Publications

S. Saffaran, L. Weaver, H. Yu, H. Shamohammadi, W. Joy, L. Ketteridge, B. Albanese, L. Regulski, S. Becker, D. Sharkey, T. Kwok, J. Hardman, N. Yehya, T. Mauri, T. Escott, R. Tonelli, E. Clini, J. Laffey, D. Bates, "Digital Twins to Personalise Treatment of Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure: The State of the Art and Future Opportunities", submitted to Critical Care, 2026.
B. Albanese, S. Becker, L.-M. Wichelhaus, D. Bates, S. Saffaran, “Digital Twins to Compare Flow-Controlled and Pressure-Controlled Ventilation in Perioperative Patients”, To be presented at Euroanaesthesia 2026, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Tabbì L, Marchioni A, Messina J, Bombelli S, Puggioni D, Fantini R, Bruzzi G, Cerri S, Beghè B, Clini E, Tonelli R; MUSE-COPD study group. Ultrasound-based evaluation of inspiratory muscle effort in patients with type 2 respiratory failure secondary to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Intern Med. 2026 Mar;145:106649. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2025.106649.
H. Yu, S. Saffaran, A. Ali, C. Henry, N. Mustfa, A. Thomas, A. Rajhan, S. Isrhad, L. Weaver, R. Tonelli, L.S. Menga, Q. Zhang, M. Einollahzadeh Samadi, A. Schuppert, J.G. Laffey, L. Camporota, A.M. Esquinas, D.L. Grieco, M. Antonelli, L. Martins de Lima, L. Kawano-Dourado, I.S. Maia, A. Biasi Cavalcanti, E. Clini, T.E. Scott, and D.G. Bates, "In-Hospital Testing of NIVPredict - An AI Tool for Early Prediction of Non-Invasive Ventilation Outcome in Acute Respiratory Failure", Crit Care (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-026-05894-1.
H. Yu, S. Saffaran, R. Tonelli, J.G. Laffey, Q. Zhang, A.M. Esquinas, L.M. de Lima, L. Kawano-Dourado, I.S. Maia, A.B. Cavalcanti, E. Clini, D.G. Bates. Evaluating the effect of heart and respiratory rate measurement errors on the ability to predict the outcome of high flow nasal cannula therapy: a multi-centre study. Crit Care. 2025 Nov 22;29(1):535. doi: 10.1186/s13054-025-05765-1.
H. Shamohammadi, Sina Saffaran, D. Troxell, R. Tonelli, V. Chiavieri, G. Grasselli, D. Luca Grieco, S. Spadaro, A. Esquinas, E. Clini, T. Mauri, and D.G. Bates, "Digital Twins of Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and Sepsis Patients Suggest Potential Benefits of Bi-Level High Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy", Intensive Care Med. 2025 Dec 10. doi: 10.1007/s00134-025-08172-w.
H. Yu, S. Saffaran, L. Weaver, R. Tonelli, L. Menga, Q. Zhang, M. Einollahzadeh Samadi, A. Schuppert, J.G. Laffey, L. Camporota, T.E. Scott, A. Ali, A.M. Esquinas, D.L. Grieco, M. Antonelli, L. Martins de Lima, L. Kawano-Dourado; I.S. Maia, A. Biasi Cavalcanti, E. Clini and D.G. Bates, "Early Prediction of Non-Invasive Ventilation Outcome using the TabPFN Machine Learning Model: A Multi-Centre Validation Study", Intensive Care Med. 2025 Aug;51(8):1542-1544. doi: 10.1007/s00134-025-08025-6.
W. Joy, B. Albanese, D. Oakley, S. Mistry, Kateryna Nikulina, Andreas Schuppert, Gernot Marx, B. Brook, J.G. Hardman, J.G. Laffey, L. Rose, L. Camporota, T.E. Scott, D.G. Bates, and S. Saffaran. “Digital Twins to Evaluate the Risk of Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury During Airway Pressure Release Ventilation Compared With Pressure-Controlled Ventilation”. Critical Care Medicine 53(12):p e2573-e2582, December 2025. | DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000006885
S.M.H. Hajkarim, P.P. Menon, N. Yehya, W. Joy, D.G. Bates, and S. Saffaran, "Safety-Guaranteed Lung-Protective Mechanical Ventilation using Digital Twins and Reinforcement Learning",Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2025 Jul;2025:1-7. doi: 10.1109/EMBC58623.2025.11253929. PMID: 41337248.
