Warwick art historian uncovers lost portrait of Shakespeare’s patron and possible lover

A previously unknown miniature portrait of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton – Shakespeare’s patron and possible lover – has been discovered in a private collection.

The owners contacted art historian Dr Elizabeth Goldring, honorary reader at the University of Warwick, after reading her book Nicholas Hilliard: Life of an Artist, as they suspected the tiny portrait in their collection might be the work of the renowned miniaturist, and also wished to identify the sitter.

The painting has now been confirmed as a work by Nicholas Hilliard (c.1547-1619), Queen Elizabeth I’s favourite portraitist, with the subject identified as Henry Wriothesley (1573-1624). The miniature’s style indicates it was painted in the early 1590s.

“The Earl’s pearl earring, bracelets, beautifully embroidered clothing and long hair held close to his heart may present an initial impression of a woman, but this is a faithful representation of Wriothesley’s appearance,” explains Dr Goldring. “A noted patron of the arts, Wriothesley was celebrated by his contemporaries for his androgynous beauty and his love of poetry and drama. He was known, too, for his vanity and for the great pride he took in his appearance, especially his long hair.”

Shakespeare dedicated two lengthy erotic poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, to the Earl of Southampton, and Wriothesley has long been conjectured to be the beautiful, androgynous ‘fair youth’ to whom many of Shakespeare’s sonnets are addressed, with some scholars suggesting that the youth was Shakespeare’s lover. Intriguingly, a small but significant detail on the reverse of this miniature offers a fascinating potential clue to the nature of Wriothesley’s personal relationship with Shakespeare.

“Miniatures were inherently private artworks that were frequently exchanged as love tokens,” said Dr Goldring. “This miniature is pasted onto a playing card, which is customary for the time. The reverse of this playing card was originally a red heart, but most unusually, the heart has been deliberately obliterated and painted over with a black arrow. It could, arguably, be a spade - but I think it more strongly resembles a spear, the symbol that appears in Shakespeare’s coat of arms.

“It’s impossible to say when this deliberate defacement took place, but it was certainly done with a purpose. One tantalising interpretation might be that Shakespeare was the original recipient of the miniature but returned it to the Earl at some point - perhaps around the time of Southampton’s marriage in 1598 - with his personal mark firmly obscuring the heart. Such a scenario would help to explain why and how the miniature remained in a branch of the Southampton family for hundreds of years.”

Dr Goldring, in partnership with art historian Emma Rutherford and literary scholar Professor Sir Jonathan Bate, has spent the last 8 months authenticating and researching the exquisite oval artwork, measuring just two and a quarter inches in height.

The discovery of the miniature adds a striking new dimension to the mystery of Shakespeare’s muse – and sheds fresh light on one of the most enigmatic relationships in literary history.

ENDS

Notes to Editors

Dr Elizabeth Goldring FSA FRHistS is an Honorary Reader at the University of Warwick. She is the author of Nicholas Hilliard: Life of an Artist (Yale, 2019) which won the Apollo Book Prize and was short-listed for the William M. B. Berger Prize for British Art History, the Slightly Foxed Best First Biography Prize and the Richard Schlagman Art Book Award.

Her latest book, a definitive biography of Hans Holbein the Younger, Holbein: Renaissance Master, will be published by Yale on 11 November 2025.

Attached images:

Nicholas Hilliard (C1547-1619), a portrait miniature of a young Gentleman, here identified as Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (1573-1624), watercolour on vellum, pasted to a playing card (probably a three of hearts, covered by a black ink spear or arrow. Oval, 51mm high. © The Limner Company

Verso of Nicholas Hilliard (C1547-1619), a portrait miniature of a young Gentleman, here identified as Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (1573-1624), a playing card (probably a three of hearts, covered by a black ink spear or arrow. Oval, 51mm high. © Elizabeth Goldring

1602 version of the Shakespeare coat of arms by William Smith.

For more information please contact Ann Baylis

ann.baylis@warwick.ac.uk / 07876 876 937

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5/9/25