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RS 1548a

Anonymous

I Chevalier, mult estes guariz quant Deu a vus fait sa clamur des Turs e des Amoraviz 4ki li unt fait tels deshenors, cher a tort unt cez fieuz saisiz! Bien en devums aveir dolur, cher la fud Deu primes servi 8e reconuu pur segnuur. Ki ore irat od Loovis ja mar d’Enfern n’avarat pouur, char s’alme en iert en Pareïs 12od les angles nostre Segnor.

II Pris est Rohais, ben le savez, dunt Chrestïens sunt esmaïz, les mustiers ars e desertez, 16Deus n’i est mais sacrifïez. Chivalers, cher vus purpensez? Vus, ki d’armes estes preisez, a Celui voz cors presentez 20ki pur vus fut en cruiz drecez! Ki [ore irat od Loovis ja mar d’Enfern n’avarat pouur, char s’alme en iert en Pareïs 24od les angles nostre Segnor.]

III Pernez essample a Lodevis ki plus ad que vus n’avez: riches reis e poëstiz, 28sur tuz altres est curunez. Deguerpit ad e vair e gris, chastels e viles e citez, il est turnez a Icelui 32ki pur nus fut en croiz pen‹e›t. Ki [ore irat od Loovis ja mar d’Enfern n’avarat pouur, char s’alme en iert en Pareïs 36od les angles nostre Segnor.]

IV Deus livrat sun cors a Judeus pur metre nus fors de prisun, plaies li firent en cinc lieus 40que mort suffrit e passïun. Ore vus mande que Chaneleus e la gent Sanguin, li felun, mult li unt fait des vilains jeus. 44Ore lur rendez lur guerredum! Ki [ore irat od Loovis ja mar d’Enfern n’avarat pouur, char s’alme en iert en Pareïs 48od les angles nostre Segnor.]

V Deus ad un turnei pris entre Enfern e Pareïs, si mande trestuz ses amis 52ki lui volent guarantir qu’il ne li seient failliz. Le Filz Deus al Creatur a Rohais estre ad mis un jorn. 56La serunt salf li pecceür! [Ki ore irat od Loovis ja mar d’Enfern n’avarat pouur, char s’alme en iert en Pareïs 60od les angles nostre Segnor.]

VI Ki bien ferrunt pur s’amur, irunt en cel besoin servir ‹…› 64‹…› ‹…› ‹…› ‹…› 68pur la vengance Deu furnir. Ki [ore irat od Loovis ja mar d’Enfern n’avarat pouur, char s’alme en iert en Pareïs 72od les angles nostre Segnor.]

VII Alum conquere Moïses ki gist el munt de Sinaï! A Saragins ne·l laisum mais, 76ne la verge dunt il partid la Roge Mer tut ad un fais, quant le grant Pople le seguit, e Pharaon revint apro‹e›f 80il e li suon furent perit! Ki ore [irat od Loovis ja mar d’Enfern n’avarat pouur, char s’alme en iert en Pareïs 84od les angles nostre Segnor.]

I Knights, you are under sure protection since it is to you that God makes his outcry against the Turks and the Almoravids who have committed such outrages against him, for they have wrongfully seized his fiefs! We must surely grieve at this, for it is there that God was first served and acknowledged as lord. Whoever now goes with Louis will never have fear of hell, for his soul will be in Paradise with the angels of our Lord.

II Edessa is taken, you know this well, and Christians are dismayed at this, the monasteries burned and abandoned; the Eucharist is celebrated no longer. Knights, why are you still thinking about this? You who are prized for deeds of arms, offer yourselves to the One who was raised on the Cross for your sake! Whoever now goes with Louis will never have fear of hell, for his soul will be in Paradise with the angels of our Lord.

III Follow Louis’ example, who has more [to lose] than you have: he is a rich and powerful king, he has been crowned above all others. He has abandoned furs and sables, castles and villages and cities, and he has turned to the One who was tormented on the Cross for our sake. Whoever now goes with Louis will never have fear of hell, for his soul will be in Paradise with the angels of our Lord.

IV God delivered Himself to the Jews to free us from prison; they wounded him in five places, and he suffered death and passion. Now he sends word to you that the Canaanites and the people of Zengi – the traitors – have played many vile tricks on him: now make them pay! Whoever now goes with Louis will never have fear of hell, for his soul will be in Paradise with the angels of our Lord.

V God has set up a tournament between Hell and Paradise, and sends word to all His friends who wish to defend Him not to fail Him. The Son of God the Creator has fixed the meeting day at Edessa. There sinners will be saved! Whoever now goes with Louis will never have fear of hell, for his soul will be in Paradise with the angels of our Lord.

VI Those who hasten together justly to the tournament for love of Him will go to serve in this hour of need [. . .] to bring about God’s vengeance. Whoever now goes with Louis will never have fear of hell, for his soul will be in Paradise with the angels of our Lord.

VII Let us go and win back Moses who lies on Mount Sinai! Let us not leave him to the Saracens any longer, or the staff with which he parted the Red Sea at one go, when the great People was following him, and Pharoah followed him closely and his men were drowned! Whoever now goes with Louis will never have fear of hell, for his soul will be in Paradise with the angels of our Lord.

