New research from the University of Warwick finds that many popular theories about Brexit are wrong.

Using just-released data, the researchers show that it was people’s feelings about their own finances that led to Brexit, and that Brexit was not forced on the UK by older voters. 

Using daily information on 8000 voters surveyed in the run-up to the referendum, the researchers found:

• There was little difference in the voting views of 35 year olds, 55 year olds, and 75 year olds. Only the very young were heavily Remain.
• The Leave vote did not happen because of generalized unhappiness in the country.
• There were no particularly large voting differences between ‘white British’ and other citizens.
• The study found no statistically significant influence from being unemployed, being married, having children, or living in a rural area.

The key predictor of someone’s Brexit vote was their deep-down feelings about their own finances - whether they felt they were managing comfortably, doing OK, just about getting by, or having some - or extreme - difficulty.

Professor Andrew Oswald from the University of Warwick’s Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economic (CAGE), one of the study’s authors, said:

“People’s feelings -- about how their own wallet had been performing -- determined how they voted. I am not sure Brexit was greatly about principle. It was more a cry of financial pain.”

The researchers also found that those with university degrees tended to be strong Remainers, 16 per cent more likely to vote to stay in the EU. Women typically had a mild preference for Remain (6 per cent more likely), and white-British a mild preference for Leave (also 6 per cent). People’s life-satisfaction scores had relatively little predictive power. As in the polls at the time, the authors find that some voters were undecided even close to the 23rd of June.

The new Warwick research adds to a small but growing academic literature on the probable reasons for Brexit. Previous work has emphasized the role of regional and educational influences, but not of citizens’ psychology or deep feelings.

The data in the study come from the official Understanding Society survey data set, which interviews randomly selected citizens throughout the weeks of each year.

• Was Brexit Caused by the Unhappy and the Old? by Federica Liberini, Andrew Oswald, Eugenio Proto, and Michela Redoano is available on the IZA Bonn, Germany website here: http://ftp.iza.org/dp11059.pdf

• Liberini is at ETH University in Zurich. The other authors are in the Economics department of the University of Warwick, and the CAGE Centre (Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy) at the University of Warwick. The authorship order was decided alphabetically.

4 October 2017

For further information, contact:

Sheila Kiggins

Media Relations Manager

University of Warwick

(e) s.kiggins@warwick.ac.uk

(m) 07876 218166

(t) 02476 150 423