dominant party system
0 = not dominant
1 = dominant party
99 = missing

1 = Botswana
2 = Ghana
3 = Lesotho
4 = Malawi
5 = Mali
6 = Namibia
7 = Nigeria
8 = South Africa
9 = Tanzania
10 = Uganda
11 = Zambia
12 = Zimbabwe

0 = Don't know/can't explain
1 = Language/Tribe/Ethnic
2 = Race
3 = Region
4 = Religion
5 = Occupation
6 = Class
7 = Gender
8 = Individual/personal
9 = Other
10 = Won't differentiate
11 = Pro-Movement
12 = Traditional Leader
13 = Party Affiliation
14 = Age-related response
15 = Continental
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing

suppdemo/Support for democracy
1 = Democracy is preferable to any other form of government
2 = To people like me, it doesn't matter what form of government
3 = In certain situations, a non-democratic government can be pr
4 = Don't know
97 = Not applicable
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing

prevsyst/Rating of previous System
0 = 0
1 = 1
2 = 2
3 = 3
4 = 4
5 = 5
6 = 6
7 = 7
8 = 8
9 = 9
10 = 10
96 = Don't Know
98 = Refused to Answer
99 = Missing Data

elecsyst/Rating of current government
0 = 0
1 = 1
2 = 2
3 = 3
4 = 4
5 = 5
6 = 6
7 = 7
8 = 8
9 = 9
10 = 10
96 = Don't know
98 = Refused to Answer
99 = Missing Data

oneprule/Reject one-party rule
1 = Strongly disapprove/disagree
2 = Disapprove/Disagree
3 = Neither approve nor disapprove
4 = Approve/Agree
5 = Strongly approve/Agree
6 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

presdeci/Reject presidential dictatorship
1 = Strongly disapprove/disagree
2 = Disapprove/Disagree
3 = Neither approve nor disapprove
4 = Approve/Agree
5 = Strongly approve/agree
6 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

extndemo/Extent of democracy
0 = Not a democracy
1 = Major problems, but still a democracy
2 = Minor problems, but still a democracy
3 = Full democracy/completely democratic
4 = yes, this country is a democracy
9 = Don't know/Don't understand question
97 = Not applicable
98 = refused to answer
99 = Missing data

satisdem/Satisfaction with democracy
0 = This country is not a democracy
1 = Very dissatisfied
2 = Somewhat dissatisfied
3 = Neutral
4 = Somewhat satisfied
5 = Very satisfied
9 = Don't know
97 = Not applicable
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

votematt/Vote doesn't matter vs. vote matters
1 = A, Strongly
2 = A, Somewhat
3 = B, Somewhat
4 = B, Strongly
5 = Do not agree with either
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

caresay/Careful what you say and do regarding politics
1 = Strongly agree
2 = Agree
3 = Neither agree nor disagree
4 = Disagree
5 = Strongly disagree
6 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

donews/Response: shut newspapers
0 = Do nothing
1 = Do something
6 = This is not possible in this country
8 = Support the government
9 = Don't Know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

knowsap/Heard of SAP
0 = No
1 = Yes
3 = Don't Know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

helphurt/SAP helped most people vs. hurt most
1 = A, Strongly
2 = A, Somewhat
3 = B, Somewhat
4 = B, Strongly
5 = Do Not Agree with Either
9 = Don't know
97 = Not Applicable
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

satissap/Satisfied with SAP/SAP's effect on your life
1 = Very unsatisfied/ A lot worse
2 = Unsatisfied/Worse
3 = Neutral/No effect
4 = Satisfied/Better
5 = Very satisfied/ A lot better
9 = Don't know
97 = Not Applicable
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

Occupation
50 = Unskilled manual worker (informal sector)

1 = Male
2 = Female

0 = Don't know
101 = Refused to answer
999 = Missing Data

Education
0 = No formal schooling
1 = Primary only
2 = Secondary
3 = Post-secondary
10 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

