Quantum, phonon and spin transport

Any nanoscale device consists of two or more electrodes (leads) connected to scattering region. The electrodes are perfect waveguides where particles can transmit without any scattering. The main scattering occurs either at the interface between electrodes and scatter or inside the scattering region. The goal is to understand the electrical, vibrational and magnetic properties of nanoscale molecular junctions where a nanoscale scatter or a molecule is located between electrodes. We exploit quantum, phonon and spin transport through such junctions. For this, we employ "scattering theory and non-equilibrium Green's function method" or "master equation" approaches.

Environmental effects

The electron, phonon and spin transport on a nanoscale junction could also be investigated in the absence or presence of surroundings, such as an electric field (gate and bias voltages or local charge), magnetic field, laser beam or molecular environment (water, solvent, gases, biological spices, donors, acceptors, etc).

Develop quantum transport code

We co-develop the next generation quantum transport simulation tool: GOLLUM which is a program that computes the charge, spin and thermal transport properties of multi-terminal nano-scale junctions.

Molecular electronics represents a revolutionary approach to electronics, envisioning the construction of electronic devices using individual molecules as the fundamental building blocks.

The development of molecular electronics is an ongoing research endeavor, facing challenges in synthesis, fabrication, and characterization of molecular components. However, the potential rewards are immense, promising a future of electronics where devices are not only smaller and faster but also more versatile and adaptable.

Quantum and phonon interference

Electrons and phonons (i.e. vibrations due to heat) both behave quantum-mechanically like waves and so they can exhibit interference. When a single molecule is attached to metallic electrodes, de Broglie waves of electrons entering the molecule from one electrode and leaving from the other form a complex interference pattern inside the molecule. These patterns called "quantum interference" could be utilized to optimize the single-molecule device performance.

It turns out that constructive or destructive interference of electrons and phonons within individual organic molecules can be engineered precisely by carefully selecting the connection of the molecule to external electrodes and the addition of various atomic groups to the molecule.

Spintronics

Coherent manipulation of electron spins is essential for quantum and neuromorphic computing and data storage and transfer. We showed recently that the spin coherence time in the range of microseconds at room temperature is possible in bottom up molecular nanoribbons with well-defined zigzag edges decorated with organic radical molecules that bear electron spins. Our focus is on studying spin manipulation in magnetic molecules and molecular nanoribbons and the interplay between their transport and magnetic properties.

Biological sensing

DNA sequencing (sensing the order of bases in a DNA strand) is an essential step toward personalized medicine for improving human health. Despite recent developments, conventional DNA sequencing methods are still expensive and time consuming. Therefore, the challenge of developing accurate, fast, and inexpensive, fourth-generation DNA sequencing alternatives has attracted huge scientific interest. All molecular based biosensors rely on a molecular recognition layer and a signal transducer, which converts specific recognition events into optical, mechanical, electrochemical, or electrical signals.

One implementation of this approach is based on measurement of the variation in the ionic current through a solid-state or biological nanopore, due to the translocation of a DNA strand through the pore. However, the current leakage through such pores, low signal-to-noise ratios, and poor control of the speed of the strand through the pore create significant obstacles. To overcome the key technical problems, we study an alternative strategy that involves measuring changes in the electrical conductance of the membrane e.g. containing the pore, rather than variations in an ionic current passing through the pore.

Thermoelectricity

For many years, the attraction of the single-molecule electronics has stemmed from their potential for sub-10nm electronic switches and rectifiers and from their provision of sensitive platforms for single-molecule sensing. In the recent years, their potential for removing heat from nanoelectronic devices (thermal management) and thermoelectrically converting waste heat into electricity has also been recognized.

The efficiency of a thermoelectric device for power generation is characterized by the dimensionless figure of merit ZT = GS2T/κ, where G is the electrical conductance, S is the thermopower (Seebeck coefficient), T is temperature, and κ is the thermal conductance. Therefore, low-κ materials are needed for efficient conversion of heat into electricity, whereas materials with high κ are needed for thermal management.

Inorganic materials for thermoelectricity have been extensively studied and have delivered ZT values as high as 2.2 at temperatures over 900 K. However, this level of efficiency does not meet the requirements of current energy demands, and furthermore, the materials are difficult to process and have limited global supply.

Organic thermoelectric materials may be an attractive alternative, but at present the best organic thermoelectric material with a ZT of 0.6 in room temperature is still not competitive with inorganics. In an effort to overcome these limitations, single organic molecules and self-assembled monolayers have attracted recent scientific interest, both for their potential as room temperature thermoelectric materials and for thermal management.

Optoelectronics

One of the main focuses of nanoscale electronics is on switching electrical conductance by an external stimulus such as an external electric field, redox chemistry, or light. In the latter, the electrical current is switched on or off in photochromic molecules in the presence of light or a change in its intensity.

Piezoelectric

In Piezoelectric molecules, electrical current is generated due to the deformation of molecule. This was observed recently in 4,16-dibromo[2.2]paracyclophane and heptahelicene derived molecules. To enhance the Piezoelectric response, molecules with low conductance and a high dipole moment are required.

Van-der Waals heterostructures

Two dimensional materials such as graphene, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), phosphorene, silicene and other transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted considerable scientific interest in the past couple of years due to their fascinating transport properties in both in-plane as well as stacked configurations (cross plane van der Waals structures). In device modelling group, we study both in-plane and cross plane transport to explore novel physical phenomena induced by quantum coherent electronic states in these low dimensional systems and application based on novel functionalities.

Graphene nanojunctions

For the purpose of attaching molecules to such metallic electrodes, a variety of anchor groups have been explored. These fundamental studies have demonstrated clear correlations between molecular structure and function but are not scalable, not CMOS compatible, and in many cases do not allow gating by a nearby electrostatic gate. Silicon-based platforms have been proposed but so far such technologies remain in their infancy.

To overcome some of these limitations, strategies for contacting single molecules based on carbon nanotubes and graphene have been developed. In particular, electroburnt graphene junctions have been shown to deliver stable electrode gaps below 5 nm, which allow electrostatic gating through buried or side gates. Recently graphene-based molecular junctions were used to realize a stable and reversible photoswitch and to study quantum interference, electron transport, vibrational properties, and molecular magnetism in single molecules. However, compared with metal/molecule/metal junctions, graphene-based molecular electronics is still in an early phase of development. In device modelling group, we study the potential of graphene electrodes to form reproducible, stable and reliable junctions.

Bottom-up graphene nanoribbons

Fabrication of novel nanometers long electronic devices with single-atom level precision has been recently possible in chemically-synthesised bottom up graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). It has been predicted that GNRs should display half-metallicity, magnetic and topological effects solely when their edges are shaped with molecular precision. Although GNRs now provide the necessary structural control, but their potential for quantum electronics remains unexplored. In device modelling group, we exploit GNRs as building blocks for nanoelectronic applications. For example, GNRs can be used to make faster, more efficient transistors and other electronic devices; to make more efficient batteries and supercapacitors; to make very sensitive sensors for a variety of gases and chemicals and to deliver drugs to cells, and they may also be used to create new tissue engineering scaffolds.