Verse Letter
Philippe de Novare
ISalus plus de cent mille, beau sire et beau comperevous mande ly hermite qui or est noveau frere.Ce ne fust la crois blanche, tant y eüst matiere4qu[e] il ne chantast houres ouan ni messe entierre.
IICompere, vostre terre contrefait or Espaigne,car il y a .v. baus (tres) tous en une compaigne.Mout (me) mostrerent amour por jurer lor enseigne;8 mais je le contredis, si orent tel engaigne,car sans esgart de court et sans autre bargaigneme quemanderent prendre et metre en la longaigne.Durement contrefirent [cele] nuit Alemaigne:12les portes garder firent, n’i ot nul qui se faigne;celui les establi a la chiere grifai[g]ne,quy de son cors meïsme mesura la champaigne.
IIIJe ne vy cele nuit nule si fiere beste16come celuy quy traist en mi le champ sa teste.Se Dieu plaist, en sa vie avra il tel tempeste,car a tous les grans sains fait on chascun an feste.
IVEncy fui aresté en la court cele nuit;20beau parler ne requerre esgart [n’orent] nul fruit;et si (lor dy je tant qu’)il m’esgarderent, li traïtor recuit.Puis me vostrent ocirre en traïson de nuit,mais je fui bien garny par tel, (a) qui que il ennuit,24quy me douna conseil bon et leal, ce cuit.
VMaintenant afublai la chape (de) saint Johan,mais j’ai fiance en Deu que je en istray ouan;ce savoie de voir que venu soit Balian28et Anceau le Camus, je criasse autre ban.
VICeluy qu’entre la lice se mist et le chevaum’a par force enbatu et mis a l’Ospitau.Deu! s’eüssent laissé tuer le deslëau,32(ja) ne fussent avenu en Chipre ytant de mau.
VIIS[e] on eüst laissé covenir au Camusquant dou chevau a terre fist le gran «flatimus»de la messe fust dit [l]e «benedicamus».36Tout le mont eüst dit: «Deu graces dicamus»,
VIIIse «benedicamus» fust dit de sa chanson!Balian, n’obliés les fers ne la dure prison!Volentiers le celace, mais par tout le sait l’on.
IX40Se l’on vous aresta, n’i avés nule hontecar celui qui vous prist a pris et roy et conte;mais ce me fait crever: que chascun dit et conteque celuy le fist faire qui de gens est la honte;44et il se mostre bien qu’il a de vous grant doute.
XBalïan, ne souffrés qu’a vostre tens aveigneque racheté dou champ au dessus de vous veigne.De monseignor Phelippe de Naple (car) vous souveigne48et de vostre bon oncle, puis bien vous en coveigne.
XIPar Deu! ly dui Phelippe de Naples et d’Ybelin,et l’oncle vostre pere, monseignor Bauduyn,n’orent onc pour nul fait les chés bas ni enclin;52et se vous recreés pour .v. cheitis farrin,celuy Deu qui destruit et confondy Cayinvous destruit et confond se ne venés a fin.
XIIPor Deu, vos amors d’Acre metés a une part,56et vous et dan taissel, qui cuide(s) estre leupart[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]Pour .i. chetif goupil, quy cheï dou liartqui par desa s’avance, neïs li Longuebart60[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]Se vous aimés les femes, [qui] ont eü lor part,car les levés dou siege! Et Grimbers et Renart,qui devant l’Ospital ont mis lor estendars,64toute nuit font gaiter o lances et o darsceaus qui tienent la terre, et nous faillent d’esgart.Les dames sont dedens et .j. tout soul Lombart.Coment le soufrés vous, recreant et couart?68De l’endemain de Pasque, se Damedeu me gart,me souvient quant jes voi, trestout le cuer m’en art,que chascun se fait rey, mais qu’il se truit soi quart;c’est le jeu des enfans, se Dé plaist, que qu’i tart:72en .i. soul jour sont roy, l’endemain font lor art.
XIIINe puis muër ne rie quant les voi au baillage:Hue a la torte bouche, qui renee parage;Guillaume de Rivet, qui tant cuide estre sage;76quy de son mal sarmon trestous les assouage;et Renart, qui bien sait com l’on deste des gage;Amaury et Gauvain ne sont pas d’un lignage;bien les conoissés tous, n’i a nul si sauvage:80se d’eaus chante ou rime, ce n’est pas grant otrage:je suy li rocignol, puis qu’il m’ont mis en cage.
XIVL’on ne me doit blasmer s’il n’i a boune rime,ne les vers ordenés car cest[e est] la prime;84s’en la cage sui gaires, je fineray ma rime:l’autre yert equivoque au meins ou leonnime.
IDear lord and dear friend, the hermit who is now a novice brother sends you more than a hundred thousand greetings. Were it not for the white cross, there would be every reason for him to sing the hours and an entire Mass [for his funeral].
