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    <title>Physics &#187; Ultrafast &amp; Terahertz Photonics: Publications (tag [THz components])</title>
    <link>https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/</link>
    <description>The latest from Physics &#187; Ultrafast &amp; Terahertz Photonics: Publications (tag [THz components])</description>
    <language>en-GB</language>
    <copyright>(C) 2026 University of Warwick</copyright>
    <lastBuildDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:11:42 GMT</lastBuildDate>
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    <category>2016</category>
    <category>2017</category>
    <category>2018</category>
    <category>2019</category>
    <category>2020</category>
    <category>2021</category>
    <category>2022</category>
    <category>2023</category>
    <category>2024</category>
    <category>2025</category>
    <category>2026</category>
    <category>biomedical</category>
    <category>highlight</category>
    <category>Lloyd-Hughes</category>
    <category>MacPherson</category>
    <category>Milot</category>
    <category>nanomaterials</category>
    <category>perovskites</category>
    <category>photoluminescence</category>
    <category>review</category>
    <category>THz components</category>
    <category>THz imaging</category>
    <category>THz spectroscopy</category>
    <category>ultrafast</category>
    <category>Untagged</category>
    <item>
      <title>Real-time generalized terahertz time-domain ellipsometry enabled by dual-channel photoconductive antennas</title>
      <link>https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0319459</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/Ou2026.jpg?maxWidth=200" alt="Diagram" style="margin-right: 20px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;H. Ou, E. Pickwell-MacPherson&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;J. Lloyd-Hughes&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;J. Appl. Phys. &lt;strong&gt;139&lt;/strong&gt;, 123101 (Mar 2026) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0319459';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0319459/20954442/123101_1_5.0319459.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('Ou2026')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="Ou2026" style="display: none;"&gt;Generalized ellipsometry can uncover the optical properties of anisotropic materials, in which the light&amp;ndash;matter interaction alters the polarization state. In the terahertz frequency range, generalized ellipsometry has been infrequently realized due to the challenge of rapidly controlling and measuring THz polarization. Here, we report the development and calibration of a high-efficiency terahertz time-domain generalized ellipsometer based on two dual-channel photoconductive antennas. The fiber-coupled multi-pixel devices act as source and detector and achieve a high data throughput with four independent terahertz pulses in a single optical delay scan, without the need for any bulky or slow polarization elements such as polarizers. Following a one-off system calibration, an accurate optical characterization of a uniaxially birefringent Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; crystal serves to validate the method. Our technique benefits from efficient data throughput, full polarization-resolved capability, and reduced system complexity, paving the way to in situ and real-time monitoring applications.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1063/5.0319459" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1063/5.0319459&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz spectroscopy</category>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>MacPherson</category>
      <category>Lloyd-Hughes</category>
      <category>2026</category>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:07:58 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>A Tutorial on THz Pulse Analysis: Accurate Retrieval of Pulse Arrival Times, Spectral Energy Density and Absolute Spectral Phase</title>
      <link>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-025-01052-w</link>
      <description>&lt;div class="news-thumbnail" style="float: left; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px;"&gt;&lt;img class="thumbnail" width="100" height="100" src="https://warwick.ac.uk/sitebuilder2/file/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications?sbrPage=%2Ffac%2Fsci%2Fphysics%2Fresearch%2Fcondensedmatt%2Fultrafastphotonics%2Fpublications&amp;newsItem=8ac672c796c9abed0196d9ef865d0393" alt="image"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/lloyd-hughes2025.png?maxWidth=200" alt="Shaping" style="margin-right: 10px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;J. Lloyd-Hughes&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;N. Chopra&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;J. Deveikis&lt;/strong&gt;, R. Pandya and &lt;strong&gt;J. Woolley&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;J. Infrared mm THz &lt;strong&gt;46&lt;/strong&gt; 34 &lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="cit-volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="cit-issue"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-pageRange"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (May 2025) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-025-01052-w';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/lloyd-hughes2025.