Participatory approaches in health promotion and health planning: A literature review

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement	iv
Foreword	vii
Executive summary	ix
Abbreviations	xii
Glossary	xiii
1. Introduction	1
Background	1
The context	2
Explanations for health inequalities	5
History of health policies in the United Kingdom	7
Scope of review and methodology	9
References	10
2. Definitions of community participation	12
Summary	12
Defining community	12
Defining community participation	13
Critical questions	15
Conclusion	17
References	17
3. Theoretical constructs of community participation	18
Summary	18
Theoretical constructs	18
Introduction	18
Community development	19
People's participation	22
Empowerment	25
Action research	27
Methodological issues for participatory approaches	29
Critical questions for translating theoretical constructs into	32
theories for practice
How is community participation analysed?	32
What factors influence participation?	38
How do we evaluate participation?	40
Conclusion	45
References	45
4. Applications, methods and tools	49
Summary	49
Applications	49
Participatory action research	50
Rapid appraisals	54
Methods	57
Tools	59
Introduction to visualisations	59
Mapping	60
Ranking and matrices	65
Diagrams	67
Information pyramid	70
Visualisation in participatory programmes	71
Conclusion	72
References	72
5. Examples of applications from case studies	75
Summary	75
Framework for analysis	75
Typologies of action research	78
Examples of experimental action research	78
Examples o f organisational action research	81
Examples of professionalising action research	85
Examples o f empowering action research	87
A note on UK case studies	95
Conclusion	95
References	96
6. Assessment of contributions and challenges of participatory approaches	98
Summary	98
Contributions	98
Challenges	100
Ways forward for programme development	103
Project preparation	103
Project design	103
Power and control	105
References	106
Appendices
A. Guidelines for assessing participatory action research	108
B. A brief review of core qualitative methods	110
C. How to use the most popular visualisation tools	114
D. Methodology of literature review	121
E. UK networks	123
F. Books on participatory approaches	125