1 = Black/African
2 = White/European
3 = Coloured
4 = Indian
5 = Chinese/Japanese/Asian
6 = Could not tell
99 = Missing data

Unemployed
0 = No
1 = Yes
2 = Don't know/Don't Remember
98 = Refused to Answer
99 = Missing data

Urban or rural
1 = Urban
2 = Rural
9 = Can't Determine
99 = Missing data

radnews/Radio news
0 = Never
1 = Less than once a month
2 = About once a month
3 = About once a week/few times a month
4 = Several times a week/a few times a week
5 = Every day
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

wofood/Gone without food
0 = never
1 = occasionally//sometimes/rarely
2 = frequently/often
3 = always
5 = Don't know
99 = missing data

woelecty/Gone without electricity
0 = Never
1 = Occasionally/Sometimes/Rarely
2 = Frequently/Often
3 = Always/Not Applicable (No Electricity)
5 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing Data

wocash/Gone without cash income
0 = Never
1 = Occasionally/Sometimes/Rarely
2 = Frequently/Often
3 = Always
5 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing

tired/Routine affected by worried, tired
0 = Not at all/Never
1 = A little/Sometimes
2 = A lot/Often
3 = Rarely
5 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

knowaids/Friend or relative died of AIDS
1 = Yes
2 = No
3 = Will not say
4 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing

meandemo/Meaning of democracy - 1
0 = Don't know,etc. (incl. missing, no further answer)
1 = Civil liberties/personal freedoms
2 = Voting/electoral choice/multiparty competition
3 = Social/economic development
4 = Govt by the people/of the people/for the people
5 = Peace/unity
6 = Governance/effectiveness/accountability/ transparency
7 = Equality/justice
8 = Rule of law
9 = Personal security
10 = National independence
11 = Majority rule
12 = Group rights/freedoms
13 = Power-sharing/unity of govt
14 = Govt. to provide civic education
15 = Movement/Musevini
19 = Other positive meanings
20 = Conflict/confusion
21 = Corruption/abuse of power
22 = Social/economic hardship
23 = govt of the rich
24 = Bad/poor govt/weak implementation
25 = colonialism,foreign concept/domination
29 = Other negative meanings
30 = Mutual Respect
31 = People Self-determination
32 = Work Together
33 = Mutual Understanding
80 = Nothing/democracy is meaningless
91 = Civilian politics/govt
92 = Change of govt/leadership/laws
95 = Other null/neutral meanings
98 = Refused/won't explain
101 = Other

meandem2/Meaning of democracy - 2
0 = Don't know, etc. (incl. missing, no further answer)
1 = Civil liberties/personal freedoms
2 = Voting/electoral choice/multiparty competition
3 = Social/economic development
4 = Govt by the people/of the people/for the people
5 = Peace/unity
6 = Governance/effectiveness/accountability/ transparency
7 = Equality/justice
8 = Rule of law
9 = Personal security
10 = National independence
11 = Majority rule
12 = Group rights/freedoms
13 = Power-sharing/unity of govt
14 = Govt. to provide civic education
15 = Movement/Musevini
19 = Other positive meanings
20 = Conflict/confusion
21 = Corruption/abuse of power
22 = Social/economic hardship
23 = govt of the rich
24 = Bad/poor govt/weak implementation
25 = colonialism,foreign concept/domination
29 = Other negative meanings
30 = Mutual Respect
31 = People Self-determination
32 = Work Together
33 = Mutual Understanding
80 = Nothing/Democracy is meaningless
91 = Civilian politics/govt
92 = Change of govt/leadership/laws
95 = Other null/neutral meanings
98 = Refused/won't explain
101 = Other