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('lloyd-hughes2025')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="lloyd-hughes2025" style="display: none;"&gt;Electro-optic sampling allows the electric field of THz, mid-infrared and visible light pulses to be measured directly as a function of time, with data analysis often performed in the frequency domain after fast Fourier transform. Here, we review aspects of Fourier theory relevant to the frequency-domain analysis of light pulses recorded in the time domain. We describe a &#8220;best practise&#8221; approach to using the discrete Fourier transform that ensures consistency with analytical results from the continuous Fourier transform. We summarise a phenomenological time-domain model of THz pulses, based on carrier and envelope waves, and show that it can reproduce a wide variety of experimental single- to multi-cycle THz pulses, with exemplary data from lab-based sources (photoconductive antennae, optical rectification, spintronic emitters) and a THz free-electron laser. A quantitative comparison of the spectral energy density of these distinct sources is enabled by the amplitude-accurate discrete Fourier transform. We describe a method that ensures the accurate calculation of the absolute spectral phase (valid for arbitrary sampling windows in the time domain) and summarise how the carrier-envelope phase, pulse arrival time, and chirp can be obtained from the phase. Our aim with this overview of THz pulse analysis is to highlight algorithms and concepts that are useful to newcomers to time-domain spectroscopy and experts, alike.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1007/s10762-025-01052-w&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1007/s10762-025-01052-w" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>Lloyd-Hughes</category>
      <category>ultrafast</category>
      <category>review</category>
      <category>highlight</category>
      <category>2025</category>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 May 2025 16:31:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8ac672c796c9abed0196d9ef865d0393</guid>
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      <title>Dual-Beam THz Spectrometer with Low-Aberration Optics and Off-Axis Multipixel Photoconductive Emitters for Reduced Systematic Errors</title>
      <link>https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.4c01934</link>
      <description>&lt;div class="news-thumbnail" style="float: left; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px;"&gt;&lt;img class="thumbnail" width="100" height="100" src="https://warwick.ac.uk/sitebuilder2/file/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications?sbrPage=%2Ffac%2Fsci%2Fphysics%2Fresearch%2Fcondensedmatt%2Fultrafastphotonics%2Fpublications&amp;newsItem=8ac672c79445486c01945eda80b15aad" alt="image"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/chopra2025.png?maxWidth=200" alt="Shaping" style="margin-right: 10px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;N. Chopra&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;J. Lloyd-Hughes&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;ACS Photonics &lt;strong&gt;12&lt;/strong&gt; 917 &lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="cit-volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="cit-issue"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-pageRange"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Jan 2025) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.4c01934';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/chopra2025.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('chopra2025')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="chopra2025" style="display: none;"&gt;A dual-beam THz spectrometer is reported that substantially reduces the influence of systematic errors in THz time-domain spectroscopy such as those caused by variations in femtosecond laser power or the environmental temperature and humidity. Dual THz beams with single-cycle waveforms were generated simultaneously using a dual-pixel interdigitated photoconductive antenna, allowing the simultaneous acquisition of sample and reference data in the spectrometer using the same optical components. A low-aberration optical geometry ensured diffraction-limited spatial profiles for both beams despite their off-axis propagation and was validated experimentally by measuring frequency-dependent beam profiles and theoretically via physical optics calculations. Although the experimental amplitudes and absolute phase spectra of both beams were very similar, we further provided a correction procedure to eliminate these small differences. The robustness of the dual-beam spectrometer design was evaluated by measuring the complex transmission of a thin plastic sheet after intentionally introducing a change in the relative humidity of the THz beam path. The dual-beam THz spectrometer was effective at removing systematic errors in the amplitude and phase by simultaneously measuring the two THz beams under the same conditions.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1021/acsphotonics.4c01934&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1021/acsphotonics.4c01934" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz spectroscopy</category>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>Lloyd-Hughes</category>
      <category>2025</category>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 08:49:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8ac672c79445486c01945eda80b15aad</guid>
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      <title>Electrically Tunable Si-Based THz Photomodulator Using Dielectric/Polymer Surface Gating</title>
      <link>https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10713270</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/xavier2024.gif?maxWidth=200" alt="Diagram" style="margin-right: 20px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;X. Romain, P.R. Wilshaw, &lt;strong&gt;R.I. Stantchev, T. Miao, S. Mou &lt;/strong&gt; T. Niewelt, S. McNab, S.L. Pain, N.E. Grant, R.S. Bonilla, &lt;strong&gt;E. Pickwell-MacPherson&lt;/strong&gt; and J.D. Murphy &lt;br /&gt;IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Tech. &lt;strong&gt;15&lt;/strong&gt;, 76 (Oct 2024) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.513557';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/Xavier2024.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('Xavier2024')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="Xavier2024" style="display: none;"&gt;Silicon-based terahertz (THz) photomodulators suffer from a modulation speed limited by the lifetime of the charge carriers photoexcited in the silicon. We report a silicon-based THz photomodulator scheme offering real-time reconfiguration of the switching behavior by manipulation of effective charge carrier lifetime. Atomic layer deposition was used to coat silicon samples with dielectric layers to passivate the surfaces with a conductive polymer subsequently deposited to enable electrical gating over the whole surface. The resulting gated photomodulators are characterized using photoconductance decay and photoluminescence imaging. A gated photomodulator with HfO2 passivation is then implemented into a THz time domain spectroscopy setup to demonstrate the potential for live photomodulation optimization during a single-pixel imaging experiment. We use the device to achieve a real-time improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio of the images by a factor of 8.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3477983" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3477983&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>MacPherson</category>
