connections with their homeland, NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 271d0a22-c0e3-4311-b72b-bc1c2afd8a52 00:08:15.010 --> 00:08:17.125 and in fact some of Vietnam's NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 f1e0dd17-0653-4cdf-b4c2-0c11683c6815 00:08:17.125 --> 00:08:18.730 richest business tycoons, NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 27fea141-5213-447d-9010-813e75e0cc39 00:08:18.730 --> 00:08:19.800 kind of. NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 19cd5385-0a7a-4118-a3b2-f80e92a5c7b1 00:08:19.800 --> 00:08:22.662 The few billionaires in in Vietnam NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 6f42efe3-125a-4d0d-b1fd-e782a156a707 00:08:22.662 --> 00:08:25.073 and made their initial fortunes NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 8d2cc4de-043c-4710-98e9-f9b01237a624 00:08:25.073 --> 00:08:28.682 in the kind of Wild West era of NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 875699c3-47f8-4b8f-aaf6-609e0bb883fb 00:08:28.682 --> 00:08:30.530 post Soviet Eastern Europe. NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 9b29a727-a6e6-4372-a3d7-4755d13371ea 00:08:30.530 --> 00:08:32.215 Then kind of before buying NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 f071775c-0c3c-43d8-9a73-7262f55d4e71 00:08:32.215 --> 00:08:33.900 up cheap land in Vietnam, NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 8cbb8b45-3011-4ce5-ada7-dc864c83ce1f 00:08:33.900 --> 00:08:36.707 which is subsequently shot up in value. NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 6b5fe7ae-945c-48ff-9d32-fce6a3b8f002 00:08:36.710 --> 00:08:38.789 So this is an important kind of NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 cb131eeb-30cc-4439-a1ba-3997b6a3cfbb 00:08:38.789 --> 00:08:40.675 part of the political economy NOTE Confidence: 0.874480654166667 d71fa3f4-11e5-402d-9111-0348236c3316 00:08:40.675 --> 00:08:42.519 of Vietnam these days. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 c334d8fb-837e-4cbb-a97b-9ebaddc80e6c 00:08:44.730 --> 00:08:46.390 Now into the third wave. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 4b7224e0-2d29-4e6b-a7bf-1e86042dba35 00:08:46.390 --> 00:08:49.930 Since the mid 1980s economic reforms, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 a42c9d2e-da61-4e5d-af65-b0cd4540a7b9 00:08:49.930 --> 00:08:52.060 uh, Vietnam's economy and population NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 1adade69-20f3-4663-94f6-655bf841c021 00:08:52.060 --> 00:08:53.764 has steadily been growing, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 e7e74397-68fe-4c00-be18-34814d63333f 00:08:53.770 --> 00:08:55.594 and after the fall of the Communist bloc, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 7110ee22-3fad-45be-88a3-e5a6e6349d1d 00:08:55.600 --> 00:08:58.966 Vietnam had to normalize trading relations NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 1c3b5f80-036d-447f-87fd-2c0aeefbce45 00:08:58.966 --> 00:09:01.210 with the international community. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 fe7d5b30-6cba-4b43-8796-a5020c2cc5d7 00:09:01.210 --> 00:09:04.360 They only became a member of ASEAN NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 9e07c621-cd62-408b-97c9-fa4b7a6ad16c 00:09:04.360 --> 00:09:07.078 in 1995 and then the World Trade NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 73e3dce6-0fd4-4bb0-b789-0a8784007ce5 00:09:07.078 --> 00:09:08.974 Organization as late as 2007, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 02fe1443-97cf-4a85-a0f7-8f2f8b003ed9 00:09:08.974 --> 00:09:11.278 but from the late 90s onwards, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 43277a87-2804-4884-b0af-5e657412e57f 00:09:11.280 --> 00:09:13.588 really, Vietnam began signing. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 0f7227cb-d944-4c04-9708-bdde37cb95eb 00:09:13.588 --> 00:09:15.896 Bilateral agreements with countries NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 8599d62d-f245-4761-904f-0ebed29623d9 00:09:15.896 --> 00:09:19.378 like Taiwan, Japan, South Korea. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 f6b8b40a-5a71-4104-af1b-4878f2d0e144 00:09:19.378 --> 00:09:22.758 Malaysia and Singapore and these, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 ad2c8436-878a-427a-b8a2-b29f22c9c031 00:09:22.758 --> 00:09:25.902 uh, were to facilitate low skilled NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 f9623482-75a5-42ef-b612-a38110dc7c5f 00:09:25.902 --> 00:09:28.679 migration labor migration pathways. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 94c9deed-51c4-4655-8275-b7ef935e5102 00:09:28.680 --> 00:09:32.784 So by 2019, Vietnam had officially NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 9ee1a215-d605-46db-950b-288d4f28bd94 00:09:32.784 --> 00:09:35.144 employed 150,000 migrants. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 5c18bfcf-29fd-4392-996b-36fbb66ad17b 00:09:35.144 --> 00:09:39.329 Migrant workers around 50,000 women. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 47e62f49-c90a-454a-8490-f043ed750bba 00:09:39.330 --> 00:09:41.800 And the top destination countries. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 66cc2d34-451c-405b-891b-1f8613c07a18 00:09:41.800 --> 00:09:45.538 For regular migrant migration where Japan, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 d99ad79a-89d6-4aaf-a308-4b1df7af32ad 00:09:45.540 --> 00:09:49.210 Taiwan, China, South Korea and. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 468b1af3-2856-459c-8fc4-af683a0af24a 00:09:49.210 --> 00:09:52.240 Sound Arabia mainly in jobs like NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 f14ddf31-5a05-47e8-843e-ae50443f2709 00:09:52.240 --> 00:09:55.060 factories or as domestic workers. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 0d89e96e-e681-4d97-a13c-89198e540e18 00:09:55.060 --> 00:09:57.185 Official working visas are often NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 8a89d813-6af4-4eb2-9097-3ecc95a20a2a 00:09:57.185 --> 00:10:00.219 sponsored by and tide to a specific NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 3a699f00-1a3c-48fd-ad81-263b944b073a 00:10:00.219 --> 00:10:02.294 employer in the high income. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 ba2f962a-6799-4e90-ba16-699bfe45cc03 00:10:02.300 --> 00:10:03.788 Higher, uh, yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 1fad7368-c067-470b-8d4e-8366331f2d66 00:10:03.788 --> 00:10:06.268 more developed country and this NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 3707e8a1-713d-4bd0-8706-ed54bfef84af 00:10:06.268 --> 00:10:08.661 makes Vietnamese laborers vulnerable NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 8183da02-e1b1-4d1b-9e37-6d01d8838603 00:10:08.661 --> 00:10:10.805 to exploitation since they're not NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 7cd92a61-f902-49ac-9b27-768c508a3119 00:10:10.805 --> 00:10:12.730 allowed to simply leave and look for NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 7784c9f7-44ab-49c5-9dfb-72e8c64251a1 00:10:12.784 --> 00:10:14.620 other work according to their visas. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 f3c732f4-b6f3-4010-b191-f01ae4c68436 00:10:14.620 --> 00:10:15.262 Nevertheless, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 12fea984-5898-4ffd-a82c-78683d9569ee 00:10:15.262 --> 00:10:17.830 the Vietnamese Government actively NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 49bb5d9b-0d56-4017-a60a-5e0870bfc3e9 00:10:17.830 --> 00:10:20.398 encourages this regularised labor NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 9ad2edb3-965c-498d-95a8-32796353938b 00:10:20.398 --> 00:10:22.855 migration route in order to mitigate NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 63cdf079-eb33-4037-9cd7-7fc320b90bb1 00:10:22.855 --> 00:10:25.694 the kind of high levels of unemployment. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 2e2d1066-0f12-4930-b084-1225912fec5a 00:10:25.694 --> 00:10:26.788 In Vietnam, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 9fb9be3d-62e6-4298-86d6-36d2dd2e28f3 00:10:26.788 --> 00:10:30.560 and also benefit from remittances sent back. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 16352596-a4b0-4ed4-8449-7ca3c2efe3db 00:10:30.560 --> 00:10:33.157 So so that we got three waves. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 dc855616-48b3-4f7e-b8b9-6908ee62fdc3 00:10:33.160 --> 00:10:36.568 Now we got the boat people or the NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 2d10c8bf-0cea-43e1-9829-2bb24b77f436 00:10:36.568 --> 00:10:38.581 socialist mobilities regularised low NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 aa76f9f0-9365-4ddc-b7fa-f16edf93d5e0 00:10:38.581 --> 00:10:42.002 skilled labor and finally the 4th NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 20b87ee8-8338-4685-9790-5cecb80273dd 00:10:42.002 --> 00:10:45.157 wave are irregular labor migrants. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 ca58d8f9-b4b8-457c-9359-b18e647a7d37 00:10:45.160 --> 00:10:47.272 And this is pretty much simultaneous NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 8e6cecb4-1b87-4d61-a2c8-d3c7d9a62516 00:10:47.272 --> 00:10:50.204 with the 3rd wave and has steadily been NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 7c065ef4-1cc2-4212-975d-4f1cf6f5c768 00:10:50.204 --> 00:10:53.219 growing after the over the past 20 years. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 1e37c397-2677-4506-85cb-e85e02d46fdf 00:10:53.220 --> 00:10:55.668 But here migration is not taken NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 cb98c646-690c-408b-ac62-c1e0de2801ed 00:10:55.668 --> 00:10:57.872 through the state approved avenues NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 0f6581dc-6ca8-49b9-8ca4-8691887a1c62 00:10:57.872 --> 00:11:00.367 but rather through illegal border NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 8071dbfa-3e45-4964-b224-3edc9b02ae27 00:11:00.367 --> 00:11:02.363 crossings and informal labor. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 0d535351-4961-4c8f-bd69-8ce54b079473 00:11:02.370 --> 00:11:04.040 Uhm? NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 416d9041-e8fd-4297-9600-d69d13ec19d7 00:11:04.040 --> 00:11:05.792 This happens a lot, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 927d961a-fbe0-475d-a2d6-425bd1413928 00:11:05.792 --> 00:11:09.342 a kind of a short distance migrations. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 c6ce23d5-5152-489e-98c6-a364b79f2895 00:11:09.342 --> 00:11:10.458 For example, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 6e4d8c01-ed5f-471d-85a3-7e44c9887d85 00:11:10.460 --> 00:11:12.480 Vietnamese nationals crossing the NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 e92ad31f-3d27-43be-9c40-b1ef4df97cb5 00:11:12.480 --> 00:11:15.005 Sino Vietnamese border to work NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 37af62d3-54dd-4739-adcb-510f7768f21e 00:11:15.005 --> 00:11:17.570 in southern China for a half a NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 f5470521-1e3b-4d9b-a411-2400048803b8 00:11:17.570 --> 00:11:19.715 year on sugar cane plantations, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 8a7096bd-5538-4de6-9605-08a7c39e8b4e 00:11:19.715 --> 00:11:22.244 and then returning to Vietnam each NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 381e375d-7f7b-434b-9614-7d3e486bd518 00:11:22.244 --> 00:11:25.300 year for the kind of new year period. