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\title[{\centering Human Lung Simulation
\hspace{10em} \insertframenumber/\inserttotalframenumber}]{%
Multiscale Computational Modelling of Human Lung: \\Unsteady CFD and Beyond}
% -----------------------------------------------------------------
\author[Y M Chung]{Dr Yongmann Chung}
% -----------------------------------------------------------------
\institute[The University of Warwick]
{School of Engineering and Centre for Scientific Computing\\University of Warwick, United Kingdom\\
\vspace{2mm}
}
\date{}

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\begin{document}
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 \maketitle
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\section[Patient-Specific Modelling]{Patient-Specific Modelling of Human Lung}
\begin{frame}{CT Image analysis and processing}
\ITE
\item 3D segmented airway tree, lobar anatomy, and volume mesh generation
\item Geometry and simulation parameters
\ITED
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,clip]{AirPROM/schematic}
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{CT Image analysis and processing}
\begin{block}{Voxel data from CT image}
\ITE
\item Not suitable for CFD - resolution of $0.5mm^3$
\item Good geometry or novel numerical method
\ITED
\end{block}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,clip]{FIGURES/CT}
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Patient-Specific Airway Model}
\begin{block}{CFD Geometry}
\ITE
\item Volume mesh model of the segmented airway tree
\item Modelling up to 6-8 generations of airways
\ITED
\end{block}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,clip]{AirPROM/volume_mesh}
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Airway CFD}
\begin{block}{CFD Results}
\ITE
\item Changes after treatment
\item Volume \hspace{0.4\columnwidth} Resistance
\ITED
\end{block}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{AirPROM/patient-1a}
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Challenges}
\begin{block}{CFD capability}
\ITE
\item Flexible wall effect
\item Variable airway diameter
\item Breathing cycle - change in lung volume
\item Boundary condition - upper airways modelling
\ITED
\end{block}
\begin{block}{Multiscale modelling}
\ITE
\item Currently, only modelling up to 6-8 generations of airways
\item Imaging data for lower airways is generally not attainable
\item Gas transfer in alveoli - acinar flow modelling
\ITED
\end{block}
\end{frame}


\section[Multiscale Computational Modelling]{Multiscale Computational Modelling of Human Lung}
\begin{frame}{Simple 3D Airway Model}
\begin{itemize}
\item Simple 3D Weibel model up to 11 generations
\item 1D airway tree centrelines and 2D surface mesh
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,clip]{FIGURES/3D_model}
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Simple 3D Airway Model}
\begin{itemize}
\item 3D flow field
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,clip]{FIGURES/3D_velocity}
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{1D Airway Model}
\begin{itemize}
\item 1D volume-filling model for higher generations
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,clip]{FIGURES/Lung_model_diagram}
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Patient-Specific 3D/1D Airway Model}
\begin{itemize}
\item Patient specific CT scan + 3D simple model + 1D Weibel model
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth,clip]{FIGURES/3D_1D_model}
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{The End}
\begin{center}
\Huge Thank You!
\end{center}
\vspace{10mm}
{Collaboration with: \\
Professor Chris Brightling (Institute for Lung Health, UK),\\
Dr Jan De Backer (FluidDA, Belgium),\\
Dr James Jewkes (Curtin University of Technology, Australia),\\}
\end{frame}

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\end{document}


\begin{frame}{Airway CFD}
\begin{block}{Results $@$ FluidDA}
\ITE
\item Velocity vectors in airway of a severe asthma patient
\item Red colour indicates large velocities.
\item Before treatment \hspace{0.3\columnwidth} After treatment
\ITED
\end{block}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,clip]{AirPROM/fig1a}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,clip]{AirPROM/fig2a}
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Airway CFD}
\begin{block}{Patient Specific Simulation}
\ITE
\item Steady state calculations driven by a pressure difference between the trachea and the outlets.
\item This pressure gradient was defined such that the mass flow rate in the trachea has the flow rate of a deep inhalation, approximately $1 l/sec$
\item Outlet pressures between $-1000 Pa$ and $-1500 Pa$.
\item The outlet pressure was uniformly applied at all outlets.
\item In order to assess the relative difference, the same boundary conditions were used in all simulations.
\item Mimics / TGrid / Fluent.
\item About 3M tetrahedral cells.
\ITED
\end{block}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Airway CFD}
\begin{block}{Congenial hypoplasia}
\ITE
\item The gamma scintigraphy during tidal breathing with an inspiratory flow rate of approximately $\pm 23 l/min$.
\item The CFD model was based on the FRC airway geometry.
\item Adjusting the outlet pressures based on the result of the imaging.
\item Uneven flow rate in the left and right lung.
\item 71\% in the left lung and 29\% in the right lung.
\ITED
\end{block}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Airway CFD}
\begin{itemize}
\item Helium concentration: 3He MR images (top); CFD (bottom)
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{AirPROM/fig3a}

\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{AirPROM/fig3b}
\end{center}
\end{frame} 