In the popular imagination, a marketplace is somewhere you can expect to be cheated – so much so that the English language has several idioms, from buying a pig in a poke to letting the cat out of the bag, originating in sharp practice by 16^th century livestock traders.

Those giraffes you sold me, they won't mate. They just walk around, eating, and not mating… I want my money back. (Gladiator, 2000)

But what if a market is actually a place where values and ethics are essential to success?

The link between market exposure and civic values has long been debated by economists no less than Adam Smith and Karl Marx. A new working paper by Dr Devesh Rustagi attempts to settle the argument with results from experimental work in rural Ethiopia.

Market Exposure, Civil Values and Rules presents results from Dr Rustagi’s work with the Arsi Oromo People, who live in the Bale Mountains in southern Ethiopia.

The Arsi mainly trade in livestock. Livestock exchange is prone to market failure from asymmetric information – the vendor will know much more about the animal’s health than the buyer. An unethical merchant might conceal an animal’s illness in order to conclude a sale.

Dr Rustagi explains: “The Arsi homeland is an excellent place to study the influence of markets as they developed in an accidental way from short-lived military camps that Emperor Menelik established after defeating the Arsi - but then died shortly after. This allows me to study the influence of the market in isolation from other factors, such as urbanisation or the development of state and education.

“If I sold a sick cow to someone in my immediate social circle and it died, my personal reputation would be damaged. There is an incentive to me to be honest to people that I know, but no incentive to be honest outside my immediate circle.

“In a market setting, I am likely to sell to people I do not know in interactions that are short-lived. Do I cheat them, or do we find ways of co-operating so that the market trades good-quality livestock at fair prices?”

Dr Rustagi’s study has three main elements.

Members of the Arsi community from settlements near to, and far from, the market locations took part in a one-shot, anonymous public goods game to measure their propensity for conditional co-operation, or simply put, reciprocity - a proxy for civic values. This was followed up with data from two aspects of a forest management project which Arsi people are involved in. Members of the community give a certain number of hours to monitor their section of forest and prevent outsiders from gaining access. This is based on trust – no-one monitors the monitors – so a higher number of monitoring hours can stand as a proxy for higher civic values. The natural forest regeneration requires each group to put constraints on opportunistic behaviour by introducing and enforcing rules against rampant browsing by livestock at key points of the year when trees are young.

The study found that the greater distance the community lived from the market, the weaker their reciprocity in the game was; the fewer hours they gave to forest monitoring, and the less likely they were to have created rules about grazing. As an example, one hour increase in market distance led to a drop in reciprocity, time spent monitoring and rule formation by over 20 percentage points.

But why does market exposure lead to these findings?

To unpack the mechanisms Dr Rustagi conducted vignettes about two hypothetical cattle sales to add important detail about how markets function in the absence of a strong state.

He found that in groups far from markets, people do not need to trust strangers, as they sell and buy cattle with people from their own community – where, driven by reputational concerns, people behave honestly. The outlook people develop from these environments is insular – co-operate with known people but cheat otherwise.

But, in markets where people trade cattle with unknown people, these options are not available and there is no external authority to appeal to if a trader is dishonest. The Arsi Oromi have developed their own system of checks and sanctions. When meeting at the market, the Oromo people announce their clan membership. This enables a form of collective punishment to be applied should a trader cheat a customer and is a powerful incentive for the community to police itself. This allows people who regularly buy and sell in markets to learn to trust strangers and extend cooperation beyond their in-group to outsiders.

Dr Rustagi comments: “The empirical data showed that distance from the market shaped cultural norms, while the vignette studies revealed some of the mechanisms behind this effect.

“My evidence on the role of markets in shaping civic values and rules is an important contribution to our understanding of how economic organisation influences social change.”

• Market Exposure, Civic Values and Rules. Dr Devesh Rustagi. June 2024. Warwick Economics Research Paper No 1501Link opens in a new window 

A major new quantum technology research hub which is being led by researchers from University College London (UCL) and the University of Cambridge has been launched in collaboration with researchers from the University of Warwick.

The Tissue Image Analytics (TIA) Centre at the University of Warwick is excited to announce the continuation of its esteemed seminar series for the 2024/25 academic year. These seminars are a prime opportunity for researchers, students, and professionals to delve into cutting-edge developments in computational pathology and related fields. Held on the 1st and 3rd Mondays of each month from 2 pm to 3 pm, these sessions are a hub for innovative ideas and collaborative discussions. Over the last three years, we have organised 55 seminars, hosting researchers from 42 different institutions from 13 countries and 7 US states, spanning Europe, North America, Australia and Asia.