IIMy friend, your land now resembles Spain, for in it there are five bailiffs in a single band. They showed me great love so that I would swear allegiance to them; but I opposed this, and they were so underhand that without me having been judged by a court and without further ado they ordered me to be taken and thrown in the privy. That night they really behaved like Germans: they had the doors guarded and were all deadly serious; the grim-faced man who placed them there was the one who measured his own length on the field.
IIIThat night I never saw such a wild beast as the one who banged his head in the middle of the field. Please God, he will have such a beating throughout his life, since every year there is a feast for all the great saints.
IVThis is how I was arrested in court that night; fine words and request for a trial were fruitless; and this is how the cunning traitors guarded me. Then they wanted to kill me treacherously during the night, but I was warned by someone who, I think, gave me good and loyal counsel – whoever may be annoyed at this.
VI therefore put on the mantle of St John as fast as possible, but trust in God that I shall leave the order very soon; had I known that Balian and Ansel the Snub-nosed would arrive, I would have changed my tune.
VIThe one who fell off his horse in the lists forced me to flee to the Hospital. My God! If they had had that traitor killed so many evils would never have befallen Cyprus.
VIIIf Ansel the Snub-nosed had been allowed to do what he wanted when he performed the great «flatimus» (fall), the «benedicamus» of the Mass would have been said (all would have been over and done with). Everyone would have said «Deo gratias dicamus» (thank God for that),
VIIIif the blessing had been pronounced on his song (if that had been the end of his exploits)! Balian, do not forget the irons or the grim prison! I would willingly keep silent about it, but it is known everywhere.
IXIf you were arrested you are not shamed by it, since the one who seized you has seized both king and count; but what makes me furious is that everyone says repeatedly that the one who ordered this is reviled by everyone; but this shows clearly he is very afraid of you.
XBalian, do not allow it to happen during your lifetime that a man ransomed from the field should get the better of you. Do remember my lord Philip of Nablus and your good uncle, for this is most fitting for you.
XIFor God’s sake! The two Philips, of Nablus and of Ibelin, and your father’s uncle, my lord Baldwin, never bowed or bent their heads for anything; and if you give up because of five miserable scoundrels, may the God who destroyed and ruined Cain destroy and ruin you too if you do not bring things to a conclusion.
XIIFor God’s sake! Set aside your loves of Acre, and you and Sir Badger (?), who thinks he is a leopard, [. . . ] For a miserable fox, who fell from his grey horse, and who was advancing from there, even the Longobards [. . .]. If you love the women, who have had had their part [in the suffering], please save them from the siege! Both Grimbert and Renart, who have fixed their banners before the Hospital, make those who hold the village stand guard every night with lances and arrows, and deny us justice. The ladies are in there with just one single Lombard. How can you bear it, you cowardly recreant? When I see them (the bailiffs) I remember the day after Easter, God help me: my whole heart burns in fury, because each of them acts like a king as long as he has his share. This is a game for overgrown children, God help me: they are kings for a day, then the next they are back to what they were.
XIIII cannot help laughing when I see them as regents: Hugh with his twisted mouth, who abjures nobility; William of Rivet, who thinks he is so wise, and lulls them with his evil speech; and Renart, who is an expert at breaking pledges; Amaury and Gauvain, who are not of the same lineage; you know them all well. No-one is more barbaric: if I make songs or rhymes about them this is no great outrage: I am the nightingale, since they have put me in a cage.
XIVNo-one should blame me if there are some bad rhymes in it, or irregular lines, for this is the first draft; if I am in the cage much longer I will finish my rhyme: the next one will be equivocal at least, or leonine.
Text
Testo
Luca Barbieri, 2014.Historical context and dating
The work of Philippe de Novare contained in the second part of the Turin ms. (folios 25r-93v), into which five verse texts plus a few fragments have been inserted, dates according to Gaston Paris to between 1243 and 1247 (Paris 1902, p. 457). However, certain of its allusions appear to point to a later date of composition, or at least of a revised version, namely after 1259. His work constitutes a lively, personal chronicle of the war over the control of the island of Cyprus between 1223 and 1242 involving the powerful French family of the Ibelins, the leading figures of the kingdom of Jerusalem, the Latin faction on the side of the emperor Frederick II, and the emperor himself, against the background of the crusades (especially the sixth, even if the war is the consequence of events preceding the third crusade) and the various destinies of the Latin crusader states. Philip’s chronicle constitutes an essential, richly-detailed source of information concerning little-known facts, but is written in a highly personal and biased style, its author being a fervent supporter of the Ibelins as well as an intimate friend of the family. By contrast the Estoire de Eracles, the only alternative source for the war of Cyprus, is written in a highly terse style, expresses a more neutral point of view, and in some cases presents a different interpretation of the events. References to the war of Cyprus and to John of Ibelin are also found in the Occitan sirventes of Guillem Figueira BdT 217.4a and 217.8 which, curiously, express diametrically opposite judgments on the emperor Frederick II’s policy (see Linda Paterson’s editions on the Rialto website: www.rialto.unina.it/GlFig/217.4a(Paterson).htm and www.rialto.unina.it/GlFig/217.8/217.8(Paterson).htm).
