Flying Lifesavers: Drones could soon respond to cardiac arrests
In the UK there are more than 40,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) annually, but fewer than 10% of people survive. Early CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and use of an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) to restart the heart can at least double the chance of survival. AEDs are safe for the public to use, even without training, but it can be difficult for bystanders to locate and retrieve one quickly during an emergency.
Researchers at the University of Warwick teamed up with the Welsh Ambulance Services University NHS Trust and autonomous drone specialists SkyBound for a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) study to test the feasibility of drone-delivered AEDs.
They tested using drones to fly defibrillators in response to 999 calls as part of emergency simulations in a remote countryside location where ambulance crews would usually be delayed in reaching by road.
Chief Investigator Dr Christopher Smith, University of Warwick, said: “Ambulance services work as swiftly as possible to get to patients who have suffered cardiac arrests. However, it can sometimes be difficult to get there quickly. AEDs can be used by members of the public before the ambulance gets there, but this rarely happens. We’ve built a drone system to deliver defibrillators to people having cardiac arrest which could help save lives.
“We have successfully demonstrated that drones can safely fly long distances with a defibrillator attached and maintain real-time communications with emergency services during the 999 call. We are in a position where we could operationalise this system and use it for real emergencies across the UK soon.”
In the study, the researchers designed a system to deliver an AED attached by a winch to a DJI M300 drone following a 999 call. Skybound’s automated drone software activated and controlled the drone’s flight. The AED was lowered to a member of the public to help them carry out resuscitation on a CPR mannequin, all while receiving instructions from ambulance service call handlers.
The study, which recruited 11 participants, involved assessing real-time communications between the drone pilot, call handler and public bystander. Experts observed how those taking part behaved and interacted with each other. They also timed how quickly the mock cardiac arrest patient would be reached.
Steve Holt, who survived two cardiac arrests in remote Northern England beauty spots, says research into using drones to deliver Automated External Defibrillator (AEDs) to cardiac arrest patients may help to save lives.
The 74-year-old retired surgeon collapsed on a walking holiday in the Lake District with his 43-year-old son Mark in 2019 in a remote country pub near Coniston. Mark began CPR and used the defibrillator located outside the pub, but bad weather thwarted an air ambulance, so it took 25 minutes before paramedics arrived by road.
Mark, now a patient representative on the current NIHR study, sees the great potential of delivering defibrillators by drones and feels that it would be welcomed by people. He added: “While I was resuscitating dad it felt like an eternity waiting for help. Ambulances can be delayed, especially when trying to get to remote areas like those we were in. But in the future a call handler may be able to explain that help is on the way with a drone which can arrive much quicker.
“Without clinical research, healthcare advances would not come to fruition. It has been a privilege to be involved with the NIHR and the University of Warwick’s work.
Study findings show the technology is very promising. Drone start-up procedures were quick. It took 2.18 minutes from emergency call to drone take-off. The drone flew autonomously and safely, with good links to the ambulance service and effective real-time communication. Participants reacted positively to drone delivery of the AED.
However, there were delays once the drone had arrived on scene. It took a further 4.35 minutes after the drone had arrived before a shock was given to the simulated patient using the AED. Hands-off CPR time was 2.32 minutes, but only 0.16 minutes of this was spent retrieving the AED.
Researchers concluded that bystanders interacted well with the drone but struggled using the AED, showing that bystanders and call-handlers need more support to use drone-delivered AEDs for this to be effective. The next stage will involve funding larger studies to test the technology and evaluate whether it can be used in the NHS.
Professor Mike Lewis, NIHR Scientific Director for Innovation, said: “Cardiac arrest, as the Secretary of State highlighted, is one of the biggest killers, claiming tens of thousands of people’s lives a year. In an emergency situation, time is of the essence and it’s crucial that bystanders can help before ambulance crews arrive.
“That’s why it’s so exciting this innovative study is investigating if enabling emergency services can harness drones to deliver defibrillators to help improve survival. This demonstrates how health and care research can deliver high tech solutions to improve health and care services, and powers the country’s life sciences sector and technical advantage.”
ENDS
Notes to Editors:
Download photos of the drone in action:
The paper “The use of drone-delivered Automated External Defibrillators in the emergency response for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A simulation study” is published in Resuscitation Plus. DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2025.101045
For more information, please contact:
University of Warwick Press Office on +44(0)7880 175403 or Matt.Higgs@warwick.ac.uk
NIHR Press Office on 020 4587 7470 or pressoffice@nihr.ac.uk.
Funding:
The study was funded by NIHR’s Research for Patient Benefit (RfPB) Programme.
Health and Care Research Wales also provided NHS Excess Treatment Costs (ETC) for the drone.
Additional Quotes:
Carl Powell, Clinical Lead (Acute Care) at the Welsh Ambulance Service, said: “In a cardiac arrest, every second counts. We will always send an ambulance as quickly as possible, but starting chest compressions and delivering an electric shock with a defibrillator in the meantime could mean the difference between life and death.
“We’re grateful to NIHR and others for funding this research, which has demonstrated that the technology shows a great amount of promise.
“We’ll continue to work with partners to further explore and test how drone-delivered defibrillators could be harnessed by the NHS.”
Gemma Alcock, CEO of SkyBound, said: “This collaboration represents a significant step forward in leveraging technology to potentially save lives, particularly in remote areas where access to defibrillators can be challenging.
“Our involvement underscores the very reason SkyBound came into fruition, as the initial inspiration came from the experience I gained as a beach lifeguard where I dealt with a life-critical incident.
8 September 2025