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RS 1887

Anonymous

INuns ne poroit de mavaise raisonbone chanson ne faire ne chanteir,por ceu n’i veul mattre m’antansion,4 car j’ai asseis atre chose a panseir;et non por cant la terre d’outre meirvoi an si tres grant balance,c’an chantant voil preier lou roi de France8 ke ne croiet cowairt ne losangierde la honte nostre Signor vangier.

IIAi, gentis rois, cant Deus vos fist creusiertoute Egipte doutoit vostre renon;12or perdés tout, cant vos volés laisierJherusalem estre an chativeson;kar cant Deus fist de vos electionet signor de sa vanjance,16bien deusiez monstreir vostre pousancede revangier les mors et les chaitis,ke por vos sont et por S’amour occis.

IIIRois, vos savez ke Deus ait poc d’amis,20nen onkemais n’an ot si boen mestier,car por vos est ces pueples mors et pris,ne nus for vos ne l’an puet bien aidier;ke povre sont li atre chivelier,24se criement la demorance,et s’ans teil point lor feisiez faillance,saint et martir, apostre et inocentse plainderoient de vos a jugemant.

IV28Rois, vos aveis tresor d’or et d’argentplus ke nus rois n’ot onkes, ce m’est viz,si an doveis doneir plus largemantet demoreir por gardeir cest pais;32car vos avez plus perdut ke conkis,se seroit trop grant vitancede retorneir atout la mescheance:mais demoreis, si fereis grant vigour36tant ke France ait recovree s’onour.

VRois, s’an teil point vos meteis a retour,France dirait, Chanpagne et toute gentke vostre los aveis mis an tristour40et ke gaingniet aveiz moins ke niant;et des prisons, ke vivent a tormant,deusiez avoir pesance:bien deusiez querre lour delivrance;44†ke por vos sont et por S’amour occis,†c’est grans pechiez ces i laxiés morir.


INo-one could compose or sing a good song on a bad theme, so I do not wish to set my mind to this, since I have enough other things to think of; nevertheless, I see the Holy Land in such great danger that by singing I wish to beg the king of France not to pay heed to cowards or flatterers when it is a question of avenging Our Lord’s shame.

IIAh, noble king, when God made you take the cross, all Egypt feared your name. Now you risk losing everything if you are prepared to leave Jerusalem in captivity; once that God has chosen you to champion His vengeance, you should show your power to avenge the dead and the prisoners who were killed for you and for His love.

IIIKing, you know that God has few friends and that He never had greater need of them, for it is for your sake that His people have been killed and imprisoned, and no-one but you can truly help them, since the other knights are poor, and they fear a long stay, and if you were to abandon them at this point, saints and martyrs, apostles and innocents would complain of you on the Day of Judgment.

IVKing, it seems to me you have more gold and silver treasure than any king ever possessed, and so you ought to spend more liberally and stay to defend this land; since [up until now] you have lost more than you won, it would be too humiliating to go home at the peak of misfortune: stay on, and you will perform great deeds, until France has recovered her honour.

VKing, if you went home at this point France, Champagne and all people would say that you have sadly lowered your reputation and that you have gained less than nothing; and that you should have cared about the prisoners who live in torment, and sought their freedom; since they are in prison for having served God and you, it is a great sin to let them die there.

Historical context and dating

The seventh crusade, the first expedition to Egypt led by St Louis, had ended with a stinging defeat and on 6 or 7 April 1250 the king, together with all the French weakened by illness, had suffered the humiliation of imprisonment. Difficult negotiations and payment of an enormous ransom of 800,000 gold besants (400,000 livres tournois) were needed to bring about their release. Freed on 6 May and reaching Acre on 13 May, the king was reluctant to resign himself to a campaign deprived of results in the Holy Land and sought advice on how some could be achieved, thus provoking a debate which is documented in the contemporary sources (Joinville, §§ 419-437; Continuation Rothelin, pp. 618-623; Matthew Paris IV, 163-164 and 174-175). In the end the king took the decision to stay on, remaining for a good four years (May 1250 - April 1254) and this was to be the most fruitful phase of his campaign, with constant activity involving reinforcement, exhortation, diplomacy and pacification which would serve to glorify its image in the eyes of the Christian population despite the scarcity of actual results. The song RS 1887 belongs to the context of the debate provoked by the king, and its author exhorts him vehemently, and daringly, to stay.

A preliminary council of notables was summoned by the king on 12 (or 19) June to ask the French barons and those responsible for the Franks of Outremer and for the military orders about the advisability of staying on (Joinville, § 419). The real discussion took place on 19 (or 26) June, during which the assembled barons declared themselves in favour of returning to France; Joinville’s position stood out among the few exceptions (Joinville, §§ 422-429). On 26 June (or 3 July) the king communicated his own decision to stay on (Joinville, §§ 435-437). The song must have been written after the first council and before the communication of his final decision, so 12 - 26 June 1250 (or 19 June - 3 July according to Grousset and Richard). Some elements of the text, such as the author’s passionate emphasis or the presumption that the king was leaning towards not staying on, seem to point to the final week, after the barons’ council had seen the emergence of a view favouring return to France, in other words 19 - 26 June (or 26 June - 3 July). The first lines of the song tend to support this hypothesis, particularly the reference to an “unpopular subject” (mavaise raison).

The song is anonymous in both mss. It is to the credit of Ineke Hardy that she resurrected the hypothesis that it should be attributed to Raoul de Soissons, formerly signalled by Foulet 1953. Such an attribution is in fact found in the Généalogie de Godefroy de Bouillon of Pierre Desrey de Troyes, who was also responsible for the first printed edition of the text (1500). One element in favour of attributing the song to Raoul, who is confirmed as having stayed on in Acre by the testimony of Joinville (§ 470), is the metrical structure of the song which involved a rarely-attested pattern of rhymes particularly favoured by Raoul, who uses them in six other compositions. But the style and content of these lines do not in fact correspond to what we know of Raoul de Soissons’ poetic production, which is almost exclusively amorous and traditional, and where crusading is evoked only sporadically and incidentally; furthermore the mention of Champagne in v. 38 suggests that the author may have come from that region.

Another possibility might be to attribute the song to Jean de Joinville, the author of the Vie de saint Louis, a suggestion of Paris 1893 which was taken up, though with less conviction, by Bédier-Aubry 1909, p. 262, Räkel 1977, p. 59 and Hardy 1995a, p. 137. The seneschal of Champagne attributes views to himself similar to those expressed in the song and there is a striking correspondence between the formulae and arguments proposed by the song’s author and certain passages of the Vie de saint Louis (see the notes to vv. 21-22 and 28-32). This attribution would among other things explain the mention of Champagne. However, Joinville is not known to have composed any other verse compositions and there is no record of any poetic activity on his part; moreover the lack of any mention of the song in the chronicle would be very surprising, given that it tends to lay such emphasis on Joinville’s rôle in the events described.

Despite the possibility of two serious and plausible candidates for the authorship of our text, it seems preferable to record it as anonymous. Anonymity may have been necessary as a result of the delicate situation involved.