      <category>2024</category>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2024 09:50:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8ac672c7980c09a70198136eea392d9d</guid>
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      <title>Simultaneous measurement of orthogonal terahertz fields via an emission multiplexing scheme</title>
      <link>https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-32-4-5567</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/Huiliang2024.jpeg?maxWidth=200" alt="Diagram" style="margin-right: 20px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;H. Ou, R.I. Stantchev&lt;/strong&gt;, X. Chen, T. Blu, M. Semtsiv, W.T. Masselink, &lt;strong&gt;A. Hernandez Serrano, G. Costa, J. Young, N. Chopra, J. Lloyd-Hughes, and E. Pickwell-MacPherson &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Optics Express &lt;strong&gt;32&lt;/strong&gt;, 5567 (Feb 2024) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.505567';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/Ou2024.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('Ou2024')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="Ou2024" style="display: none;"&gt;We propose a polarization sensitive terahertz time-domain spectrometer that can record orthogonally polarized terahertz fields simultaneously, using fibre-coupled photoconductive antennas and a scheme that modulated the emitter&#8217;s polarization. The s and p channels of the multi-pixel terahertz emitter were modulated at different frequencies, thereby allowing orthogonal waveforms to be demultiplexed from the recorded signal in post-processing. The performance of the multi-pixel emitter used in this multiplexing scheme was comparable to that of a commercial single-polarization H-dipole antenna. The approach allowed two orthogonally polarized terahertz pulses to be recorded with good signal to noise (&amp;gt;1000:1) within half a second. We verified the capability of the spectrometer by characterizing a birefringent crystal and by imaging a polarization-sensitive metamaterial. This work has significant potential to improve the speed of terahertz polarization sensitive applications, such as ellipsometry and imaging.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1364/OE.505567" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1364/OE.505567&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz spectroscopy</category>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>MacPherson</category>
      <category>2024</category>
      <category>Lloyd-Hughes</category>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Feb 2024 16:17:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8a17841a8d5a9559018d6a9c68087c19</guid>
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      <title>Optimum Optical Designs for Diffraction-Limited Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging Systems Using Off-Axis Parabolic Mirrors</title>
      <link>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-023-00949-8</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/chopra2023b.png?maxWidth=200" alt="Shaping" style="margin-right: 10px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;N. Chopra&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;J. Lloyd-Hughes&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves &lt;strong&gt;44&lt;/strong&gt;, 981&lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="cit-volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="cit-issue"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-pageRange"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Nov 2023) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-023-00949-8';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/chopra2023b.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('chopra2023b')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="chopra2023b" style="display: none;"&gt;Off-axis parabolic mirrors (OAPMs) are widely used in the THz and mm-wave communities for spectroscopy and imaging applications, as a result of their broadband, low-loss operation and high numerical apertures. However, the aspherical shape of an OAPM creates significant geometric aberrations: these make achieving diffraction-limited performance a challenge, and lower the peak electric field strength in the focal plane. Here, we quantify the impact of geometric aberrations on the performance of the most widely used spectrometer designs, by using ray tracing and physical optics calculations to investigate whether diffraction-limited performance can be achieved in both the sample and the detector plane. We identify simple rules, based on marginal ray propagation, that allow spectrometers to be designed that are more robust to misalignment errors, and which have minimal aberrations for THz beams. For a given source, this allows the design of optical paths that give the smallest THz beam focal spot, with the highest THz electric field strength possible. This is desirable for improved THz imaging, for better signal-to-noise ratios in linear THz spectroscopy and optical-pump THz-probe spectroscopy, and to achieve higher electric field strengths in non-linear THz spectroscopy.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1007/s10762-023-00949-8&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1007/s10762-023-00949-8" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz spectroscopy</category>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>Lloyd-Hughes</category>
      <category>THz imaging</category>