Highlights from Last Year’s Seminar Series

The past year featured a diverse line-up of distinguished speakers who shared their ground-breaking work. Notable highlights include:

• Dr. Zhui Huang and Dr. Gabrielle Campanella delivered insightful talks on foundation models, exploring their applications and potential in computational pathology. Prof. Hamid Tizhoosh further discussed foundation models and information retrieval. Georg Wölflein offered a comprehensive comparison on many of these models.
• Prof. Inti Zlobec and Daan Geijs visited in person, discussing their pioneering work on studying tumour budding and skin cancer assessment, respectively, providing attendees with the unique opportunity to engage directly.
• Dr. Andrew Song introduced AI-driven methods for efficient patient prognosis using 3D pathology samples, whilst Prof Stefan Feuerriegal and Valentyn MeIynchuk discussed causal machine learning.
• Many, many more fantastic speakers!

Upcoming Seminar Series

We are excited to announce that the upcoming semester promises another stellar roster of speakers. We will kick off the series with a talk by Dr. Ming Y. Lu from Harvard Medical School on the new “PathChat” model (paper: "A Multimodal Generative AI Copilot for Human Pathology") on Monday 14th October. We will also be visited in person by Dr. Danielle Belgrave from GSK and Jack Breen from the University of Leeds, who will offer insights into their pioneering work, to name a few!

How to Participate

These seminars offer a platform to learn from and interact with some of the leading minds in the field. If you are interested in attending or wish to present your research at a future seminar, please contact Dr. Adam Shephard at adam.shephard@warwick.ac.uk.

Stay updated on seminar details by visiting our website and watch past presentations on our YouTube channelLink opens in a new window. We continuously update our webpage with new information about upcoming seminars, so be sure to check back regularly.

A research team led by Professor Celine Tan from Warwick Law School has secured an award from the British Academy ODA Challenge-Oriented Research Grants programme 2024 to investigate the financing of just energy transitions in developing countries.

The University of Warwick is celebrating 75 years of plant science research at its internationally recognised Crop Centre – the UK’s leading research facility for vegetable growers.

‘Personalised’ hip replacement surgery might be just what the doctor ordered for people with hip arthritis – according to new research. Using advanced technology from other industries such as automotive and manufacturing, researchers are driving medical advancement.

The result is tailored hip replacements, as each person moves their hips in slightly different ways. At the moment, replacements are based on a ‘normal’ hip rather than being specifically designed for the patient.

In the study by WMG at The University of Warwick, in collaboration with University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW) NHS Trust and Corin Group, researchers revealed this pioneering approach to hip replacements could improve patient outcomes and surgery success rates.

More than 100,000 people in the UK undergo hip replacements each year, according to the NHS – commonly due to arthritis, a disease of the joints which causes significant pain.

The new study analysed longstanding problems in hip replacement surgery: on the specific range of motion needed in a replacement and how the value of the personalised surgery could be calculated before any operation.

In the study, Lead Researcher Dr Arnab Palit, Assistant Professor at WMG at The University of Warwick, and his team combined real-life and computer models to compare simulated and real hip motions.

This demonstrated that certain hip motions can be easily and accurately calculated using state-of-the-art computer simulations based on CT scans of the patient’s hip joint, closely mirroring real hip motions.

This advancement could enable surgeons to plan hip surgeries based on patient-specific target hip motions, rather than relying on population norms or arbitrary 'normal' values. This personalised approach is particularly valuable for patients who do not fall within these average values, ensuring that pre-surgical planning is truly individualised and likely to be more effective.

Using these tailor-made hip replacements could improve the success of operations, making them ‘right at the first time’. Surgeons may be able to put the artificial hip in just the right spot based on the pre-operatively calculated personified target hip motion.

This could reduce the chances of any clinical problems later on, minimising the risk of revision surgery. This will also help to improve the recovery time of patients, while also reducing additional costs and labour to the NHS.

Dr Palit said: “This research shows a big step forward in hip replacement planning. By using computer simulations based on a patient's hip shape from CT scans, we can predict certain hip movements accurately. During surgery, these predicted movements can guide them to place implants in the best positions for each patient.