Historical context and dating

The song was occasioned by the strong wave of emotion that swept through the West on the fall of Edessa, 24 December 1144, to Zenghi, the Seljuk atabeg of Mosul, (see Hillenbrand 2001, pp. 118-120). The news of the defeat reached the West in November 1145 when a delegation of Armenian and Latin prelates, led by Bishop Peter of Jabala, informed Pope Eugenius III of the loss in Viterbo. Soon afterwards (1 December 1145) the Pope promulgated the bull Quantum Praedecessores addressed specifically to Ludovicum regem Galliarum, in which he called on the Christians of France and their King (PL CLXXX, 1064). A few weeks later, at an assembly convoked at Bourges at Christmas 1145, Louis (probably already aware of the papal bull) acknowledged his intention to take the cross, in the presence of nobles and prelates. On that occasion a sermon of Bishop Godfrey of Langres (Godefroy de la Roche-Vanneau), one of the King’s chief councillors, fired the spirits of the onlookers. According to Odo of Deuil in his De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem (in a letter sent to the abbot Suger), it was indeed the Bishop of Langres who moved people to tears speaking of the destruction of Edessa, the oppression of the Christians and the great insolence of the pagans, inciting all to follow their King to war: «… Tunc religiosus vir episcopus Lingonensis, de Rohes, quae antiquo nomine vocatur Edessa, de populatione, et oppressione Christianorum et insolentia paganorum satis episcopaliter peroravit, et de flebili materia fletum plurimum excitavit; monens omnes ut cum rege suo ad subveniendum Christianis Regi omnium militarent. Ardebat et lucebat in rege zelus fidei, contemptus voluptatis et gloriae temporalis, exemplum omni sermone praestantius» (‘On that occasion the bishop of Langres, a pious man, spoke movingly in the manner of a true shepherd of the destruction of Rohes, which in ancient times was called Edessa: of the oppression of the Christians and the insolence of the pagans; and with his rousing oration he prompted many tears, exhorting all to take up arms together with their king to go to the assistance of the Christians and the King of all. In the sovereign there burned and shone the zeal of faith and contempt for pleasure and worldly glory, the most powerful example of all speech’; Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici, libellus primus (PL CLXXXV,1205), in Gingerick Berry 1948, pp. 8-9, 16-17, Waquet 1949, Phillips 2003). Three months later, on 1 March 1146, Eugenius III sent another missive, Universos Dei fideles, which with a few differences reproduces the text of Quantum praedecessores (PL CLXXX, 1115), and officially approves the King’s intention insisting on the penitential and salvific nature which the new expedition should have. Bernard of Clairvaux was charged with preaching the crusade, which he carried out in 1146 and the winter of 1146-1147 across northern France and the Rhinelands, Lorraine and Flanders. At Easter (31 March) 1146, it was Bernard himself who received the votum crucis from Louis VII at the assembly of Vézelay. But departure was not immediate: the King first summoned all crusaders who wished to follow him to Étampes, in the Île-de-France, in February 1147 (the Sunday of Circumdederunt me), to set out the itinerary; then, after receiving the pilgrim’s tokens at Saint-Denis from the hands of the Pope, the King and the Franks set out on 12 June 1147 to meet up at Metz and to face the long journey through the continent.

The song’ refrain encapsulates the message that St Bernard had attempted to broadcast during his long wanderings as a preacher, addressing warriors and the great feudal lords in particular (in Quantum praedecessores the call is to the maxime potentiores et nobiles, PL CLXXX, 1065), and giving special emphasis to its religious and mystical aspects. In the letters written by Bernard in 1146 to princes and bishops, in which he invited them to support the enterprise, the crusade is presented as an opportunity for spiritual renewal and the attainment of obtain divine grace: by serving Christ one would obtain forgiveness of sins and eternal salvation in Paradise. It therefore seems likely that the song was composed after Christmas 1145, when Louis showed his intention to become a crusader, on the emotional tide of the Bishop of Langres’ preaching at Bourges, and the assembly of Vézelay (Easter, 31 March 1146), after the two papal missives and the King’s official votum crucis.

Scholars have previously proposed to date the text’s composition as follows. 1) Bédier 1909, 5 (also Mölk, 2001, 686) proposes the period between the Vézelay assembly (Easter 1146) and that of the votum crucis of Conrad III, not named in the song, on 28 December 1146. To a note of Bédier, Dijkstra 1995, 69, note 15, adds that the fact that the poet does not mention any German action may have been intentional («Notons cependant que les Allemands avaient une mauvaise réputation. Il n’est donc pas à exclure que le poète ait délibérément passé sous silence la prise de la croix par Conrad»), so the song could in fact have been composed after Conrad took the cross. 2) Gelzer 1928, 439 proposes October 1146 as terminus ante quem since v. 42 mentions la gent Sanguin li felun without saying that Zenghi, who was killed on 14 September 1146 is dead, so the news of this had not yet reached France. 3) Schöber 1976, p. 72, rejects the views of previous scholars and focusses on the textual evidence of vv. 13-16, which report the capture of Edessa and the burning and abandonment of churches and monasteries. She points out that the city was captured twice, once by Zenghi in 1144, the second time by Nureddin in November 1146, and emphasises that the first had been destructive (a massacre of Christians, churches turned into mosques), but the second yet more devastating as the city was burned to the ground. Since vv. 13-16 make no mention of this latter event, she suggests as the terminus ante quem the period between November and December 1146, and Dijkstra 1995, 69, concurs.