meandem3/Meaning of democracy - 3
0 = Don't know, etc. (incl. missing, no further answer)
1 = Civil liberties/personal freedoms
2 = Voting/electoral choice/multiparty competition
3 = Social/economic development
4 = Govt by the people/of the people/for the people
5 = Peace/unity
6 = Governance/effectiveness/accountability/ transparency
7 = Equality/justice
8 = Rule of law
9 = Personal security
10 = National independence
11 = Majority rule
12 = Group rights/freedoms
13 = Power-sharing/unity of govt
14 = Govt. to provide civic education
15 = Movement/Musevini
19 = Other positive meanings
20 = Conflict/confusion
21 = Corruption/abuse of power
22 = Social/economic hardship
23 = govt of the rich
24 = Bad/poor govt/weak implementation
25 = colonialism,foreign concept/domination
29 = Other negative meanings
30 = Mutual Respect
31 = People Self-determination
32 = Work Together
33 = Mutual Understanding
80 = Nothing/democracy is meaningless
91 = Civilian politics/govt
92 = Change of govt/leadership/laws
95 = Other null/neutral meanings
98 = Refused/won't explain
101 = Other

meanmaj/Democratic society and majority rule
1 = Very important/Absolutely essential
2 = Important
3 = Not very important
4 = Not important at all
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

startbus/Start new business too risky vs. good idea
1 = A, Strongly
2 = A, Somewhat
3 = B, Somewhat
4 = B, Strongly
5 = Do not agree with either
9 = Don't know

resphous/Who responsible for building house
1 = Government
2 = Private Companies
3 = Individuals
4 = Combination
8 = Don't Know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing Data

trustgen/General trust
1 = Most people can be trusted
2 = You must be very careful
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

intrpols/Interested in politics
1 = Very interested/Always/most of the time
2 = Somewhat interested/Some of the time
3 = Now and then
4 = Not interested/Hardly
5 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

dscspols/Discuss politics
0 = Never
1 = Sometimes/occasionally/only once
2 = Often/frequently
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

undergov/Understand government
1 = A, Strongly/Strongly agree
2 = A, Somewhat/Agree
3 = B, Somewhat/Disagree
4 = B, Strongly/Strongly Disagree
5 = Do not agree with either/Neither agree nor disagree
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

nmcllr/Name local government representative
0 = Incorrect
1 = Correct
5 = Could not determine
9 = Don't know
97 = Not Applicable
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

nmmp/Name legislative representative
0 = Incorrect
1 = Correct
5 = Could not determine
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

citproud/Proud to be a citizen
1 = Strongly disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neither agree nor disagree
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly agree
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

adeqliv/Present vs. past: living standard
1 = Much worse
2 = Worse/somewhat worse
3 = About the same/no change
4 = Better/somewhat better
5 = Much better
6 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

handjobs/Handling creating jobs
1 = Very badly/Not at all well
2 = Quite badly/Not very well
3 = Fairly well
4 = Very well
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing Data

econcond/Satisfied with state of national economy
1 = Not at all satisfied/Very dissatisfied
2 = Not very satisfied/Dissatisfied
3 = Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
4 = Fairly satisfied/Satisfied
5 = Very satisfied
6 = Don't know
99 = Missing data

satpast/Present vs. past: satisfaction with economic/life conditions
1 = Much less satisfied/Much worse
2 = Slightly less satisfied/Worse
3 = About the same
4 = Slightly more satisfied/Better
5 = Much more satisfied/Much better
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing Data

satfut/Present vs. future: life/economy in one year
1 = much less satisfied/much worse
2 = slightly less satisfied/Worse
3 = about the same
4 = slightly more satisfied/Better
5 = Much more satified/Much better
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing Data

livecond/Own living conditions compared to others
1 = Much worse
2 = Worse
3 = About the same
4 = Better
5 = Much better
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing Data

ideconds/Identity group economic conditions compared to others
1 = Much worse
2 = Worse
3 = About the same
4 = Better
5 = Much better
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

elhonest/Elections honest
1 = Very dishonestly/Not free & fair
2 = Somewhat dishonestly/Free & fair with major problems
3 = Quite honestly/Free & fair with minor problems
4 = Very honestly/Completely free & fair
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

idenfair/Identity group treated un fairly
1 = Always
2 = To a large extent/most of the time
3 = To some extent/some of the time
4 = Hardly at all
5 = Never
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing Data