W. Joy, K. Nikulina, J.G. Hardman, J.G. Laffey, L. Rose, A. Scuppert, L. Camporota, D.G. Bates and S. Saffaran, "In silico trial investigating the potential VILI reductions associated with ECCO2R support during mechanical ventilation", abstract presented at the 3^rdPLUG Physiology Symposium, Barcelona, September 2025.
L. Weaver, H. Shamohammadi, S. Saffaran, and D.G. Bates, "Using Digital Twins to Assess the Accuracy of Mechanical Power Equations in Non-Invasive Respiratory Support", in proceedings of the 47th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2025.
H. Shamohammadi, S. Saffaran, R. Tonelli, et al. Digital twins suggest a mechanistic basis for differing responses to increased flow rates during high-flow nasal cannula therapy. ICMx 13, 66 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40635-025-00773-5
H. Yu, S. Saffaran, R. Tonelli, J.G. Laffey, A.M. Esquinas, L. Martins de Lima, L. Kawano-Dourado, I.S. Maia, A. Biasi Cavalcanti, E. Clini, and D.G. Bates, "Machine learning models compared with current clinical indices to predict the outcome of high flow nasal cannula therapy in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure", Critical Care, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-025-05336-4.
H. Shamohammadi, L. Weaver, S. Saffaran, R. Tonelli, M. Laviola, J.G. Laffey, L. Camporota, T.E. Scott, J.G. Hardman, E. Clini, and D.G. Bates, "Airway pressures generated by high flow nasal cannula in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a computational study", Respiratory Research, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-025-03096-x.
L. Weaver, D. Hannon, S. Saffaran, J. Lafey, & D.G. Bates, "Computational modeling of prone positioning: initial validation of a new model", Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, 2024, 12(S1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40635-024-00658-z.
H. Yu, L. Weaver, S. Saffaran, R. Tonelli, J.G. Laffey, L. Camporota, T.E. Scott, J.G. Hardman, E.M. Clini, and D.G. Bates, "Machine learning models predict non-invasive ventilation outcome prior to its initiation", abstract to be presented at the 2^ndPLUG Physiology Symposium, Boston, September 2024.
L. Weaver, H. Shamohammadi, S. Saffaran, R. Tonelli, M. Laviola, J.G. Laffey, L. Camporota, T.E. Scott, J.G. Hardman, E.M. Clini, and D.G. Bates, "Digital twins of acute hypoxic respiratory failure patients suggest a mechanistic basis for success and failure of non-invasive ventilation", Critical Care Medicine, 10.1097, 2024.
S. Mistry, T.E. Scott, B. Jugg, R. Perrott, S. Saffaran, and D.G. Bates, “An in-silico porcine model of phosgene-induced lung injury predicts clinically relevant benefits from application of continuous positive airway pressure up to 8 hours post exposure”, Toxicology,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.12.005,2023.
L. Weaver, S. Saffaran, D. Hannon, T.E. Scott, J.G. Laffey, J.G. Hardman, D.G. Bates, “The Hydrostatic Effects of Prone and Supine Positioning: Model Development”, BioMedEng23, Sep 2023, Swansea, UK.
S. Mistry, B.S. Brook, S. Saffaran, D.M. Hannon, J.G. Laffey, T.E. Scott, J.G. Hardman, D.G. Bates, “Improved Optimisation Method for a Cardio-pulmonary Simulator to Individual Patient Data”, BioMedEng23, Sep 2023, Swansea, UK.
C.S. Barakat, K. Sharafutdinov, J. Busch, S. Saffaran, D.G. Bates, J.G Hardman, A. Schuppert, S. Brynjólfsson, S. Fritsch and M. Riedel, "Developing an Artificial Intelligence-Based Representation of a Virtual Patient Model for Real-Time Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome", Diagnostics, Special Issue on AI-Driven Intelligent Health Care Diagnostic Solutions, 13(12), 2098, 2023.
