Module Code:

IB9AN

Module Name:

Principles of Cognition

Module Credits (CATS):

15

Module Convener

Nicholas Chater

Module Teachers

Nicholas Chater

Module Aims

This module outlines general principles that apply across a wide range of cognitive domains, including judgement, decision-making, reasoning, memory and perception.

The module aims to encourage students to see how the insights from this work can:

• Understand the fundamental principles on which specific psychological models can be constructed.
• Help students critically evaluate theoretical assumptions in psychology and economics, and their real-world applications.
• Provide a deeper understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of human cognition, in relation to consumer, managerial, or financial contexts.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the module, students should be able to:

• Critically evaluate existing theoretical and experimental research.
• Critically evaluate theoretical ideas and their limits.
• Explore the degree to which empirical data can decide between theories.
• Demonstrate understanding of the research methods and results of research on basic cognitive processes and should be able to Identify key principles governing human cognition, from judgement and decision-making to perception and memory
• Demonstrate understanding, and apply a range, of theoretical perspectives on human cognition
• Demonstrate understanding of real-world problems in society
• Critically analyse the basic assumptions built into specific psychological and economic models of human behaviour

All outcomes are assessed by the essay

Module Work Load

Module Length

10 weeks

Lectures

9 lectures of 2 hours each

Seminars

9 seminars of 1 hours each

Attendance

Attendance at lectures and seminars is compulsory

Module Assessment

Assessed work:

3000 word essay

Weighting:

100%

Module Programme

The structure of the course is likely to be:

1. From psychophysics to measuring utility. The brain as comparison device. The lack of absolute scales for brightness, loudness, and perhaps utility.
2. The mind is flat. The incoherence of human thought and judgements; the brain as an improviser, generating explanations for behaviour retrospectively. The field of judgement and decision making as illustrating incoherence.
3. Spontaneous rationality. How rationality arises through a patchwork of interactions, within and between people, to try to make our beliefs, preferences and decisions fit together. Connection with financial markets.
4. Scale-invariance. Exploring the notion of scaling and how some natural, social and cognitive phenomena are invariant over scales (whether space, time, or others).
5. Simplicity. One powerful method for understanding perception, scientific reasoning, and perhaps common-sense reasoning is to prefer the simplest explanation of the available data. What is the evidence that this principle is used by the brain?
6. Sampling. The brain may only be able to “sample” one interpretation of some aspect of the world at a time. The sampling process may converge in the long-run, to rational Bayesian inference. But in reality the brain can only take a few samples---this provides a possible explanation of some well-known effects in Judgement and Decision Making.
7. Rationality and social interaction. The concept of Nash equilibrium from standard game theory provides one model of how people relate to each. But is it right? Models such as team reasoning and virtual bargaining may be required to model social interaction.
8. Coordination and communication work. Communication involves complex processes of joint inference of incredibly subtlety---language is more a series of clues than a code containing a fixed message.
9. The logic of appropriateness and ethics. Human behaviour is guided by two “logics.” The logic of consequence involves choosing actions that achieve some objective. The logic of appropriateness asks instead “what is a person like me supposed to do in a situation like this.” Neither viewpoint is reducible to the other; the interplay between the two is crucial to the human ability to create ethical and other norms, rules and organizations.

Module Reading List

• Chater, N. (2018). The Mind is Flat. London: Penguin, UK.
• Chater, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (1999). Scale invariance as a unifying psychological principle. Cognition, 69, B17-B24.
• Chater, N., Zhu, J.-Q., Spicer, J. Sundh, J., León-Villagrá, P. & Sanborn, A. (in press). Probabilistic biases meet the Bayesian brain. Current Directions in Psychological Science.
• Colman, A. M. (2003). Cooperation, psychological game theory, and limitations of rationality in social interaction. Behavioral and brain sciences, 26(2), 139-153.
• Feldman, J. (2016). The simplicity principle in perception and cognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 7(5), 330-340.
• Gabaix X. (2016). Power Laws in Economics: An Introduction. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(1), 185-206.
• March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. 2004. The logic of appropriateness, ARENA, Centre for European Studies, Working papers 04/09. University of Oslo: ARENA.
• Misyak, J. B., Melkonyan, T., Zeitoun, H., & Chater, N. (2014). Unwritten rules: virtual bargaining underpins social interaction, culture, and society. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(10), 512-519.
• Vlaev, I., Chater, N., Stewart, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (2011). Does the brain calculate value? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 546-554.