allgrps/Government represents all or just one group
1 = One group only
2 = Just a few groups
3 = All citizens
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

whchgrp/Which group's interest represented by government
80 = United Democratic Front constituencies (Malawi)
83 = United Democratic Front/UDF members (Malawi)
151 = The governmental people/people at the corridor of power
153 = They represent those that are in the realm of affairs
155 = Their family's interest and their pocket
157 = The upperclass/richmen/the interest of the money bag
175 = People selected from a particular region

safepast/Present vs. past: safety
1 = Much less safe/Much worse
2 = Somewhat less safe/Worse
3 = About the same
4 = Somewhat more safe/Better
5 = Much more safe/Much better
6 = Don't know
98 = Refused to anser
99 = Missing data

corrupti/Extent of corruption/bribery
1 = Strongly disagree/Almost all
2 = Disagree/most
3 = Agree/a few/some
4 = Strongly agree/Almost none
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

correlec/Corruption among elected leaders
1 = Very common/Almost all
2 = Fairly common/Most
3 = Fairly rare/A few/some
4 = Very rare/Almost none
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

corrwrse/Present vs. past: corruption
1 = Strongly disagree/Much more
2 = Disagree/More
3 = Agree/Less
4 = Strongly agree/Much less
5 = About the same
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

trpres/Trust the president
1 = I do not trust them at all/Never
2 = I distrust them somewhat/Sometimes
3 = I trust them somewhat/Most times
4 = I trust them a lot/Always
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

trbroad/Trust national broadcasting
1 = I do not trust them at all/Never
2 = I distrust them somewhat/Sometimes
3 = I trust them somewhat/Most times
4 = I trust them a lot/Always
9 = don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

presperf/Performance of President
1 = Very unsatisfied/Strongly disapprove
2 = Somewhat unsatisfied/Disapprove
3 = Somewhat satisfied/Approve
4 = Very satisfied/Strongly approve
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

cllrperf/Performance of local government or local councilor/mayor
1 = Very unsatisfied/Strongly disapprove
2 = Somewhat unsatisfied/Disapprove
3 = Somewhat satisfied/Approve
4 = Very satisfied/Strongly approve
6 = Not Applicable for my area
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

handaids/Handling AIDS
1 = Very badly/Not at all well
2 = Fairly badly/Not very well
3 = Fairly well
4 = Very well
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

memrelig/Member/attends religious group
0 = No, not a member/Never attend
1 = Yes, a member/ever attend
9 = Don't know
99 = Missing data

Party affiliation
44 = United National Independent Party (UNIP)
45 = United Party for National Development (UPND)
111 = Rassemblement Malien pour le Changement RMC
112 = Parti pour l'Unite, la Democratie et le Progres PUDP
114 = Parti pour la Democratie et le Progres PDP
115 = Bloc democratique pour l'Integration Africaine BDIA
117 = Rassemblement National pour la Democratie RND
119 = Parti Malien pour le Developement et le Renouveau PMDR
130 = National Convention for Constitutional Reform (NCCR-Maguezi)
134 = Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (CHADEMA)

clseprty/Close to party
1 = Yes
2 = No
3 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

winlose/Close to ruling party or opposition
0 = Loser
1 = Neutral/no party
2 = Winner
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know
99 = Missing data

votelast/Voted in last elections
0 = I did not vote
1 = I decided not to vote
2 = Unable to vote
3 = I voted
4 = No election in my area
5 = Can't remember
98 = Refused
99 = Missing data

parcomm/Attend community meeting
0 = Never
1 = Only once/Once or twice
2 = Sometimes/A few times
3 = Often
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

parissue/Raise an issue
0 = Never
1 = Only once/Once or twice
2 = Sometimes/A few times
3 = Often
4 = Would do if I had the chance
9 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data

conoffic/Contact government or party official
0 = never
1 = only once/twice
2 = sometimes/a few times
3 = often/frequently
5 = Don't know
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Missing data