K. Sharafutdinov, S.J. Fritsch, M. Iravani, P.F. Ghalati, S. Saffaran, D.G. Bates, J.G. Hardman, R. Polzin, H. Mayer, G. Marx, J. Bickenbach and A. Schuppert, "Computational simulation of virtual patients reduces dataset bias and improves machine learning-based detection of ARDS from noisy heterogeneous ICU datasets", IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Special Issue on Computational Modeling & Digital Twin Technology in Biomedical Engineering, 2023.
L. Weaver, S. Saffaran, M. Chikhani, J.G. Laffey, T.E. Scott, L. Camporota, J.G. Hardman, and D.G. Bates,"Why reduced inspiratory pressure could determine success of non-invasive ventilation in acute hypoxic respiratory failure", in proceedings of the 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Glasgow, July 2022.
S. Mistry, B.B. Brook, S. Saffaran, M. Chikhani, D. Hannon, J.G. Laffey, T.E. Scott, L. Camporota, J.G. Hardman, and D.G. Bates, "A computational cardiopulmonary physiology simulator accurately predicts individual patient responses to changes in mechanical ventilator settings", in proceedings of the 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Glasgow, July 2022.
T.C. Kwok, C. Henry, S. Saffaran, M. Meeus, D.G. Bates, D. Van Laere, G. Boylan, J.P. Boardman, and D. Sharkey, "Application and potential of artificial intelligence in neonatal medicine", Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine,DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2022.101346, 2022.
S. Mistry, A. Das, S. Saffaran, L. Camporota, T.E. Scott, J.G. Hardman, N. Yehya and D.G. Bates, "Validation of at-the-bedside formulae for estimating ventilator driving pressure during airway pressure release ventilation using computer simulation", Respiratory Research, 23:101, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-022-01985-z, 2022.
L. Weaver, A. Das, S. Saffaran, N. Yehya, M. Chikhani, T.E. Scott, J.G. Laffey, J.G. Hardman, L. Camporota and D.G. Bates, "Optimising respiratory support for early COVID-19 pneumonia: a computational modelling study", British Journal of Anaesthesia, 128(6):1052e1058, 2022.
D. Hannon, S. Mistry, A. Das, S. Saffaran, J.G. Laffey, B.S. Brook, J.G. Hardman and D.G. Bates, "Modeling mechanical ventilationin silico– potential and pitfalls", Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Special Issue on Mechancial Ventilation, DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0042-1744446, 2022.
L.Weaver, A.Das,S.Saffaran,N.Yehya,T.E.Scott,M.Chikhani,J.G.Laffey,J.G.Hardman,L.Camporotaand D.G.Bates, "High risk of patient self-inflicted lung injury in COVID-19 with frequently encountered spontaneous breathing patterns: a computational study", Annals of Intensive Care, 11:109,2021.
A. Das, S. Saffaran, M. Chikhani, T.E. Scott, M. Laviola, N. Yehya, J.G. Laffey, J.G. Hardman, and D.G. Bates, "In silico modeling of COVID-19 ARDS: pathophysiological insights and potential management implications", Critical Care Explorations, DOI:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000202, 2020.
S. Saffaran, A. Das, J.G. Laffey, J.G. Hardman, N. Yehya and D.G. Bates, "Utility of driving pressure and mechanical power to guide protective ventilator settings in two cohorts of adult and pediatric patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A computational investigation", Critical Care Medicine, DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004372, 2020.
S. Saffaran, A. Das, J.G. Hardman, N. Yehya and D.G. Bates, "High-fidelity Computational Simulation to Refine Strategies for Lung-Protective Ventilation in Paediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome", Intensive Care Medicine,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05559-4, 2019.
S. Saffaran, W. Wang, A. Das, W. Schmitt, J.G. Hardman, G. Weimann and D.G. Bates, "An inhaled sGC modulator can lower PH in COPD patients without deteriorating oxygenation", CPT Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12308, 2018.
S. Saffaran, A. Das, J.G. Hardman, N. Yehya, and D.G. Bates, "Development and Validation of a Computational Simulator for Pediatric ARDS Patients", in proceedings of the 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, JeJu Island, S. Korea, 2017.