      <category>2023</category>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Nov 2023 16:09:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8a17841a8bec8ce5018bf2a4b5bc2479</guid>
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      <title>The 2023 terahertz science and technology roadmap</title>
      <link>https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/acbe4c</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/roadmap2023.jpg?maxWidth=200" alt="Diagram" style="margin-right: 20px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A. Leitenstorfer, ..., &lt;strong&gt;E. Pickwell-MacPherson,&lt;/strong&gt; ... and J. Cunningham &lt;br /&gt;J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. &lt;strong&gt;56&lt;/strong&gt;, 223001 (April 2023) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/acbe4c';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/Roadmap2023.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('Roadmap2023')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="Roadmap2023" style="display: none;"&gt;Terahertz (THz) radiation encompasses a wide spectral range within the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from microwaves to the far infrared (100 GHz&amp;ndash;&#8764;30 THz). Within its frequency boundaries exist a broad variety of scientific disciplines that have presented, and continue to present, technical challenges to researchers. During the past 50 years, for instance, the demands of the scientific community have substantially evolved and with a need for advanced instrumentation to support radio astronomy, Earth observation, weather forecasting, security imaging, telecommunications, non-destructive device testing and much more. Furthermore, applications have required an emergence of technology from the laboratory environment to production-scale supply and in-the-field deployments ranging from harsh ground-based locations to deep space. In addressing these requirements, the research and development community has advanced related technology and bridged the transition between electronics and photonics that high frequency operation demands. The multidisciplinary nature of THz work was our stimulus for creating the 2017 THz Science and Technology Roadmap (Dhillon et al 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 043001). As one might envisage, though, there remains much to explore both scientifically and technically and the field has continued to develop and expand rapidly. It is timely, therefore, to revise our previous roadmap and in this 2023 version we both provide an update on key developments in established technical areas that have important scientific and public benefit, and highlight new and emerging areas that show particular promise. The developments that we describe thus span from fundamental scientific research, such as THz astronomy and the emergent area of THz quantum optics, to highly applied and commercially and societally impactful subjects that include 6G THz communications, medical imaging, and climate monitoring and prediction. Our Roadmap vision draws upon the expertise and perspective of multiple international specialists that together provide an overview of past developments and the likely challenges facing the field of THz science and technology in future decades. The document is written in a form that is accessible to policy makers who wish to gain an overview of the current state of the THz art, and for the non-specialist and curious who wish to understand available technology and challenges. A such, our experts deliver a 'snapshot' introduction to the current status of the field and provide suggestions for exciting future technical development directions. Ultimately, we intend the Roadmap to portray the advantages and benefits of the THz domain and to stimulate further exploration of the field in support of scientific research and commercial realisation.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1088/1361-6463/acbe4c" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1088/1361-6463/acbe4c&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz spectroscopy</category>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>MacPherson</category>
      <category>THz imaging</category>
      <category>2023</category>
      <category>biomedical</category>
      <category>review</category>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jun 2023 21:11:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8a1785d7884dd3270188928ca72e470f</guid>
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      <title>Tunable THz flat zone plate based on stretchable single-walled carbon nanotube thin film</title>
      <link>https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.475385</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/katyba2023.jpg?maxWidth=300" alt="CNT THz Fresnel lenses" style="margin-right: 10px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;G.M. Katyba, N.I. Raginov, E.M. Khabushev, V.A. Zhelnov, A. Gorodetsky, D.A. Ghazaryan, M.S. Mironov, D.V. Krasnikov, Y.G. Gladush, &lt;strong&gt;J. Lloyd-Hughes&lt;/strong&gt;, A.G. Nasibulin, A.V. Arsenin, V.S. Volkov, K.I. Zaytsev, and M.G. Burdanova &lt;br /&gt;Optica &lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="cit-volume"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;span class="cit-issue"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-pageRange"&gt;53&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (Jan 2023) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.475385';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/katyba2023.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('katyba2023')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="katyba2023" style="display: none;"&gt;Tunable optoelectronics have attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of their variety of applications in next-generation devices. Among the potential uses for tuning optical elements, those allowing consistent parameter control stand out. We present an approach for the creation of mechanically tunable zone plate lenses in the THz range. Our devices comprise single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin films of predetermined design integrated with stretchable polymer films. These offer high-performance and in situ tunability of focal length up to 50%. We studied the focusing properties of our lenses using the backward-wave oscillator THz imaging technique, supported by numerical simulations based on the finite element frequency domain method. Our approach may further enable the integration of SWCNT films into photonic and optoelectronic applications and could be of use for the creation of a variety of flexible and stretchable THz optical elements.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1364/OPTICA.475385&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1364/OPTICA.475385" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>Lloyd-Hughes</category>
