RS 37a
Hugues de Berzé
N’Ugo de Bersié mandet aquestas coblas a Falqet de Rotmans per un joglar q’avia nom Bernart d’Argentau, per predicar lui qe vengues con lui outra mar.
I Bernart, di me Falqet, q’om tient a sage, qe n’enpleit pas tot son sen en folie, que nos avons grant part de nostre eage 4entre nos dos usé en lecharie, e avons ben del segle tant apris qe ben savons que chascun jorn vaut pis; par qe fareit ben esmender sa vie, 8car a la fin es for de joglaria.
II Deus, qel dolor, qeu perda e qeu dampnage d’ome qui vaut quant ill no se chastie! Mas tel i a quant voit son bel estage 12e sa mason ben plena e ben garnie, qui ne cuide seit autre paradis. Non [i] pensez, Falquet, biaus dolz amis, mas faites nos outramer compaignie, 16qe tot ce faut mas Deus ne faudra mie.
III Bernart encor me feras [un] message a mon marqis cui am ses tricharie: qe ge li pri qu’il aut en cest vïage, 20que Monferraz le doit d’ancessarie; c’un’autra fois fust perduz le païs, ne fust Conras, qui tant en ot de pris qu’il n’er jamais nul jorn que l’om nen die 24que par lui fu recovree Surie.
IV Ni ja d’aver porter ne seit pensis, qe sos cosis l’emperere Freeris n’avra assez, qui ne li faudra mie, 28qu’il l’acuilli molt bel en Lombardie.
V Bernart, di me mon seignor al marquis que de part mei te don ce que m’as quis, que je ai la crois qui me deffent e prie 32que no mete mon avoir en folie.
Sir Hughes de Berzé sent these coblas to Falqet de Romans by means of a jongleur who was called Bernart d’Argentau, to exhort him to come overseas with him.
I Bernart, tell Falquet for me, since he is said to be wise, that he should not waste all his sense on folly, as the two of us have spent a great part of our life in pleasure-seeking, and have learned enough about the world to know that each day is worth less [than the previous one]. It looks as if it would be good to amend one’s life, for the time for play/ diversion is coming to an end.
II God, what grief, what loss and what damage [comes about] when a man of worth fails to correct himself! But there are some people who, when they see their fine situation and their house all full of rich furnishings, think there is no other paradise. Do not believe this, Falquet my sweet friend, but keep us company in Outremer, because all this fails yet God will never fail.
III Bernart, you will also take a message to my marquis, whom I love without deceit: I beg him to go on this pilgrimage, since Monferrat is bound to do so out of hereditary duty. The Holy Land would have been lost on another occasion if it had not been for Conrad: he won such honour in this undertaking that there will never be a day when people will not say of him that Syria was recovered by him.
IV And do not worry about taking money, for his cousin, the emperor Frederick, will have plenty and he will not refuse it to him, since the marquis gave him a great welcome in Lombardy.
V Bernart, tell my lord the good marquis for me, that on my behalf he should give you what you have asked of me, for now I have the cross which forbids me and begs me not to spend my money on foolish things.
Historical context and dating
The composition of the song is situated in the years around the fifth crusade, between 1213 and 1225, the date of the death of William VI of Monferrat (17 September?), who is therefore the marquis mentioned in the text. Three significant events focus attention on the year 1213: the publication of the bull Quia maior with which pope Innocent III invited the whole of Christendom to take part in a new crusade, the future emperor Frederick’s pledge to leave for the Holy Land made in the Golden Bull of Eger on 12 July of that year, and the preaching of the crusade in France by the papal legate Robert de Courçon. It must be noted, however, that there was no immediate follow-up to such initiatives and in particular the preaching of the crusade in France had scant success. The project of a new crusade was officially relaunched by Innocent III only during the course of the Fourth Lateran Council of November 1215.
This date takes us to the mention of the emperor Frederick contained in the first envoi, preserved only in ms. Dp . Frederick was de facto emperor after his coronation at Aachen on 25 July 1215 which completed that of Mainz on 9 December 1212, but official documents attribute this title to him only after his coronation in Rome on 22 November 1220. There is however at least one poetic text, the crusade song BdT 10.11 of Aimeric de Peguillan, datable to 1213, where the author refers to Frederick as emperador (v. 45, even if the plural form could be interpreted in a generic sense as ‘those who are competing for the imperial crown’); the song BdT 10.52 by the same troubadour dedicated to the emperaire (v. 51) could predate 1220. Similarly the splendid reception reserved for the Swabian ruler at the court of Monferrat mentioned in the same envoi (v. 28) may refer to Frederick’s visit to Monferrat in September 1220, when he was on his way to Rome to receive the imperial crown; but alternatively it may allude to events in Genoa on 14 July 1212, when William had been present at the disembarkation of the emperor and then escorted him as far as Asti and Pavia along the road leading to his coronation at Mainz.
According to Bédier, Hugues de Berzé’s song must have been composed before the evacuation of Damietta on 7 September 1221, following the defeat of al-Mansūra on 27 August. Despite Frederick’s promises, after this date we know of no serious attempts to organise expeditions to the Holy Land such as would give rise to the present text until at least the Diet of San Germano in July 1225, when the emperor was forced to renew his pledge to leave before the end of 1227. In addition William VI of Monferrat had definitively abandoned his plan to lead an expedition to Egypt and was involved in the question of the succession in the kingdom of Thessalonica, whose designated ruler was his young brother Demetrios.
The allusion contained in the first envoi concerning Frederick’s economic support of William of Monferrat may refer generally to Frederick’s economic resources rather than to a precise event, and this would not conflict with the dating proposed by Bédier. The French scholar notes that the use of the verb porter in v. 25 seems to indicate not so much a loan made by Frederick to the Marquis as the conviction that the emperor ought to take part in the expedition financing it with his own means (Bédier-Aubry 1909, p. 159).
Against the hypothesis that Hugues de Berzé died before August 1220, which would bring the terminus ante quem forward by a year, see the arguments of Gouiran 1994, pp. 343-345 and Barbieri 2001, pp. 176-177. The fact that official documents do not mention Hugues de Berzé’s name can be explained either by a prolonged absence, or by his actual departure for the Holy Land, or by his entry into the order of the Templars, an event apparently confirmed by the document cited in Barbieri 2001, p. 9 and perhaps also hinted at in vv. 5-8.
In conclusion, if the first envoi is authentic the song is likely to have been written between November 1220 and September 1221; if on the other hand it is considered spurious, or if the reference to Frederick as emperor is not considered secure, it could have been written at any time between 1213 and 1221 (some suitable occasions have been listed by Lecoy 1942-1943, p. 253). The envoi does appear somewhat unusual in that it seems to carry straight on from the sentence of the preceding stanza, and the presence of so many specific references in so few lines may appear suspect, as if the envoi had perhaps been written to adapt the song to a particular historical context. Nonetheless, neither the chronology nor the language poses serious objections to its authenticity, and in any case the time frame indicated by the references contained in the envoi is included within the time frame established by the rest of the song.
There finally remains the question of the cross which the author says he has (v. 31). This does not mean that Hugues de Berzé took the cross again on his return from the Fourth Crusade, let alone that he actually left for the Holy Land a second time, even if this possibility cannot be completely excluded (information about the last part of his life is very fragmentary); in any case the reference may be to him belonging to the Templars, whose habit was adorned with a large red cross.