The king of Cyprus Hugh of Lusignan died in 1218 leaving as his heir his son Henry I who was only a few months old, and the regency was taken over by Henry’s mother Alice of Champagne, who was linked by kinship to both the Lusignans and the Ibelins. She delegated it to Philip of Ibelin, John’s younger brother, but after her remarriage to Bohemond of Antioch (1223?), she tried to oppose the considerable power of the Ibelins and attempted to exclude Philip from the regency and to entrust it to another ambitious Cypriot nobleman, Aimery Barlais. This provoked a reaction on the part of the Cypriot court which favoured the Ibelins, giving rise to the conflict which soon drew in Frederick II as well. The emperor was interested in acquiring the crown of Jerusalem through its heir, Isabella of Brienne, and was also the legitimate suzerain of the king of Cyprus by feudal right, and as a result irritated by what he saw as the excessive independence shown by the Ibelins. In 1228, during his voyage to the East on the sixth crusade, Frederick landed first in Cyprus (21 July), where in a sudden act of aggression he attempted to make John of Ibelin, lord of Beirut and regent of the island after his brother Philip’s death in 1227, resign from the regency and restore the fief of Beirut to him. John succeeded in fending off the emperor’s pretexts by referring the decisions to the appropriate judicial bodies, but was obliged to hand the young king Henry over into Frederick’s custody and to leave him his sons Balian and Baldwin as hostages. Worrying news from Italy made the emperor expedite his departure for the Holy Land and conclude an agreement with John of Ibelin, who agreed to accompany Frederick on crusade in exchange for the return of the hostages. On his return from Acre and short of funds, the emperor made a fresh stop at Cyprus, where he sold the regency to five noblemen of the imperial faction (the five bailiffs spoken of by Philippe de Novare, including Aimery Barlais); these sought to procure the necessary sum at the expense of their political opponents, profiting from the absence of John of Ibelin who had stayed in the Holy Land with his men, and in the meantime persuading Philippe de Novare to negotiate peace between them and the lord of Beirut. Once they had obtained the necessary sum, the five bailiffs decided to go back on the peace agreement and tried to have Philippe de Novare killed; Philip found refuge with his men in the tower of the Hospitallers in Nicosia, from where he sent a plea for help to Balian of Ibelin. John, after returning precipitately to Cyprus, confronted and defeated his enemies on the battlefield near Nicosia on 14 July 1229 (24 June according to the Eracles, followed by Mas Latrie 1852), subsequently besieging the castles where the bailiffs had taken refuge: Kyrenia, Dieudamour (St. Hilarion) and La Candare (Kantara).
The first verse text inserted in the chronicle refers to the events preceding the battle of Nicosia. It represents an urgent request for help appealing to the honour of the Ibelins and summing up the events recounted in §§ 44-46 of the chronicle: the feigned attempt at a truce, the arrest of and threats to Philip, the attempt to kill him, and his flight to the Hospitallers. The introductory rubric to the text (§ 47) defines it as a letter in verse sent by Philippe de Novare to John’s son Balian of Ibelin, who was in Acre with his father. It is not known whether Philip’s chronology of events is accurate, but according to Kohler 1913, p. 136, the threats posed by the five bailiffs and the flight to the Hospitallers’ tower are likely to go back to the end of May or the beginning of June 1229. If Philip is to be believed (see also vv. 82-85), the Verse Letter must have been composed during the same days, but given the strongly personal nature of Philip’s work, the idea cannot be ruled out that the verse texts were composed later and perhaps planned as a insertion into the prose chronicle.
Philippe de Novare, a “Lombard” of unknown origin, but probably from family of the lesser Novarese nobility, was probably born towards the end of the twelfth century and built his fortune in the East under the protection of the Ibelins. As early as 1218-1219 he is known to have been present at the siege of Damietta and to be linked to the Cypriot nobility. Thanks to his excellent relations with the Ibelins he became a figure of some influence, exploiting his diplomatic and legal talents which led him to take on the responsibility of various negotiations and to act as ambassador on delicate high-level missions, such as one to the count of Tripoli in 1231. In the last part of his life he became a trusted advisor of the king of Cyprus, Henry I; the latest secure information about him dates from 1262, though some indirect sources suggest he was still alive in 1263-1264. His literary production, praised by himself in the epilogue to his last work (the treaty Des quatre tenz d’aage d’ome), includes the partly-lost premier livre which, apart from his chronicle of the war of Cyprus, must have contained a first autobiographical section and a collection of poems in various genres, the law manual called Livre en forme de plait and the moral treatise Des quatre tenz d’aage d’ome written, according to the prologue, at the age of over 70.
The text is based on my transcription of the Turin ms.; the translation is that of Melani 1994 with some modifications.