      <category>2023</category>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2023 22:48:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8a17841b857d17f001858945506730d6</guid>
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      <title>Multi-pixel photoconductive emitters for the controllable generation of azimuthal and radial terahertz beams ("Editor's Pick")</title>
      <link>https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.473086</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/deveikis2022.jpg?maxWidth=200" alt="Multi-pixel emitters" style="margin-right: 10px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;J. Deveikis &lt;/strong&gt;and &lt;strong&gt;J. Lloyd-Hughes&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Optics Express &lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;30&lt;span class="cit-volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="cit-issue"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-pageRange"&gt;43293&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Nov 2022) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.473086';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/deveikis2022.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('deveikis2022')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="deveikis2022" style="display: none;"&gt;A multi-pixel photoconductive emitter is reported that generates THz beams with either azimuthal, radial or linear polarization states. Switching between the different polarization states was purely electrical, via the bias voltage applied, circumventing the need for mechanical polarization optics or different THz emitters to change the polarization. Dipole array modelling was performed to validate emitter array designs, and to explore their optimal bias configuration, while spatially-resolved electro-optic detection of the generated beams confirmed that cylindrical-vector beams were produced. We further demonstrate that the spatial beam profile was optimized by adjusting the bias level on particular pixels, improving the polarization purity of the beam.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1364/OE.473086&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1364/OE.473086" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz spectroscopy</category>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>Lloyd-Hughes</category>
      <category>2022</category>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Nov 2022 13:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8a1785d87b77d89c017c0d6f789f4771</guid>
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      <title>Precise and accurate control of the ellipticity of THz radiation using a photoconductive pixel array</title>
      <link>https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0064146</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/mosley2021.png?maxWidth=300" alt="Multi-pixel emitters" style="margin-right: 10px;" border="0" align="right" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C.D.W. Mosley, J. Deveikis &lt;/strong&gt;and &lt;strong&gt;J. Lloyd-Hughes&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Appl. Phys. Lett. &lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;119&lt;span class="cit-volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="cit-issue"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-pageRange"&gt;121105&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="citation_volume"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Sep 2021) &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0064146';"&gt;web&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="location.href='https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ultrafastphotonics/publications/mosley2021.pdf';"&gt;pdf&lt;/button&gt; &lt;button class="abstractButton" onclick="showHide('mosley2021')"&gt;Show abstract&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="mosley2021" style="display: none;"&gt;Full control of the ellipticity of broadband pulses of THz radiation, from linear to left- or right-handed circular polarization, was demonstrated via a four-pixel photoconductive emitter with an integrated achromatic waveplate. Excellent polarization purity and accuracy were achieved, with Stokes parameters exceeding 97% for linear and circular polarization, via a robust scheme that corrected electrically for polarization changes caused by imperfect optical elements. Furthermore, to assess the speed and precision of measurements of the THz polarization, we introduced a figure of merit, the standard error after one second of measurement, found to be 0.047&#176; for the polarization angle.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;img src="https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/citation-count?doi=10.1063/5.0064146&amp;amp;httpAccept=image%2Fjpeg&amp;amp;apiKey=23942728d429d8cd622400c4a7485a23" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="altmetric-embed" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="2" data-doi="10.1063/5.0064146" data-hide-no-mentions="true"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <category>THz spectroscopy</category>
      <category>THz components</category>
      <category>Lloyd-Hughes</category>
      <category>2021</category>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Sep 2021 11:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8a1785d88461a315018463cf65ef1418</guid>
    </item>
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