“So, instead of using average measurements, we're customising the surgery to fit each person perfectly, leading better surgery. Further research will be necessary to fully explore its potential to utilise it for NHS patients.”

Professor Richard King, Clinical Orthopaedic Surgeon at UHCW and the clinical lead of the project, commented: “The hip replacement has been called ‘the operation of the century’.

“As surgeons, we are constantly looking to make it better and more reliable. This work we have done with WMG could help us to do exactly this, by showing us how to tailor the operation precisely for each individual patient.”

Dr Christopher Plaskos, Vice President, Global Clinical Innovation at Corin Group added: “Corin is proud to support this research aimed at predicting the true range of clinical motion of a hip joint from pre-operative CT and hip motion simulation. It’s research like this that will shape the future of hip planning, leading to truly personalised hip replacement.”

Find out more about WMG’s scanning capabilities here: Metrology and 3D Imaging (warwick.ac.uk)

Wednesday 3rd July 2024 saw 30+ colleagues interested in Artificial Intelligence and Pathology descend on Warwick University’s TIA Centre to hold a workshop.

Delegates from a variety of disciplines, including pathologists and data scientists, attended the workshop, on Campus. The focus of the workshop was to explore the Future Interface of Computing and Pathology.

The meeting was lively and interactive and will be the first in a series of workshops that will be hosted by the TIA Centre in furtherance of this subject area. Thank you to all those who participated.

If you would like to join in future workshops please contact the TIA Centre at tia@warwick.ac.uk.

Six papers from the Theory and Foundations Research Group and the Centre for Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications (DIMAP) have been accepted to the 65th IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS 2024), the flagship conference in theoretical computer science that will be held on October 27 - 30, 2024 in Chicago, USA:

• "Reverse Mathematics of Complexity Lower Bounds" by Lijie Chen, Jiatu Li and Igor C. Oliveira.

• "Faster (Δ+1)-Edge Coloring: Breaking the m n^1/2 Time Barrier" by Sayan Bhattacharya, Din Carmon, Martin Costa, Shay Solomon and Tianyi Zhang.
• "Fully Dynamic k-Clustering with Fast Update Time and Small Recourse" by Sayan Bhattacharya, Martin Costa, Naveen Garg, Silvio Lattanzi and Nikos Parotsidis.
• "The Tractability Border of Reachability in Simple Vector Addition Systems with States" by Dmitry Chistikov, Wojciech Czerwiński, Łukasz Orlikowski, Filip Mazowiecki, Henry Sinclair-Banks and Karol Węgrzycki.

• "Optimal Coding Theorems for Randomized Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications" by Shuichi Hirahara, Zhenjian Lu and Mikito Nanashima.
• "On the Complexity of Avoiding Heavy Elements" by Zhenjian Lu, Igor C. Oliveira, Hanlin Ren and Rahul Santhanam.

Low-performing, disadvantaged schools notoriously struggle to attract and retain high-quality teachers.

In England, since the beginning of the 2000s, the management of low-performing, state secondary schools has been transferred from the local authority to external organizations, including educational charities and businesses.

A consolidated literature shows that Sponsor-led academies - as schools experiencing this management takeover are defined - have been successful at improving student performance and educational attainment, but little is known about the mechanisms explaining this success.

A new report, Sponsor-led Academies and the Teacher Labour Market, presents initial findings from a study funded by the Nuffield Foundation and led by Professor Victor Lavy investigating the impact of Sponsor-led takeovers on teacher turnover, composition and pay.

The study found:

• Sponsor-led academies typically appoint a new headteacher upon conversion.
• The new head is, on average, better paid and more likely to have come from an OFSTED-graded “outstanding” school than their predecessor
• Older (lower-achieving) teachers tend to leave the school before (after) the conversion.
• After the takeover, teacher turnover declines, while new teachers joining the Sponsor-led school are more likely to come from outstanding schools.
• Sponsors typically restructure teacher pay scheme, abandoning a pay scale entirely based on seniority.

To find out more about this piece of research, please, read the non-technical report, available here, or the academic paper, available here.

Notes:

The Nuffield Foundation is an independent charitable trust with a mission to advance social well-being. It funds research that informs social policy, primarily in Education, Welfare and Justice. The Nuffield Foundation is the founder and co-funder of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, the Ada Lovelace Institute and the Nuffield Family Justice Observatory. The Foundation has funded this project, but the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily the Foundation.