Bug beats: caterpillars use complex rhythms to communicate with ants

Research from the University of Warwick has revealed that butterfly caterpillars use sophisticated rhythmic signals to communicate with ants, helping them gain protection, food, and access to ant nests.

Some butterfly species rely on ants for survival during their early life stages as caterpillars. The ants treat the baby caterpillars like colony members, carrying them into nests, protecting them from predators, and even feeding them. In exchange, caterpillars provide sugary secretions to ants or behave in ways that mimic ant behaviour to integrate with the colony.

While chemical mimicry has long been known to underpin these relationships, the new research by the University of Warwick, University of Turin, and Forest Research Institute, in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, shows that caterpillars also use precisely timed vibrational rhythms to attract and appease their ant hosts.

Dr Chiara De Gregorio, Research Fellow in Warwick’s Department of Psychology said: “These caterpillars are essentially speaking the ants’ language—not just chemically, but rhythmically. By matching the ants’ beat, they can convince them they belong.

“Rhythm is a fundamental part of human life: we dance to it, clap to it, and instantly notice when something feels out of time. But complex rhythmic organisation has been mainly seen in primates, so for us to find that even ants and caterpillars rely on carefully timed rhythmic signals to communicate is very exciting.

“So, the next time you tap your foot to a beat, remember that somewhere underground, caterpillars may be doing something surprisingly similar: keeping time to stay alive.”

The researchers analysed vibroacoustic signals – tiny vibrations that travel through plants, soil, or the walls of ant nests - from two ant species and nine caterpillar species with varying levels of myrmecophily (a description of how strong a relationship the caterpillars have with ants).

They examined rhythmic features including pulse tempo, interval timing, and pattern regularity.

The caterpillars with the strongest myrmecophily produced signals with highly regular timing and especially complex rhythmic patterns, like musical rhythms with alternating strong and weak beats. These rhythms closely resembled those used by ants themselves. In contrast, species with weaker or no associations with ants produced simpler or more irregular rhythms.

Prof Francesca Barbero Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin added: “In the dark, crowded environment of an ant nest, where constant vibrations and noise are unavoidable, precise rhythm may help signals stand out and be recognised quickly. For caterpillars, getting the rhythm right can be vital: it may determine whether ants provide care and protection, or ignore them completely.”

Highly ant-dependent caterpillars shared two key rhythmic traits with ants: isochrony, meaning evenly spaced pulses that create a steady beat, and double meter, a more complex pattern of alternating long and short intervals.

This combination was only observed in ants and the most ant-dependent caterpillar species, suggesting the two species have evolved a co-ordinated rhythm pattern driven by their close ecological interaction.

The findings challenge the idea that rhythm is limited to humans or animals with large brains. Instead, they suggest rhythm may be a fundamental feature of communication across the animal kingdom—even among tiny insects whose survival depends on cross-species cooperation.

ENDS

Notes to Editors

The paper ‘Rhythmic signaling of ants and butterflies with varying degrees of myrmecophily’ is published in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70223

For more information please contact:

Matt Higgs, PhD | Media & Communications Officer (Warwick Press Office)

Email: Matt.Higgs@warwick.ac.uk | Phone: +44(0)7880 175403

Image credits:

Maculinea caterpillar being carried by an ant. Credit - Vibrant Lab, Torino

Adult Maculinea butterfly. Credit - Vibrant Lab, Torino

M_teleius being cared for by M_scabrinodis Credit - Daniel Sanchez

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25 February 2026