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 f7b9ed8a-ca0e-4246-90bf-9754a7d5b2ba 00:11:25.300 --> 00:11:27.620 But others, mostly young people, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 63215e95-9aa0-4337-949c-be2840af1faf 00:11:27.620 --> 00:11:29.660 are attempting longer, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 d3ee86c0-577b-4f35-b2fa-af2a545cecda 00:11:29.660 --> 00:11:32.380 irregular journeys into Russia, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 25a9585b-016a-4f4e-bc39-36ef3bf033af 00:11:32.380 --> 00:11:35.604 Europe, and all the way to the UK. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 f8846abd-4716-4627-9e38-0c889e492e22 00:11:35.610 --> 00:11:39.450 And so the undocumented migrants that I'm uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 01ea9013-63ef-412f-afe3-00c1f1a05eaf 00:11:39.450 --> 00:11:41.526 currently researching here in the UK, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 0c703806-cd59-4ff1-a121-a859f0807171 00:11:41.530 --> 00:11:43.738 are part of this 4th wave. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 b58708be-32f9-4249-be02-84e1e806b386 00:11:43.740 --> 00:11:44.835 To get here. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 8c7925d0-1b31-4fc4-b332-fed7fedf65e7 00:11:44.835 --> 00:11:46.295 One of my interviews, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 14cb5946-49c1-45fc-862c-e18d7c5ceded 00:11:46.300 --> 00:11:49.562 one of my interviewees flew from Vietnam NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 0daab534-7e3c-431c-8d3e-8bc8062bd079 00:11:49.562 --> 00:11:52.540 to Turkey via Malaysia and this is NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 7435e652-2da3-4b31-bf1d-08301e0f67ef 00:11:52.540 --> 00:11:56.586 the kind of red map on red line on the map. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 f57e7a1b-ed3d-4873-b28b-36627f8a8a0d 00:11:56.590 --> 00:11:58.319 Cross the border to Greece on the NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 6d85af9d-0baf-4f3f-b5bf-d8fd2ae1f717 00:11:58.319 --> 00:11:59.931 back of the van before getting NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 1d04f36d-6fa0-41c5-a6a2-60b359bfb3fc 00:11:59.931 --> 00:12:01.814 stuck there for half a year to NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 57ed20a0-e516-4aeb-8e38-3987b7762c44 00:12:01.878 --> 00:12:03.308 due to the COVID lockdown. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 45b40adf-44cb-41b2-8952-98dd941d81ae 00:12:03.310 --> 00:12:05.530 He then tried to cross into NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 910509b1-96e6-47d3-9d7d-45461101caee 00:12:05.530 --> 00:12:07.010 Bulgaria more than once, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 d4cabcae-8656-4133-9e58-51895dbb0a95 00:12:07.010 --> 00:12:09.229 but was caught by the border police NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 3be894d9-390e-4fc4-85a2-fed2167e6c82 00:12:09.229 --> 00:12:11.500 beaten up and sent back and eventually, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 97db10eb-1e9d-4715-9d18-b7b194779e91 00:12:11.500 --> 00:12:13.845 after a night's walk through the forest, NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 0c19e769-5abf-4133-8f25-08d08e104484 00:12:13.850 --> 00:12:16.148 he got into Bulgaria before being NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 bdb60219-184a-4804-977a-c4b8e3a28479 00:12:16.148 --> 00:12:18.459 picked up and driven to Sophia. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 e907662e-8119-4cb3-8d8b-6416abe48e83 00:12:18.460 --> 00:12:21.445 This is all facilitated by NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 31526f0c-f757-413f-9da5-6ea5bd9727b1 00:12:21.445 --> 00:12:26.090 migration brokers or smugglers who. NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 5c2240dc-7bd8-44ea-8292-6ef82e8fe412 00:12:26.090 --> 00:12:28.757 The migrants pay a lot of money NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 69f648e2-3f63-4074-9e5e-591ab1849610 00:12:28.757 --> 00:12:32.050 to get their services come from NOTE Confidence: 0.730514884 53018364-952d-48ce-918a-7ec424b1f19c 00:12:32.050 --> 00:12:36.130 there's you got north into Romania NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 32758238-84d1-4639-b0cf-9bffda8a12e9 00:12:36.130 --> 00:12:37.550 and then West into Hungary. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 949b3c75-c1d3-44ee-953e-246bb16df4bd 00:12:37.550 --> 00:12:39.734 Crossing a river bias with a small NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 141c6a9d-0e4b-41f3-bf87-6fcc99329169 00:12:39.734 --> 00:12:41.810 boat during which he lost his phone, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 c2437cf4-7c1d-47f5-a622-64a994d20b40 00:12:41.810 --> 00:12:43.590 which dropped into the water. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 4bdaed14-e08d-44d2-b58d-e16ba41c42ad 00:12:43.590 --> 00:12:45.218 It's crazy story really, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 a938050b-c179-4f5e-bdf1-ee736a1d6401 00:12:45.218 --> 00:12:48.187 and from Budapest he traveled on a NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 e35de852-31fd-490f-b9a9-30121973810f 00:12:48.187 --> 00:12:50.447 fake Chinese passport into Slovakia, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 9e6eb424-650b-4e13-8205-96770d842c8b 00:12:50.450 --> 00:12:52.118 drove into Austria, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 a7c3bce4-84c2-49c0-958a-d55420307a9e 00:12:52.118 --> 00:12:54.673 Czech Republic, and then finally, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 fb028f05-2ad7-4c58-b7d3-1f9df825df60 00:12:54.673 --> 00:12:56.597 well, not finally Berlin. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 94dce28c-1eb9-4a8f-a559-013e06d6d24e 00:12:56.600 --> 00:13:00.555 A A long car drive to Belgium and NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 47b1d9ab-ec9d-49b9-8912-1a99d02425c0 00:13:00.555 --> 00:13:02.582 then Dunkirk in France where he NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 f7bd0a86-5a68-43ba-b70b-179a148fc124 00:13:02.582 --> 00:13:05.070 stayed for a month in a kind of. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 99cf5c6c-e5d9-4c51-9005-f91980063808 00:13:05.070 --> 00:13:08.052 10 basically and then in the evening NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 40dbd6f8-168c-496a-996f-9c746b48ff5d 00:13:08.052 --> 00:13:10.524 someone drove him down to the NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 8ac679ca-e65a-4587-bf92-64d3be1604de 00:13:10.524 --> 00:13:12.750 beach where they boarded a boat NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 74396900-a739-4bbd-b537-aecd95f78837 00:13:12.750 --> 00:13:15.408 and crossed the English Channel. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 2de144eb-1259-478a-8477-f4f5858e8442 00:13:15.410 --> 00:13:17.654 One night when they waded out NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 6089d1ff-91cf-448d-bbd0-8c2ed91299bc 00:13:17.654 --> 00:13:19.150 to launch the boat, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 ccbf1edd-acbb-47db-ac04-759e7a357098 00:13:19.150 --> 00:13:21.422 his clothes got soaking wet and he was NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 a29fd83e-44e9-41a3-bbf0-85e143501bd5 00:13:21.422 --> 00:13:23.527 freezing in his wet clothes overnight. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 3e1b26b1-e310-4fb3-acbc-1ec9e4bb2baf 00:13:23.530 --> 00:13:26.362 What I'm trying to emphasize here is that NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 89f42d40-8e47-486e-b7e8-5cd346232ffa 00:13:26.362 --> 00:13:29.489 this 4th wave migration is very dangerous. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 ed95335a-4cfc-4900-80df-104d76a95f7b 00:13:29.490 --> 00:13:31.438 It's a scary ordeal. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 ecbd6ff2-c3a7-4274-8079-b8e1ebcc98bd 00:13:31.438 --> 00:13:33.873 People often getting sick and NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 34fe59a9-e91c-495b-b4bb-5af377ca14ed 00:13:33.873 --> 00:13:35.538 traumatized along the way. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 b13ebae2-af27-4872-8d46-3f3449741976 00:13:35.540 --> 00:13:38.270 They also incur large debts to finance NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 c0fa32e2-0e98-46cb-8656-767863470561 00:13:38.270 --> 00:13:41.399 the journey and pay the migration brokers. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 09839cd0-c9c3-4e88-a928-babca90e40cf 00:13:41.400 --> 00:13:43.692 But there are also potential big NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 5a97b90e-7f71-4f75-be59-80c87d66cbb4 00:13:43.692 --> 00:13:46.330 rewards for those who make it to NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 d75bbdc8-5dc4-49c5-8699-eb2a7b5fd6fb 00:13:46.330 --> 00:13:48.752 Europe and find some half decent work, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 3a9cf06e-a793-47ac-8bda-b3fcc501363a 00:13:48.760 --> 00:13:52.134 usually in a nail salon or restaurant. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 375b158d-e631-4360-917a-a788eadd01b4 00:13:52.140 --> 00:13:55.332 Even the UK minimum wage or below NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 9b6a8999-726f-4719-8155-a4cb960a1491 00:13:55.332 --> 00:13:57.810 the UK minimum wage is enough NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 95743d05-1545-4053-8c67-d446a7836755 00:13:57.810 --> 00:13:59.560 for migrants to start saving, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 69276da4-9a5d-4595-ac4b-fc5369b8d061 00:13:59.560 --> 00:14:01.475 paying off their debts and NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 7e4307e7-8d57-4cca-a8c3-40d260f508da 00:14:01.475 --> 00:14:03.007 sending remittances back home. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 e8c4d691-e4c4-4616-a7d2-1b98f0212369 00:14:03.010 --> 00:14:04.714 There's also the hope of being NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 e31610b4-86d5-4eb4-b398-d4d0b8abe804 00:14:04.714 --> 00:14:06.907 able to stay here long term even NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 4556482f-03fa-4a8c-a69f-7f1cb06dccd9 00:14:06.907 --> 00:14:08.227 though they travel here, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 91d6a321-23ee-4493-b933-49919be8ce32 00:14:08.230 --> 00:14:08.701 uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 5caecad8-2e38-467f-9ed8-95caf49bf69b 00:14:08.701 --> 00:14:11.527 irregularly and many of them apply NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 efd75d3f-b250-4614-9465-17f96e9f1b73 00:14:11.527 --> 00:14:14.582 for asylum and try and or try and NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 18f6f630-5d8d-4207-b8c7-cf40fc798bdb 00:14:14.582 --> 00:14:17.016 get legal residence residency by NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 0ce09eb8-1e12-44d7-8d24-8f14cdeb4ec4 00:14:17.016 --> 00:14:21.144 saying merry marrying a UK citizen. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 d61ca590-9699-4f01-afe5-0f4cdb6e4fe9 00:14:21.150 --> 00:14:23.215 So there's kind of overview NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 b0e4f074-ce96-45b1-b18e-e39f671519c3 00:14:23.215 --> 00:14:25.586 of the history of, UM, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 97780b9b-53b7-46eb-8cf7-33504ce36d8a 00:14:25.586 --> 00:14:27.734 Vietnamese labor migration. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 92a452b4-90c2-4ee2-b2b1-011fc8e121b2 00:14:27.734 --> 00:14:29.714 Uh, in my remaining time, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 f37c2a07-bfe2-4eff-8f5f-c224c8f9dd96 00:14:29.714 --> 00:14:32.624 I want to discuss some of the salient NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 c8fae95e-262a-45f4-bf33-3bcb18be2b15 00:14:32.624 --> 00:14:34.508 features and implications for. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 b61a7af7-94de-4715-92ba-e0e49ce4e1f4 00:14:34.510 --> 00:14:34.869 Uhm, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 ae83ca39-3830-450a-a3a3-43128523a043 00:14:34.869 --> 00:14:37.023 really for kind of the idea NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 7839ba4b-fed0-488b-a466-022f5fd667c5 00:14:37.023 --> 00:14:40.069 of is this kind of beneficial NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 c4505999-3aab-46c0-81d3-fd09e85d4e8a 00:14:40.069 --> 00:14:41.950 to Vietnamese development. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 016de288-78fd-4ea3-9f30-85ca69f519e1 00:14:41.950 --> 00:14:43.936 Is this an opportunity for empowerment NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 54b8db31-15f2-4697-acef-a9eda572354f 00:14:43.936 --> 00:14:46.740 for people or is it just the kind of NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 d7a3ebe1-99fa-4f16-b513-0c963d68e3c2 00:14:46.740 --> 00:14:48.820 way that people are getting exploited? NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 bf4cda94-c602-4a07-a32e-86b0c3c0dba1 00:14:48.820 --> 00:14:51.004 So the first thing to say is NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 eabc405b-07e2-48c5-939f-c758be8f47f1 00:14:51.004 --> 00:14:52.963 that although I've talked about NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 89cca98f-849f-4932-bf7d-b9ecf0d703e4 00:14:52.963 --> 00:14:54.867 four distinct migration waves, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 328870da-1e1d-4950-8119-7a555050160f 00:14:54.870 --> 00:14:57.142 in fact these waves kind of overlap and NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 ccaa2c0b-edd4-4c0e-ba3d-821931440116 00:14:57.142 --> 00:14:59.603 get mixed up with in people's complex NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 5416b8ed-e00d-418f-a4ef-3ae8394fe516 00:14:59.603 --> 00:15:01.068 migration, journeys and networks. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 888004d5-a8de-45de-bcc4-168f8b8defc4 00:15:01.068 --> 00:15:02.166 So, for example, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 3be901c7-0830-430c-9499-924bcc1bf485 00:15:02.170 --> 00:15:04.300 let's imagine a guy called Ling. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 2714e4f5-2c57-4a58-8b3d-4f7be70da015 00:15:04.300 --> 00:15:04.564 Uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 ffbafdd0-15ab-4167-a6fd-a07b29e46e67 00:15:04.564 --> 00:15:06.940 that guy at the front in the middle we NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 c9046d24-4bbb-4fe8-b770-5033ed5e45bc 00:15:07.007 --> 00:15:09.394 call him Ling and maybe he originally, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 2382d2bd-36a3-41ed-9152-60897c256e35 00:15:09.400 --> 00:15:09.838 uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 29974c75-22a5-4685-915c-82afe61d5893 00:15:09.838 --> 00:15:13.780 migrated to Malaysia on a on a working visa. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 f9b97860-7215-466a-96b1-cd4a90ad2ca4 00:15:13.780 --> 00:15:15.824 So that's the third wave and there NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 0862fd61-e4c2-4d7a-ac8d-9f40ba18a56c 00:15:15.824 --> 00:15:18.203 you got a taste for living abroad NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 7f148643-dd35-40e6-b683-e931bbcefd67 00:15:18.203 --> 00:15:20.351 and and working abroad but was NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 0cacbfe1-9af9-4b4d-9b9d-ab572849095b 00:15:20.426 --> 00:15:22.551 unsatisfied with the low wages NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 2ccf0b89-36e2-4eed-bad6-9008b44a0fe8 00:15:22.551 --> 00:15:24.676 or poor working conditions there. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 fca595ac-60cd-4a05-87a3-b14f36190e6d 00:15:24.680 --> 00:15:27.627 So upon return to Vietnam he makes NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 92a14a2e-7641-4365-9ed1-6ae1da2e2c9f 00:15:27.627 --> 00:15:30.819 a new plans to migrate to Europe NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 1dc4e91f-0b5a-457f-9c86-1059a36cf4a0 00:15:30.820 --> 00:15:33.156 and in the hopes of a better job. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 d709c163-afac-4ea3-aed7-c72eba278c0f 00:15:33.160 --> 00:15:35.687 And maybe he winds up somewhere like. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 c7cd0093-9cc6-456f-b034-cfbccaad45ba 00:15:35.690 --> 00:15:38.170 The Czech Republic, uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 716bb1fb-8a31-4f8e-92b5-4feecfda2a91 00:15:38.170 --> 00:15:43.322 and uh works for UM, a former second wave. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 873c9778-7a99-41e4-9b9f-5f19acecd648 00:15:43.322 --> 00:15:47.026 Socialist mobility is guy who is now NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 f20be536-e372-4d72-8bbc-0b87670474cf 00:15:47.026 --> 00:15:50.687 at a Czech citizen of Vietnamese origin. NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 97c15882-1f3a-4112-ad9d-58eceef5d8dd 00:15:50.690 --> 00:15:53.462 From here come he might try his NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 dbb37c82-0618-4421-b03a-2f9e2872c84e 00:15:53.462 --> 00:15:55.251 luck migrating further West A NOTE Confidence: 0.891135766 092f14f9-7ba0-415a-9f5c-2d9ad6204915 00:15:55.251 --> 00:15:57.363 to the UK where he works in a NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 237e354f-6812-45ff-a455-6f3a6103b607 00:15:57.437 --> 00:16:00.589 nail salon for a former first wave refugee, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 efa33027-6004-4bc8-b686-e6e1417dd699 00:16:00.590 --> 00:16:03.145 the boat person or the boat people. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 d670e5c1-c704-4d61-b605-891c60f93ae0 00:16:03.150 --> 00:16:05.474 Uh, and because most migrants do not NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 b391eebf-576e-45fd-bc34-7c482303caf1 00:16:05.474 --> 00:16:08.048 speak English or other foreign languages, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 388efbc8-cb3c-413f-946f-3c936fa67caa 00:16:08.050 --> 00:16:10.354 they are forced to rely on these kind NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 3f8323dc-d62b-4d76-a148-5479a9195ba4 00:16:10.354 --> 00:16:12.990 of other Vietnamese networks, which, uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 a9953813-b819-4a13-a0ef-0b95c26531fc 00:16:12.990 --> 00:16:16.440 you know they can be very helpful but and NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 a0716dab-192b-4b9e-bfbd-7039f2735b1d 00:16:16.440 --> 00:16:19.275 also lead them make them vulnerable to NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 c2d2f83a-3683-4a4e-86d5-bcb996f1f827 00:16:19.280 --> 00:16:23.240 Co ethnic exploitation as we're seeing. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 ab9aa376-4cd8-4b4b-8715-7a1c3a880294 00:16:23.240 --> 00:16:25.262 So the second feature worth bearing NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 dab7cc1d-6406-4072-bc8e-74a14eb82ef9 00:16:25.262 --> 00:16:27.041 in mind is that, UM, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 867f17b1-fd29-4560-aff6-73ce4b30ea64 00:16:27.041 --> 00:16:29.627 Vietnamese labor migrants tend to come NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 70887450-a4ee-4120-b342-9853f3de78cc 00:16:29.627 --> 00:16:32.340 from highly localized sending communities. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 f22e88cf-d589-4b20-b6e1-7d3395a32be9 00:16:32.340 --> 00:16:35.502 The state has targeted migrant recruits NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 6151ffa0-08e3-4930-aa3f-6c4fe8195a60 00:16:35.502 --> 00:16:37.989 from particularly poor districts for NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 e8200907-11eb-4d12-b9ef-830afcb5ed34 00:16:37.989 --> 00:16:40.263 its third wave labor export programs NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 9bc5c4a3-612e-41e0-8324-9379ff5b2b05 00:16:40.263 --> 00:16:42.983 in the hope that these migration NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 097a5230-b837-4319-b4ed-736880fc7585 00:16:42.983 --> 00:16:45.995 remittances will boost the local economy, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 7cd8ac2b-6395-4f37-86da-128c92ed6aa5 00:16:46.000 --> 00:16:49.018 and similarly with the 4th wave, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 eb665830-c061-45c3-8a78-0175bc74f563 00:16:49.020 --> 00:16:51.540 everyone who gets to the UK is basically NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 9c1a1b4d-7d19-4075-8d45-81a358493d16 00:16:51.540 --> 00:16:54.479 from a handful of provinces in central NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 1bb908aa-0d0a-42b7-adae-037924ce2904 00:16:54.479 --> 00:16:56.790 Vietnam, and they've got this really NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 d63d0c73-6b10-4055-b72f-1bc012dd8cfd 00:16:56.790 --> 00:16:58.278 thick Vietnamese Midlands accent, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 ea38a854-1957-40a6-9723-a23bc1bf3d63 00:16:58.280 --> 00:17:01.178 which I find very difficult to understand. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 902e8d6b-29a4-41a4-a2bd-d914561ded79 00:17:01.180 --> 00:17:04.030 Having learned the Hanoi dialect. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 90ef3e94-aa50-4236-96b0-cccfc3fbe406 00:17:04.030 --> 00:17:06.004 So often you'll get large groups of NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 8fd3ff51-c2b4-4292-b535-42962c176cc3 00:17:06.004 --> 00:17:07.664 migrants living in, say, Coventry. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 0fe4be25-e07d-47fb-9906-b6059198bc5b 00:17:07.664 --> 00:17:10.106 They're all from the same hometown NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 80ed844f-0680-460d-91cb-bc16a4e7b71a 00:17:10.106 --> 00:17:12.569 or even the same home village, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 fdcda5eb-f2b4-447b-83ac-1e01305f4e53 00:17:12.570 --> 00:17:16.350 and this is because these migration pathways, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 cdb0c6d0-5db2-4ca5-9cce-90efa7148831 00:17:16.350 --> 00:17:19.389 a form where. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 e5605614-593f-4417-9d78-24826deec7d0 00:17:19.390 --> 00:17:20.122 Everyone in. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 522ee7ac-97e9-4057-a0ee-c878c452ad63 00:17:20.122 --> 00:17:22.318 And there's been no someone who's NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 3c217403-4ad4-433d-82d6-228ea7c09c05 00:17:22.318 --> 00:17:24.448 already migrated to somewhere in Europe, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 5d712030-0505-42b7-8406-9fe425790341 00:17:24.450 --> 00:17:26.858 and you can ask them for information NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 482c5144-6614-4efe-a6df-488228adbaf9 00:17:26.858 --> 00:17:29.618 and use the same migration brokers, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 df15903c-10fc-4347-97f5-3ed8f41946ea 00:17:29.620 --> 00:17:32.161 the same loan sharks to borrow money NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 9f5eb908-45eb-4129-8a3c-7e437116b5c4 00:17:32.161 --> 00:17:34.930 from and then work for these people. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 066c6acf-9a9d-495d-977a-82bf376f798d 00:17:34.930 --> 00:17:37.621 Or hope try and find work for these people NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 817fd55f-bea6-4d33-b0c0-6d0f690e6d15 00:17:37.621 --> 00:17:40.146 when you reach the destination country. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 f38d0c8d-bc93-4f52-84af-6d558ffae2ec 00:17:40.150 --> 00:17:41.770 And the more people that go, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 4b8f20c6-3463-4fe2-9dfa-08ded9b053f1 00:17:41.770 --> 00:17:44.980 the more this kind of migration NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 9a9a68a2-9a70-4efb-b949-2f1b2c68760a 00:17:44.980 --> 00:17:46.585 pathways becomes solidified. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 c6aab9a2-c053-403f-a18c-4f059ac1b0a3 00:17:46.590 --> 00:17:50.230 It becomes almost a self fulfilling prophecy. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 6e3c5ac3-7f05-489f-afae-490b6524339e 00:17:50.230 --> 00:17:50.696 Uhm, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 cbdea7ff-720a-4203-853d-99c9c34296ec 00:17:50.696 --> 00:17:55.410 and uh and then back in the hometown you also NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 d04a4a8d-935a-4794-a34a-50252a410ca6 00:17:55.410 --> 00:17:57.874 start to see the impact of these remittances, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 6934c13c-440c-4aba-8e23-c7b153c31f14 00:17:57.880 --> 00:18:00.386 which are sent back home and uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 61c55d4b-3618-4b00-9d6b-93db4059bf31 00:18:00.390 --> 00:18:01.534 for example, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 e427b4bf-567e-439a-b7de-313ee649dd5f 00:18:01.534 --> 00:18:03.895 some sending families, uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 121d957f-e980-4047-bf41-ff4de920aac7 00:18:03.895 --> 00:18:07.120 where the the migrants have NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 b031fbf4-fc21-4456-8905-b27771aaef8a 00:18:07.120 --> 00:18:10.380 found some decent regular work. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 8ce74e06-5e35-4c19-91ee-aabec99679a0 00:18:10.380 --> 00:18:12.390 It enables the families back home NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 4741bab4-62c6-4d58-a475-d7ca71b61202 00:18:12.390 --> 00:18:14.420 to build these fancy new houses NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 1068f8a0-1e35-46f4-ac0c-37e260476e62 00:18:14.420 --> 00:18:15.938 which are very visible for the NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 13351be2-9e48-4593-8297-63525211e0a9 00:18:15.938 --> 00:18:17.350 rest of the community to see. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 2389d82e-8166-4710-9b1c-426bf68731e8 00:18:17.350 --> 00:18:19.246 So here in in the picture NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 0b11ee02-5661-4b9c-a0c1-8f2dc0299ca0 00:18:19.246 --> 00:18:21.340 you can see this is a very. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 09d429c6-293c-4f9e-aace-c8d8c09c55d8 00:18:21.340 --> 00:18:25.399 Small a town in the middle of nowhere really, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 41daa510-ad5d-44f5-a799-5cc75fb526d5 00:18:25.400 --> 00:18:26.520 but just in the background. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 90d67f9a-8a15-435a-8acb-2e736aa6cd98 00:18:26.520 --> 00:18:30.727 This is high-rise kind of three story. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 11bd216f-3697-40c5-8ba0-a40600b84e19 00:18:30.730 --> 00:18:31.142 House, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 6e5f3e80-22d1-47fa-9621-638bc1ad7e0c 00:18:31.142 --> 00:18:33.614 which you know looks very grand NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 669ea60d-1160-46cf-98d4-a983c20d22d8 00:18:33.614 --> 00:18:36.474 compared to the kind of a huts, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 a4d93756-d224-457c-aa39-84de17d2eb93 00:18:36.474 --> 00:18:39.486 and you know basic houses in NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 a8a5b58b-c73c-463f-a3ba-8c2937652082 00:18:39.490 --> 00:18:40.888 on the rest of the street. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 09b6d55b-e5d2-475f-ae64-eee0a7978c80 00:18:40.890 --> 00:18:42.026 So you have this. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 f369ef96-b9af-4bf1-9347-a8359b0cf137 00:18:42.026 --> 00:18:42.566 So yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 5693d640-fb4d-4416-9bd2-edea7af52bdb 00:18:42.566 --> 00:18:43.846 there's this kind of keeping NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 ce00669d-c41a-4639-9665-75545281b18a 00:18:43.846 --> 00:18:45.350 up with the Joneses pressure, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 0644cbed-47e3-419e-ad04-c69c7886541c 00:18:45.350 --> 00:18:47.462 where more and more families want to send NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 40a5780c-aabd-47f2-8d72-6a3868260370 00:18:47.462 --> 00:18:51.364 their children abroad to in order to kind of, NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 40572422-36a5-4d7e-bbe6-ca2e13c52beb 00:18:51.364 --> 00:18:54.208 you know, keep up with the. NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 7ba9bf51-a44c-428f-8c06-64a83ebc36fb 00:18:54.210 --> 00:18:56.580 Impressive results that seem to NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 0b705471-8f99-4c17-87a1-78d2c08b9197 00:18:56.580 --> 00:18:58.950 be coming back from successful NOTE Confidence: 0.791576180357143 c137ae14-6e6d-4178-aad5-722cfcfb8213 00:18:59.035 --> 00:19:00.870 migrant families and. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 df0acbb5-fcbd-45f7-a6bc-aac2fd10dd2c 00:19:03.020 --> 00:19:05.636 Yeah, so uhm, so that's an NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 2e3decdd-65ed-419f-ac13-bdb671a84069 00:19:05.636 --> 00:19:07.924 important factor to consider. A. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 c6a6aa4c-bfd1-42c4-84ae-e4b522664c52 00:19:07.924 --> 00:19:11.188 Thirdly, the Vietnamese state is actively NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 6a792223-026d-4a78-a1d8-f796ca10e1bf 00:19:11.188 --> 00:19:13.954 promoting and benefiting from labor NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 d96ffcd9-9eef-4758-b106-a47e3fe7edc8 00:19:13.954 --> 00:19:17.200 migration until the onset of COVID-19. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 dc97631d-16ec-4491-b6f4-6a8fb8da6883 00:19:17.200 --> 00:19:18.964 The Vietnamese government had NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 af7f05c2-76eb-41fa-a2c9-2574439db700 00:19:18.964 --> 00:19:20.728 annually increased national and NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 909492a2-76c9-4a9d-9c24-7bc6ad135575 00:19:20.728 --> 00:19:22.403 provincial labor migration targets NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 d1718649-ec27-4269-9e6a-e500a2e82baf 00:19:22.403 --> 00:19:24.605 as a means of employment creation, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 096ff435-51f3-48d5-b810-894e1c4dd70f 00:19:24.610 --> 00:19:27.420 skills improvement and poverty reduction, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 3eea8198-0adc-47ff-98d1-4fb6c50f3a26 00:19:27.420 --> 00:19:28.850 according to the World Bank. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 533ed22b-89fb-4340-8d38-5f5c946303e2 00:19:28.850 --> 00:19:31.237 Vietnam is the second top receiver of NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 0e45fcb8-ec85-42f8-959b-f311a1a63966 00:19:31.237 --> 00:19:33.540 remittances in the Asia Pacific region. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 474bc553-5c2a-4c24-999f-7d7e11b4d3b5 00:19:33.540 --> 00:19:35.176 After Philippines, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 bc1943b7-84e7-4461-b068-849d77e6f2a0 00:19:35.176 --> 00:19:37.630 within expected remittances, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 05743890-138e-437f-ae9b-4964e3ac7e28 00:19:37.630 --> 00:19:40.370 inflow of 15.8 billion U.S. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 e92ef823-c990-4e36-8952-e7f6abb23c79 00:19:40.370 --> 00:19:43.350 dollars, which accounted for NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 3430516d-c141-4e31-80fa-bcc45d78c694 00:19:43.350 --> 00:19:48.368 nearly 6% of the GDP in in 2020. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 e3821952-2570-49a8-9adc-b785ec6f5878 00:19:48.370 --> 00:19:52.150 So this is not insignificant. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 095641c3-3fd5-4837-95f3-4bb2866b564a 00:19:52.150 --> 00:19:55.180 Chat. Not only that, but uhm, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 2598ab91-c3e0-4e7e-bf82-4d4d60bd8e3c 00:19:55.180 --> 00:19:57.616 the state is also encouraging former NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 2356b6b6-05d7-46f2-ab72-4db8fcbfaafe 00:19:57.616 --> 00:20:00.399 1st and 2nd wave for Vietnamese NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 fbdc5e44-24eb-4e13-aa78-9fcc60ca5c08 00:20:00.400 --> 00:20:03.514 foreign citizens to keep a close NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 812105c4-45eb-48d1-bc3f-fa40008ef36c 00:20:03.514 --> 00:20:06.169 connection to their families and NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 a9101dec-1d84-44d1-bfd3-2390024efdf0 00:20:06.169 --> 00:20:09.079 homeland and to help the construction NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 0854fb19-4ea8-4ec1-b289-ef166bc2b6e0 00:20:09.079 --> 00:20:11.988 of the homeland and the country. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 8baabcdd-77a7-49d7-a3a7-be72d342f624 00:20:11.990 --> 00:20:14.054 One of my interviewees based here NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 ee8062fe-7713-4cc4-a280-ed2247ded500 00:20:14.054 --> 00:20:16.993 in the UK joked about how the boat NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 4f602ef2-2d1f-4b1b-972c-c8cb70e4ff80 00:20:16.993 --> 00:20:19.225 people used to be called traitors, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 4bcacbf8-d023-4621-a82b-86f3782e54eb 00:20:19.230 --> 00:20:22.233 but now they have somehow turned into NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 8562e156-1e9e-4380-8f2d-d6136252dd2e 00:20:22.233 --> 00:20:24.387 national patriots and the difference NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 e0e0b6bb-b220-4c96-a6eb-427623685a5d 00:20:24.387 --> 00:20:27.159 is now that they've got the money, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 311724d4-495f-443f-9a55-cb02497d30f9 00:20:27.160 --> 00:20:28.985 which according to my interview NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 35e75e87-7573-429c-9851-16823e4d2ec4 00:20:28.985 --> 00:20:31.550 he has the power to turn you NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 41cd5d5b-89ad-4604-88b9-ed2902482291 00:20:31.550 --> 00:20:33.536 from a deserter into a hero. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 075c0b21-8374-4676-8f28-f5ccee50f1e7 00:20:33.540 --> 00:20:35.740 From a fu codium perspective, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 83aeb06e-c3d5-4b5d-8490-c7d7a4dc7629 00:20:35.740 --> 00:20:36.238 UM, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 0d39b6ec-7d84-451a-a7e3-6759ecb938db 00:20:36.238 --> 00:20:39.724 Angie Chan argues that both migrants send. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 8a913305-7adc-4dbb-ad51-d30da7ef3d70 00:20:39.730 --> 00:20:40.692 Being adamant, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 be1677f5-61cd-4a97-82e1-3eb8466cc9fb 00:20:40.692 --> 00:20:43.097 receiving states are actively working NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 264b4f86-77bf-4eec-a4d9-774efe6574d1 00:20:43.097 --> 00:20:45.770 to produce citizens and non citizens NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 a62bcd73-9ddb-4f1c-b309-5d6b93763729 00:20:45.770 --> 00:20:48.092 subjects who can comply with labor NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 4b962f5c-fc9e-43e0-8ea2-2f16afbd8b64 00:20:48.092 --> 00:20:50.488 export and foreign worker policies as NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 a2dd198e-dcf0-402e-a08c-09b999886aea 00:20:50.488 --> 00:20:53.106 part of a global neoliberal system. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 8318e9ab-3ecc-4a0f-8f8e-9517bdede700 00:20:53.106 --> 00:20:55.134 Hernandez and coutin. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 87cc9073-d608-4c3a-8fc4-f57fe0166661 00:20:55.134 --> 00:20:58.514 Note that States and development NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 402ee277-dc53-4d57-941e-c0ef615cacd3 00:20:58.514 --> 00:21:01.784 discourses surrounding remittances and NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 7de4afcd-9837-4442-8af7-f96d8c50bb47 00:21:01.784 --> 00:21:04.668 migrants contribute to producing this NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 fb14f763-249f-4b6d-beba-b5ffb01bae35 00:21:04.668 --> 00:21:07.740 idea of a kind of entrepreneurial, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 537a5ab2-0185-4c35-8a46-9d1fd418f5c8 00:21:07.740 --> 00:21:10.860 enterprising subjects of neoliberalism NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 8e9e4e9c-9f3f-44cb-b5bb-652578cd3623 00:21:10.860 --> 00:21:13.950 where states can kind of shift the NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 63c428d9-2a9f-4c15-ab98-985085c72b2c 00:21:13.950 --> 00:21:15.934 burden of development onto migrants NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 a89a1fe1-ffa3-4b2b-9d6d-db90d926bc02 00:21:15.934 --> 00:21:18.510 and onto the citizens to kind of, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 12ab0125-8d9e-4435-83f2-76a442a43b50 00:21:18.510 --> 00:21:19.518 you know, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 58459c51-ec40-4c2c-82ed-37258e326bbd 00:21:19.518 --> 00:21:21.534 develop themselves rather than NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 718d703b-148f-4383-9bf8-c04444553814 00:21:21.534 --> 00:21:23.046 administrating effective policies NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 8753e920-2428-4fcf-a0d7-c076eb5d6bfe 00:21:23.046 --> 00:21:25.388 to provide sustainable livelihoods NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 307f92d2-c827-4a4c-a1f5-1bd50dc7584d 00:21:25.388 --> 00:21:27.155 for their populations. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 ce90fb24-cf10-476a-87f3-91cdb56d77b0 00:21:27.160 --> 00:21:28.744 And remittance LED development NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 fc79cfa3-e6c6-480c-b0c3-53ad50a34d74 00:21:28.744 --> 00:21:31.120 schemes can result in long term NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 21a0284f-cb65-43a5-b611-2db0342d4b82 00:21:31.186 --> 00:21:32.719 dependency on migration, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 cc24a251-5f56-4571-b362-b035a211f233 00:21:32.720 --> 00:21:34.960 especially since migrants returning NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 a6054f15-e66b-4e25-a47f-fc04b34c9cfb 00:21:34.960 --> 00:21:37.380 from kind of foreign factories or NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 56448b1b-032f-46b2-8567-edb7aff84e24 00:21:37.380 --> 00:21:39.240 domestic works don't come back NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 2b0ca08c-f4e6-4742-884b-8c9e98fa0996 00:21:39.309 --> 00:21:41.204 with transferable skills to move NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 40b04ea4-69c4-4c80-8628-820d78e105d1 00:21:41.204 --> 00:21:43.848 up the social ladder. In Vietnam. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 0926104e-9725-4be6-b5cd-9d8566456640 00:21:43.848 --> 00:21:46.710 One of my interviewees was talking NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 dc66ceba-6492-4af5-8a1e-65172f934246 00:21:46.710 --> 00:21:49.050 about how she's been working in NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 74fad253-9d26-4fe2-80c2-f2bbce348ae6 00:21:49.050 --> 00:21:51.256 a nail salon here in the UK, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 31700024-16ea-4b70-acde-d1822bb4c860 00:21:51.260 --> 00:21:52.740 and she doesn't want to stay here forever. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 1dc55d43-dc1d-4046-836d-fbc4cce8bf0c 00:21:52.740 --> 00:21:55.015 But if she went back to Vietnam NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 3ef55423-b22f-43cc-89df-ac3e52934f83 00:21:55.015 --> 00:21:57.338 like a nail salon is not a. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 fb005baf-72db-4b77-93c9-f88d538bbe50 00:21:57.340 --> 00:21:58.929 Good job and she she wouldn't want NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 76a7aee3-57e0-46e4-9e06-f1c3326083e3 00:21:58.929 --> 00:22:00.720 to do it there because it it. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 ee5e67c1-5fe6-4c15-b8b8-71b73afa0d52 00:22:00.720 --> 00:22:02.560 It wouldn't be worth it. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 73718ead-7fec-427f-8148-0421d5fa9888 00:22:02.560 --> 00:22:04.414 You know it would be a low salary and NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 5a6eb1c5-a823-4e21-9747-5765b1d995d7 00:22:04.414 --> 00:22:06.241 and so she doesn't really know what NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 e014b27e-3e5f-47af-9688-9c0e0e46f537 00:22:06.241 --> 00:22:08.299 what it's gonna come when she gets back. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 2562d489-f8a2-4e8b-9c3e-2e0dda7b207f 00:22:08.300 --> 00:22:11.228 So so there are problems with this kind NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 374a1fb5-13b4-4d42-9dfa-8189bb2e69fd 00:22:11.228 --> 00:22:15.370 of idea of remittance LED development. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 87d93ec1-7e71-4833-b2c2-af73856406eb 00:22:15.370 --> 00:22:16.922 Uhm, OK. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 f9befeff-fb62-4d2d-a51a-dc841662919e 00:22:16.922 --> 00:22:19.960 Four point, uh, in general, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 e3b10a59-2471-43e3-a0a5-b63dd46103d5 00:22:19.960 --> 00:22:20.315 uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 376a711c-7b31-49e8-af44-9e8d249b36f1 00:22:20.315 --> 00:22:22.445 a lot of Vietnamese migrant laborers NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 2ba85cac-7d16-480c-a351-e779dbcfd6ec 00:22:22.445 --> 00:22:24.577 are vulnerable to exploitation wherever NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 fba54662-8dac-45ae-ac09-12d0456f4318 00:22:24.577 --> 00:22:27.852 they end up some Vietnamese in other NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 81863351-3c36-488c-a6d6-68f6619a7c2b 00:22:27.852 --> 00:22:30.755 Asian countries regularly put up NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 42e98593-96fc-426a-a83b-49a4fc25b2a1 00:22:30.755 --> 00:22:35.200 with very long working hours being underpaid. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 96b6c4c3-d623-441d-9127-2de9a7ba7f44 00:22:35.200 --> 00:22:37.948 I'm kind of restrictions on social NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 be773006-0e32-4806-9b62-5ad61881fc94 00:22:37.948 --> 00:22:40.678 life by the employees and so on? NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 fd55b199-4310-4dd2-b7ce-995aeaf366c4 00:22:40.680 --> 00:22:45.188 Uh meanwhile, irregular migrants. NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 c7a265e3-edaf-4e9b-a011-13935aa4df6a 00:22:45.190 --> 00:22:48.090 Take a living very precarious NOTE Confidence: 0.903274273 cb0bcaae-dbaf-40ab-a229-84031a150172 00:22:48.090 --> 00:22:50.990 conditions with no job security, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 07e5a243-525b-4ad8-8753-12a744eaf5f3 00:22:50.990 --> 00:22:52.870 constantly worried about police raids, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 4e28754c-1d48-480d-ac86-bee583a0a227 00:22:52.870 --> 00:22:55.454 and this all takes takes its toll on NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 8dcc2f7c-b5ff-4fbf-9d28-1a2fe0de85ec 00:22:55.454 --> 00:22:57.408 people's mental and physical health. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 b88cbdfc-6d1b-4ae5-a8ca-268988df3fe8 00:22:57.410 --> 00:22:59.390 And yet the migrants keep NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 ad5df7a3-f7a0-4892-812e-15d65a759c8c 00:22:59.390 --> 00:23:00.987 coming these days most. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 e3e5f6cb-8a26-4e86-b87b-c2e48a2e918d 00:23:00.987 --> 00:23:04.080 Kind of new Vietnamese arrivals to the UK. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 97181ec3-32d5-4eef-aff7-a6747a981341 00:23:04.080 --> 00:23:06.208 Apply for asylum as soon as they get NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 8019dbda-2faa-4877-9b69-9e8717a089ed 00:23:06.208 --> 00:23:07.962 here because they know their case won't NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 ee978d9a-6818-4f2f-b9e9-809ed5223f3c 00:23:07.962 --> 00:23:09.840 be resolved for at least a few years. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 b87dfcb1-296d-4df2-93cb-e6bb06f797e5 00:23:09.840 --> 00:23:12.258 There's this crazy long Home Office NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 4cf8a985-20e5-4c1f-8d16-ca4f16fcbd14 00:23:12.258 --> 00:23:15.506 backlog in in asylum cases and this gives NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 3ab72baa-2516-47fb-a2c0-75edaad54158 00:23:15.506 --> 00:23:18.420 them a kind of temporary resident status, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 6a3a292e-4f34-4859-ad71-37746ee20318 00:23:18.420 --> 00:23:20.705 but under the UK's hostile NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 9c96ee76-1e8d-492a-823a-a22ed806375c 00:23:20.705 --> 00:23:21.619 environment agenda, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 04071a40-c774-4461-8b43-17f7c9f80c3e 00:23:21.620 --> 00:23:23.685 asylum seekers are not actually allowed to NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 00ecb62a-92f8-4614-83db-a535de251aa4 00:23:23.685 --> 00:23:25.820 work while their case is being processed. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 ba1917e2-559c-4638-bbcd-af4792a9f910 00:23:25.820 --> 00:23:27.550 Instead, they're supposed to live NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 702479b4-e268-4ae1-9725-d5357ec98c3b 00:23:27.550 --> 00:23:29.936 off less than £40 a week, which, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 6ec31c7f-f916-411c-bbbf-094c84d2bed6 00:23:29.936 --> 00:23:32.680 as you can imagine, does not go very far. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 1fb72938-4ab9-46ed-bd1f-ebf58438804d 00:23:32.680 --> 00:23:34.480 Especially in light of recent NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 72f09ccd-6acb-452c-aaf5-14503d956f59 00:23:34.480 --> 00:23:35.920 increases in food prices. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 a621d088-f2ef-4f92-8f46-dbce59bc4ec2 00:23:35.920 --> 00:23:36.890 So instead, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 8246bf4a-3f85-4716-9935-c184492bd5d1 00:23:36.890 --> 00:23:39.315 Vietnamese asylum seekers work around NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 6b8b81e5-8384-4741-a113-68320c81dbf4 00:23:39.315 --> 00:23:42.348 this by doing kind of apprenticeships NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 b7064538-6050-4144-9c6a-d54eefa3cf9b 00:23:42.348 --> 00:23:44.510 at Vietnamese own nail salons, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 117dde20-8465-489a-acc2-2f578ee680af 00:23:44.510 --> 00:23:47.400 during which they may or may not NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 4773da01-2e99-4911-81b5-8dba104ddab1 00:23:47.400 --> 00:23:49.952 work very long hours and may or may NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 31c2a23c-0150-45ab-8d21-0ee05a412499 00:23:49.952 --> 00:23:52.497 not work in earning formal wages, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 d9850398-dc80-4487-9eaf-fd583a899d64 00:23:52.500 --> 00:23:54.530 which may or may not fall below NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 9b61ad7a-0f66-40ce-a0ae-6481eb754a56 00:23:54.530 --> 00:23:55.780 the UK minimum wage. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 e8d93ae6-cad7-4cc9-8ced-edaeb0cfa054 00:23:55.780 --> 00:23:57.668 And For these reasons, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 9db5b288-4743-47db-a317-3567ec922a1d 00:23:57.668 --> 00:23:58.140 UM, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 ffa7cd47-f3d3-4e34-8b95-7d0ff48044da 00:23:58.140 --> 00:24:00.600 Vietnamese nail salons have been NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 ccc51c50-a0a5-4a0e-81f1-dc794a683f73 00:24:00.600 --> 00:24:02.840 viewed with a lot of suspicion as NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 0208e34f-a1b9-4579-9f6a-f1933ab235da 00:24:02.840 --> 00:24:04.790 potential sites of modern slavery. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 0579fe1b-84d0-4ac5-9e70-9b67b12b3dc8 00:24:04.790 --> 00:24:06.944 But none of my interviewees here NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 21d610ab-5ec2-444b-b609-65fa0aa734ed 00:24:06.944 --> 00:24:08.840 in the UK considered themselves NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 8e36850f-c944-4a4d-a61d-bf0509a2dc43 00:24:08.840 --> 00:24:10.728 to be slaved in enslaves. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 134a7e56-9ade-493b-a548-ddf6f65dde00 00:24:10.728 --> 00:24:11.446 They they, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 caaed885-af3a-4810-af71-7a0b4e841117 00:24:11.446 --> 00:24:13.600 instead they saw staying in Vietnam NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 11903541-7e71-4365-a7d6-01bc9674cd56 00:24:13.662 --> 00:24:16.119 as a real dead end with no hopes of NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 03a46031-f829-493f-9200-9f7145892412 00:24:16.119 --> 00:24:17.950 improving their lives and preferred NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 b53d6144-7ff9-4b73-a404-b9b98a836035 00:24:17.950 --> 00:24:19.810 to take their chances abroad. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 48ec159a-515e-4877-9259-1b16d93eb108 00:24:19.810 --> 00:24:21.595 And this kind of resonates NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 b13ccedd-6f16-4e41-9034-d448396904aa 00:24:21.595 --> 00:24:22.666 with Joan Robinson, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 26da3477-531d-41f2-bf30-32c07cbd1308 00:24:22.670 --> 00:24:25.100 famous quote that the misery of NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 498915ef-0f6c-4a2f-911e-935e3ad96c2b 00:24:25.100 --> 00:24:27.153 being exploited by capitalists is NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 5f6056e2-eeb1-46ac-9174-52d32505ec50 00:24:27.153 --> 00:24:28.983 nothing compared to the misery NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 5eb81409-460a-4fcd-96a6-1475e0aaa8e2 00:24:28.983 --> 00:24:30.969 of not being exploited at all. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 7b3c9354-b3f4-4733-9971-4f6e4413b414 00:24:30.970 --> 00:24:31.936 In fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 fa50f20a-e60d-4e06-a878-79224320aec6 00:24:31.936 --> 00:24:35.317 migrants are kind of highly motivated to. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 fc343d9a-32ee-4af4-8f26-7f79b3305def 00:24:35.320 --> 00:24:36.280 Exploit themselves, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 864f695d-b7e5-4844-ad2d-7589983e6f80 00:24:36.280 --> 00:24:36.760 uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 4429a118-248e-410f-8c79-7ae1b56c5c36 00:24:36.760 --> 00:24:40.564 if that's a kind of a kind of idea NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 1917f088-12be-4c32-9fa9-3530e0b98b0e 00:24:40.564 --> 00:24:43.092 that you can think about because the NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 7c47729d-dd4d-425e-9a57-c157c26ca182 00:24:43.092 --> 00:24:46.180 the people that they owe the money to NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 92ab44f0-9efa-4270-95a9-242a5cd8dd78 00:24:46.266 --> 00:24:49.030 come are are not kind of these kind NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 93201d2c-b6e4-47c6-9a8d-5404b305fe2e 00:24:49.030 --> 00:24:52.075 of dodgy smugglers or or criminal gangs. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 e4c64314-db7b-4540-96ea-737d2e8147aa 00:24:52.080 --> 00:24:54.294 But really, they're people that they NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 f2bc1233-f503-4adb-8fa8-f6b4f2ff40bb 00:24:54.294 --> 00:24:56.480 borrow lent money off back home, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 263ec02d-ceb3-4490-be49-3b3286552fc2 00:24:56.480 --> 00:24:58.622 often family members or friends or NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 8d8e3190-b38d-4a71-bf99-a8715ccf21f7 00:24:58.622 --> 00:25:00.599 family members have sold land to, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 e802644c-1b33-4e3f-8e6c-deeaa946ddd0 00:25:00.600 --> 00:25:02.120 to, to, to borrow money. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 3b84a59f-67f9-449c-92ae-9f040f3cc0a5 00:25:02.120 --> 00:25:04.558 So there's a real strong motivation NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 f0e72098-278b-450c-be78-3524e3381083 00:25:04.558 --> 00:25:06.782 to work as hard as they can to. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 238913f3-abe2-4a91-858f-6b1b9c91b618 00:25:06.790 --> 00:25:09.966 Pay off these debts as soon as possible. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 635df9a7-4989-4cd3-b48c-2fb303cd2eaf 00:25:09.970 --> 00:25:14.340 Uh, and physically uhm while. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 208eea2a-004b-40c2-bd10-ca8479214dd3 00:25:14.340 --> 00:25:16.986 Misery is generally a a kind of NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 edd6e88e-eb38-42e5-872e-4c40342ee86c 00:25:16.986 --> 00:25:18.972 common theme running across the NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 e38ab3cd-9cf0-4cd0-98c6-f56f00b6a7de 00:25:18.972 --> 00:25:20.632 board Vietnamese like labor. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 0d9061bd-785f-4647-a76c-af0d3a6b659a 00:25:20.632 --> 00:25:23.176 Migrant experiences are not all equal, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 cb7ce1d6-6559-487f-abd7-f004b07a0e1d 00:25:23.180 --> 00:25:26.100 but rather intersect with further NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 509bb185-b9ca-4c03-b7b3-045a5a3e43e2 00:25:26.100 --> 00:25:29.035 gender and class inequalities from NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 45868b60-ac1f-4023-a67c-5f4353dbfad3 00:25:29.035 --> 00:25:32.010 the perspective of foreign employers. NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 61cb5912-d345-4998-9f9b-4482cd8f3f22 00:25:32.010 --> 00:25:34.015 Female workers are preferred because NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 7a3a7010-d1d7-41c9-a3c0-27771cd62a1d 00:25:34.015 --> 00:25:36.020 they're seen as more compliant, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 ab53b7d3-7a2b-4103-a292-681ef7d2bb55 00:25:36.020 --> 00:25:38.150 less likely to turn to alcoholism, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 ff0d7631-9f34-4f98-b9ec-b6ec86158c46 00:25:38.150 --> 00:25:39.068 and in fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 eb9fc41a-9b00-4459-bdfb-b5d1242f4dee 00:25:39.068 --> 00:25:40.598 being a woman is practically NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 88e05e75-56d4-46ce-9de5-3d3bbb786b42 00:25:40.598 --> 00:25:42.110 a requirement for some roles, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 6ee9835d-efd2-444c-8cda-46548fbe5fd7 00:25:42.110 --> 00:25:44.675 like being a domestic worker NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 72e9842b-ee1d-4907-8c4d-90610267c007 00:25:44.675 --> 00:25:47.062 in another country in Asia, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 f02bf548-bddc-471b-9d07-00193490534d 00:25:47.062 --> 00:25:50.250 and that's not to mention migration for NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 475700d3-0fbe-457f-bd81-a29944716a12 00:25:50.250 --> 00:25:52.350 the purposes of transnational marriage, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 fc639236-a99c-468c-a62e-764f5d79f1fe 00:25:52.350 --> 00:25:54.765 which is another can of worms altogether, NOTE Confidence: 0.875648594 beebb4e4-59da-487c-bdc6-2911cbd79113 00:25:54.770 --> 00:25:55.960 which I won't go into. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 110a5adc-d058-4a59-bde1-559381bfae05 00:25:58.210 --> 00:26:01.402 The UM, so so there's these NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 5e9dfaf1-0a8a-4220-8159-a94577a14dab 00:26:01.402 --> 00:26:03.530 cultural expectations of women. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 12bb3503-402b-4d30-a2fa-1a7f60b224b8 00:26:03.530 --> 00:26:06.498 Uh, who are are supposed to sacrifice NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 88338e7d-b227-41c7-97e1-5be7d0fc39b0 00:26:06.498 --> 00:26:09.344 themselves by working long hours and sending NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 3164f1eb-c420-4e82-81c7-84cb2e619289 00:26:09.344 --> 00:26:12.310 all their money home to their families, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 0d229332-3cad-463d-b9e2-c1b975d86800 00:26:12.310 --> 00:26:15.532 which is very much like I guess, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 2a5e2706-7ee4-44fa-84b6-d8f602790eed 00:26:15.532 --> 00:26:19.287 promoted through the migration experience. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 e9342f1f-e0b9-44a8-a25b-53f6eea4712d 00:26:19.290 --> 00:26:21.900 But in reality. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 a7d1af3a-6198-47bf-879e-4b3dbfc6f312 00:26:21.900 --> 00:26:25.320 Much more men migrate than women in the UK. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 ffbb1134-bbb5-4a08-a819-32baa8856b6d 00:26:25.320 --> 00:26:27.600 I estimate that around 80% of NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 1f056a04-411f-4211-a98f-d87fe1945296 00:26:27.600 --> 00:26:29.500 Vietnamese migrants here are men, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 f70c5600-ee7f-4bf1-9b3e-1b4314dc7a5e 00:26:29.500 --> 00:26:31.654 and here they have to adapt NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 a0a5c52d-6a17-4749-a051-624ca002f35d 00:26:31.654 --> 00:26:33.732 to undertaking work which is NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 6a106aa2-56bf-4d78-a28a-d82d2fa3045f 00:26:33.732 --> 00:26:35.457 traditionally being considered. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 62ab4c1c-105d-4a01-8a66-df7145c60ee4 00:26:35.460 --> 00:26:37.940 More feminist work like cooking, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 0db89880-f30a-48c4-9994-62c316d4bc8a 00:26:37.940 --> 00:26:40.829 cosmetics and housework. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 3a95ab5c-22e7-409b-9215-4de067f91d85 00:26:40.830 --> 00:26:42.144 Uhm? And yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 9e2d2aaf-5b5d-4f52-9a84-d328fcde692e 00:26:42.144 --> 00:26:44.334 another point that's worth highlighting NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 b40a2fb1-40b4-4b6f-ba86-c0510dd3108d 00:26:44.334 --> 00:26:47.054 is that all of these migration needs NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 89d42a93-429d-4b60-9493-8136ea52b738 00:26:47.054 --> 00:26:50.426 to be situated in the context of a 2 NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 afde926d-15a1-4af3-89c0-ffbc9d53d271 00:26:50.426 --> 00:26:52.718 tier global migration regime that sorts NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 01d960bd-e02e-40cc-b916-8b07b72e82fd 00:26:52.720 --> 00:26:55.240 migrants into kind of rights holders. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 4c127fe3-fa17-4404-b7b8-c9919eb05d0f 00:26:55.240 --> 00:26:56.644 On the one hand, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 62366618-3cf9-483e-b4a9-f5611bbf2b93 00:26:56.644 --> 00:26:59.780 with access to social and legal citizenships, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 9d507788-f1dd-4b82-9a29-450f5bcc8cc3 00:26:59.780 --> 00:27:01.780 and temporary workers with NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 a6d7ba0e-40a8-4819-bea1-33cbf761b849 00:27:01.780 --> 00:27:04.280 limited or no rights whatsoever. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 19c76822-f078-4a80-8bf2-effa564b0789 00:27:04.280 --> 00:27:07.208 So I'm kind of getting at what's the NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 7e172b61-f67a-42c3-b897-2671f854ac65 00:27:07.208 --> 00:27:09.539 difference between an expat and a migrant, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 e9a044cc-b12d-4cf0-94fe-536946430edd 00:27:09.540 --> 00:27:12.347 and the answer is nothing except for. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 ca5cf2c9-9836-4b76-a5ad-10523bbe8a4b 00:27:12.350 --> 00:27:14.566 Maybe how much money you have or your NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 9526ab81-54e2-47ae-92b4-05b24287b818 00:27:14.566 --> 00:27:16.484 skin color, or perhaps your class. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 ead33588-a9b1-47e6-8e8a-acdb7b0fba7d 00:27:16.484 --> 00:27:19.242 In the UM, in the Vietnamese context, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 8a2e36d1-95ac-4eca-84fd-97009ebc636e 00:27:19.242 --> 00:27:20.108 for example, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 eb83eb86-bcfa-404a-8a4c-c2e092388602 00:27:20.110 --> 00:27:22.366 you'll have young people from wealthy, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 3719ae34-a612-4d2a-b4f0-98ef56311c44 00:27:22.370 --> 00:27:26.540 privileged, urban families who can abroad, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 651acb0a-301e-45fb-878d-ba6012368d31 00:27:26.540 --> 00:27:28.600 who can migrate abroad, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 e004b950-02a9-466e-8d7e-7f7dc204cd69 00:27:28.600 --> 00:27:31.175 are students by paying extortionate NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 4713d780-5a15-4375-88a3-2391eb9bcdd9 00:27:31.175 --> 00:27:32.969 international tuition fees like NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 1e98e751-2869-40b6-b898-538c001f0f73 00:27:32.970 --> 00:27:35.022 £20,000 to study for one year NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 48f7041d-20da-47eb-96d4-779d1d61ce44 00:27:35.022 --> 00:27:36.910 at the Warwick Business School? NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 ce94bf74-815a-4da3-af4c-7f787950bedf 00:27:36.910 --> 00:27:37.640 UM, demonstrate. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 c8311d6f-941e-40fb-83a4-b0e494a631af 00:27:37.640 --> 00:27:40.195 So if you can demonstrate a degree NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 6585011e-ba35-4276-9e35-a9e485bcfaa6 00:27:40.195 --> 00:27:42.328 of English language fluency, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 31788221-c563-497b-87ad-f1dd9ffd58fa 00:27:42.330 --> 00:27:44.352 then these kind of rich students NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 7e06c2aa-36aa-4c68-9556-788b2a2e8002 00:27:44.352 --> 00:27:46.900 can just hop on an airplane and. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 143357ab-cb4a-4bac-a55f-26ce5a350390 00:27:46.900 --> 00:27:47.147 Wham, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 398b6a81-1091-42bd-bcda-b291428952e4 00:27:47.147 --> 00:27:47.888 here they are, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 2546273b-15a9-4573-b611-b594a607cb64 00:27:47.888 --> 00:27:49.688 and from here they might be able NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 f53b961a-bdac-4a49-a75e-78e823e1adc2 00:27:49.688 --> 00:27:51.494 to stay on in the country and NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 311ce1d8-cd4f-4061-807b-d26eaac25284 00:27:51.494 --> 00:27:52.940 find employment after graduating. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 6a094f26-ce38-4d57-a13a-067023016bac 00:27:52.940 --> 00:27:53.315 Interestingly, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 2c332cec-5bcc-4fe8-80ce-4e25ebfb5559 00:27:53.315 --> 00:27:55.940 a lot of people come here studying NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 1413007a-ad8b-4ca8-a998-3d974f8c1e09 00:27:55.940 --> 00:27:57.925 like business or economics and then NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 f7e0d135-7a88-46b7-8426-96e4c6715264 00:27:57.925 --> 00:28:00.079 end up running a nail salon because NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 f966a4d0-5516-4aee-b8cc-34ae3b36cdbe 00:28:00.079 --> 00:28:02.473 it's more profitable than a lot NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 ee7f0da5-a522-4a43-bb59-26cf9f606571 00:28:02.473 --> 00:28:05.209 of other job opportunities here. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 b0033d7c-f1ab-4dd6-8571-b7e32ec042bc 00:28:05.210 --> 00:28:07.928 But for the rural working class, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 ef2b9781-cddd-4753-bd85-948a4cef9869 00:28:07.930 --> 00:28:09.910 youth who don't have language NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 18691653-d107-417a-9ad8-495caa1806b9 00:28:09.910 --> 00:28:12.343 skills or a bachelors degree or NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 ad6b1544-e2b1-4fb0-b33d-71a17250c647 00:28:12.343 --> 00:28:14.223 proof of financial statements to NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 5a685609-e256-41b3-8cd2-4cfac3ffe817 00:28:14.223 --> 00:28:16.483 bear the living and steady expenses NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 59596cdd-69f2-4401-9816-b7c801da2479 00:28:16.483 --> 00:28:19.466 in the UK at for them to get here, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 668360ec-55d6-4146-8222-b6909893d1ef 00:28:19.470 --> 00:28:22.296 they must risk their lives on NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 00091ca5-bc2e-4553-a135-05a64f4331c2 00:28:22.296 --> 00:28:23.709 an arduous journey. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 3bcf61a3-51d6-4830-bfd5-b12c59a9e2db 00:28:23.710 --> 00:28:26.270 That for you know perhaps the same outcome, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 365a32ef-dcc7-475d-94a1-bad59ab1fd31 00:28:26.270 --> 00:28:28.055 and the irony is they they end NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 07eb7d43-f8af-429e-adfe-947b6451189a 00:28:28.055 --> 00:28:30.500 up in as much debt as a student NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 35807ba1-da85-483d-9cb9-e75d2b7a37eb 00:28:30.500 --> 00:28:32.105 visa would have cost them. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 a4e73f80-feaf-4b92-9a7e-cd70b048ea6a 00:28:32.110 --> 00:28:34.575 But they're lower class status NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 051c1e2d-9edc-49c6-8300-9bf07fc698a6 00:28:34.575 --> 00:28:36.547 essentially excludes them from NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 12237da9-5e5f-490e-8bdf-c2c244f4c4a9 00:28:36.547 --> 00:28:39.207 this kind of student visa option. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 030b872e-0b48-4a7f-ae75-533da2274deb 00:28:39.210 --> 00:28:40.050 Uh, and yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 9c4fec2a-c169-422a-bbcb-8b907e4fd997 00:28:40.050 --> 00:28:42.270 I've put up a couple of images of, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 f041717d-f91d-4db4-a487-94f804f5a725 00:28:42.270 --> 00:28:46.311 uh, the case, the tragedy of 2019, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 20904ca5-20dd-4eec-8c9a-1d9073d7befb 00:28:46.311 --> 00:28:48.216 where 39 Vietnamese migrants died NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 6c8347a7-6c8c-4b1f-87c8-956df6d1bc88 00:28:48.216 --> 00:28:50.837 in the back of a lorry whilst NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 eea0b759-4de7-4d89-8efb-225607a9e914 00:28:50.837 --> 00:28:52.205 trying to get here. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 2a30b447-3486-490f-82f8-be466aea9efa 00:28:52.210 --> 00:28:52.882 And yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 e74ef040-42e5-4f72-bcfd-5ddb74fda54a 00:28:52.882 --> 00:28:55.234 so this is just a reminder that NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 82a2ddc0-5fc5-46f2-bdd6-4d41158cc52a 00:28:55.234 --> 00:28:57.248 this is not a light matter. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 446455ce-4897-4312-b624-6668aa5918cd 00:28:57.250 --> 00:29:00.890 We're talking about people's lives at stake, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 277546a8-1905-4689-9b9c-6b4380640e1f 00:29:00.890 --> 00:29:02.456 sickly, and finally, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 55959d59-936b-4ac8-81b3-8e14810810e4 00:29:02.456 --> 00:29:04.544 labor migration has important NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 3cd4f0f7-2750-45e1-85c5-7388a76c95b9 00:29:04.544 --> 00:29:06.850 political ramifications for migration. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 bd94d547-fb23-48b7-8683-0d2ed7e9c5a5 00:29:06.850 --> 00:29:07.422 Receiving countries. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 1e9d56b9-3b52-403d-9b56-6c623d3f5040 00:29:07.422 --> 00:29:09.138 I don't really have time to NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 a096e109-49a7-451e-beb5-b8bb838581d3 00:29:09.138 --> 00:29:10.030 elaborate this point. NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 962b56b6-45ec-4270-a0eb-e737af0e173e 00:29:10.030 --> 00:29:10.398 But, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 f54caa23-58b2-4d2d-a33c-c201aa191096 00:29:10.398 --> 00:29:10.766 uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 ea35909d-0d0c-472c-83e2-ec13ea8b6d31 00:29:10.766 --> 00:29:13.342 we both know that legal and illegal NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 8c76c99e-3ffb-4342-8562-e0af7450463b 00:29:13.342 --> 00:29:15.693 migration is regularly used by right NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 b51f5ead-a497-4a02-9162-f26efbb08451 00:29:15.693 --> 00:29:18.183 wing media and politicians to provoke NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 e311be75-496f-41cc-9e94-17f96329f6a5 00:29:18.183 --> 00:29:19.716 negative xenophobic statements NOTE Confidence: 0.866718547 516d7b9d-a9ba-46f1-8a65-407be03434e6 00:29:19.716 --> 00:29:22.782 about foreigners coming over to take NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 817f7d6d-a891-4e7a-a280-236647e010fb 00:29:22.790 --> 00:29:24.668 our land or take our jobs. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 b0dc4e40-3579-4608-88d5-ae55e1962e54 00:29:24.670 --> 00:29:27.422 And in the UK, this is arguably the NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 5dd29fd6-f47c-4633-abfe-32afb75bb4ed 00:29:27.422 --> 00:29:30.072 biggest factor I think is the number NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 cc3d40d0-99e1-4a69-81db-e8a90584ff1a 00:29:30.072 --> 00:29:32.374 one factor contributing to Brexit and NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 f42c224b-7d1d-457d-aef2-6fc355d800b3 00:29:32.374 --> 00:29:34.798 the majority of Vietnamese people who NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 d9be74a6-5175-4103-b8e6-701a09127034 00:29:34.798 --> 00:29:36.909 I interview here have experienced NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 4950e88b-df7c-4306-9239-124b84e1b8be 00:29:36.909 --> 00:29:39.369 racism in one form or another. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 f19f9a04-c731-44b9-8efb-e04c9eed7ef1 00:29:39.370 --> 00:29:40.609 So in conclusion. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 9a25e275-3097-47a7-98f5-d3d19f21fca0 00:29:40.609 --> 00:29:43.500 Labor migration is one of the defining NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 adf79061-4601-4c59-98f1-69e8f0677327 00:29:43.575 --> 00:29:45.814 features of our age, and, uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 90bb84d0-2e2a-4040-9194-12c3b12d3b31 00:29:45.814 --> 00:29:48.870 can't be ignored by us in the Academy. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 7aec0670-574f-474e-baa3-c88f8740f77c 00:29:48.870 --> 00:29:52.034 It has all sorts of a political NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 1f151dfb-27a1-42da-b882-4e14e62a18c9 00:29:52.034 --> 00:29:53.732 and economic ramifications, uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 479313dd-af42-4034-be8c-b26afe9a2616 00:29:53.732 --> 00:29:57.550 some of which I've mentioned today, but. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 07a0177b-ef9d-4265-851f-34f35b061e0c 00:29:57.550 --> 00:29:59.160 There's plenty more to say, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 b28b763a-176f-4070-9bed-7ebfbcc931bb 00:29:59.160 --> 00:30:01.491 but my approach has been to kind NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 73ad9497-cc6a-4115-963a-76a51a1b8a08 00:30:01.491 --> 00:30:04.131 of consider the everyday lives and NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 52591395-92c8-48ff-9b35-3baefda9f3c6 00:30:04.131 --> 00:30:06.736 behaviors and politics of Vietnamese NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 2f3bc9b7-56fe-46a5-8a61-6b0b52f711ae 00:30:06.736 --> 00:30:09.022 migrants themselves in order to NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 2ba4e9aa-3721-46f6-8164-399983da2fc8 00:30:09.022 --> 00:30:11.356 understand the kind of structural forces NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 74f621bf-110b-4ef7-a9f0-459ae0eb0658 00:30:11.356 --> 00:30:14.500 and pressures that they operate within. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 589ba1c9-9868-4fca-9433-1ddc26197643 00:30:14.500 --> 00:30:16.990 And while certainly Vietnamese migrants have NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 092b685a-4923-4616-a8c7-23f89cc760d4 00:30:16.990 --> 00:30:19.142 their choices and aspirations constrained NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 b38eb5db-e8eb-4113-b49a-340710076505 00:30:19.142 --> 00:30:21.740 or restricted by structures of inequality, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 92d73a85-9f21-429e-8fc8-b3f143456219 00:30:21.740 --> 00:30:24.356 class and migration regimes, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 73d26cb9-dd5a-400b-9022-26917a82ac07 00:30:24.356 --> 00:30:27.626 they also show great agency. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 2841bab0-832a-44b9-be41-47879f12727c 00:30:27.630 --> 00:30:28.312 For example, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 8c25b709-fa11-43b0-b71a-6316e8e65783 00:30:28.312 --> 00:30:30.017 by carving out their own NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 61f3bcfe-e1d4-4b81-9a5e-feb06a6b85ed 00:30:30.017 --> 00:30:31.789 economic niche in the market. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 c6cd40a3-5244-4ec6-868e-a3f574fc7f06 00:30:31.790 --> 00:30:32.422 I mean, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 0ec3b449-51b6-45d6-b3d1-d45e08a36ede 00:30:32.422 --> 00:30:35.830 when I was 1020 years ago when I was a kid, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 17838107-1839-4954-933c-2d6871e65ad1 00:30:35.830 --> 00:30:38.338 there were hardly any nail bars NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 8aa18fa8-d3d0-47d3-a2ac-8e3064fac34a 00:30:38.338 --> 00:30:41.221 around and they tended to be a NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 4f79d57b-e16f-42f0-b079-ee504efbb8d1 00:30:41.221 --> 00:30:43.106 very high class luxury service. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 9e4e01c4-cb95-4f58-a02f-830c7fb18f99 00:30:43.110 --> 00:30:45.214 Maybe you'd get your nails done once a NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 f8702f2a-94fb-4474-977e-63c954b0d7ab 00:30:45.214 --> 00:30:47.320 year for your birthday or something, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 04bcdc3a-9de3-4f60-b814-f07185241f69 00:30:47.320 --> 00:30:48.928 but over the past ten years, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 a2743ce6-cef2-4f13-9de3-542ed284af04 00:30:48.930 --> 00:30:51.082 the Vietnamese really totally NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 59a5747f-258e-47e8-9af9-6b8332e1b04a 00:30:51.082 --> 00:30:52.696 undercut this by, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 fac0f477-fb1c-4b8b-8d99-8cbd36c99e62 00:30:52.700 --> 00:30:55.514 but what you might call the mcdonaldization NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 829db506-5f3f-4e4d-bc9c-a81581a83ded 00:30:55.514 --> 00:30:57.749 of the cosmetic industries so. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 a6557fc5-9f8a-4c29-80fd-c5f5cecc6992 00:30:57.750 --> 00:31:00.588 Strip back the nice customer experience. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 d03d28f4-56ee-4e3a-a384-99131d6c4627 00:31:00.590 --> 00:31:04.006 Provide a very basic service very quickly, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 a07795dc-fa8f-4417-aac3-3188ac2137a3 00:31:04.010 --> 00:31:05.198 but much cheaper. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 600b5b51-ed15-494f-8151-8293f3054f4e 00:31:05.198 --> 00:31:07.970 UM, although I still think it's expensive, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 0437b2b4-4341-4bf8-a59c-d1cab8bd6c9a 00:31:07.970 --> 00:31:08.355 the, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 1a0f94dc-2d55-466f-ab7a-dc3124334c03 00:31:08.355 --> 00:31:08.740 uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 72565235-80ab-47f3-9bc0-efaac81f515f 00:31:08.740 --> 00:31:11.821 the cost of nails being done but but NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 604f1cc9-70a0-4b4e-8e6d-7cc9567d57ca 00:31:11.821 --> 00:31:14.107 by doing this the Vietnamese kind NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 76dcab3a-24de-4b35-a7e7-bbb211ea096c 00:31:14.107 --> 00:31:16.406 of really opened up the cosmetic NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 720e4ddb-07fa-4eab-99e2-bf913be2c41b 00:31:16.406 --> 00:31:18.926 industry to a much larger market of NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 73e982b4-45de-4484-9d44-3bc7945e4b6f 00:31:18.930 --> 00:31:21.709 predominantly women who get their nails done. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 516cf28c-db6c-4c7f-ab3a-8799e67f2940 00:31:21.710 --> 00:31:23.635 Maybe as much as once or twice NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 05706c61-6715-468b-8e5d-72705f0c5f05 00:31:23.635 --> 00:31:25.349 a month so marginalized labor NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 02580400-d2d5-4fb6-ba0f-888bc6ed8cd9 00:31:25.349 --> 00:31:28.219 migrants are not only kind of these. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 fd04ada4-3eca-469b-a3d1-06d8c2503a97 00:31:28.220 --> 00:31:28.620 Uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 120f13a4-aa6a-4d13-a7bb-5a17b85f806a 00:31:28.620 --> 00:31:31.020 subjects and victims of structural violence, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 3f0f21b0-1b0e-4308-bf67-d8ec6540565b 00:31:31.020 --> 00:31:33.554 but they also have the agency to, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 7feb51d2-853a-456d-8325-d9e6eb3b369f 00:31:33.560 --> 00:31:33.992 uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 9f6408bd-354d-4cac-9714-addef54dc685 00:31:33.992 --> 00:31:36.714 to change their social and economic NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 f1468816-2a06-4111-977d-8b1c6de85428 00:31:36.714 --> 00:31:37.211 environments. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 3fabbe71-94a3-4ce2-adac-c2f2838d825d 00:31:37.211 --> 00:31:39.199 And on that note, NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 4acf3934-4b41-4445-a9f4-67c61595e65b 00:31:39.200 --> 00:31:44.240 I think I will leave it there and. NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 8a4db4a8-8cac-46ef-89a0-8e1c524502b7 00:31:44.240 --> 00:31:46.464 There's some further reading NOTE Confidence: 0.892208793333333 4bf343b0-cff0-4151-849c-c9e5264ff7cc 00:31:46.464 --> 00:31:47.990 if that's interesting. NOTE Confidence: 0.84082232 9ccfb070-37b2-4866-a8e4-46a083a12318 00:31:51.510 --> 00:31:54.330 Thank you very much, said, uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.84082232 95cd8332-ffc8-4974-9477-59e14adfa8e9 00:31:54.330 --> 00:31:57.030 that for that fascinating presentation, NOTE Confidence: 0.84082232 3361f865-0275-4f13-8b2d-d6e1da8c0491 00:31:57.030 --> 00:31:59.286 uh, we are now going to stop the NOTE Confidence: 0.84082232 10f02a89-64ed-42c5-9662-1f379235a6e0 00:31:59.286 --> 00:32:00.840 recording for the discussion.