Bibliography

Welcome to the QRDC Study's bibliography page. This is an evolving page to share the resources that have informed and supported our research. Below you will find articles, key books, guidelines and webpages that offer deeper insights into our study. We hope they will also be helpful if you are designing remote data collection or teaching research methods.

We would love to know how these resources have been helpful to you. Email: QRDCstudy@warwick.ac.uk

Articles have been identified by searching ASSIA, PsychInfo and Sociological Abstracts. We have included articles with a focus on methods, published in English since 2000. We have limited the articles to those related to health and/or social care research. To suggest an addition to this list, please email QRDCstudy@warwick.ac.uk

Articles

Reviews

Akyirem, S., Ekpor, E., Aidoo-Frimpong, G. A., Salifu, Y., & Nelson, L. E. (2023). Online interviews for qualitative health research in Africa: a scoping review. International Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihad010
Bawadi, H., Elshami, S., Awaisu, A. et al. A review of technical and quality assessment considerations of audio-visual and web-conferencing focus groups in qualitative health research. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 10, 563 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01989-0
Dubé, M. O., Meziane, R. S., Hudon, A., Cavallo, S., Verduyckt, I., & Zidarov, D. (2023). Virtual Synchronous Qualitative Data Collection Methods Used in Health and Social Sciences: A Scoping Review of Benefits, Challenges and Practical Insights. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, Article 16094069231214679. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231214679
Jones, J. E., Jones, L. L., Calvert, M. J., Damery, S. L., & Mathers, J. M. (2022). A Literature Review of Studies that Have Compared the Use of Face-To-Face and Online Focus Groups. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221142406
Phenwan, T., Sixsmith, J., McSwiggan, L., & Buchanan, D. (2021). A Rapid Review of Internet Mediated Research Methods with People with Dementia: Practical, Technical, and Ethical Considerations. The Qualitative Report, 26(11), 3318-3341. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.5089
Salzmann-Erikson, M., & Eriksson, H. (2023). A Mapping Review of Netnography in Nursing. Qualitative Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323231173794
Sood, E., Wysocki, T., Alderfer, M. A., Aroian, K., Christofferson, J., Karpyn, A., Kazak, A. E., & Pierce, J. (2021). Topical Review: Crowdsourcing as a Novel Approach to Qualitative Research. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 46(2), 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa096
Thunberg, S., & Arnell, L. (2022). Pioneering the use of technologies in qualitative research – A research review of the use of digital interviews. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 25(6), 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2021.1935565
Tran, B., Rafinejad-Farahani, B., Moodie, S., O’Hagan, R., & Glista, D. (2021). A Scoping Review of Virtual Focus Group Methods Used in Rehabilitation Sciences. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211042227
West, C. H., Rieger, K. L., Kenny, A., Chooniedass, R., Mitchell, K. M., Winther, K. A., Amie-Rae, Z., Demczuk, L., & Scott, S. D. (2022). Digital Storytelling as a Method in Health Research: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221111118

Methodological reflections on use of remote qualitative methods

Alcaire, R., Flores, A. M. M., & Antunes, E. (2024). Beyond Words: Tapping the Potential of Digital Diaries While Exploring Young Adults’ Experiences on Apps. Societies, 14 (3), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14030040
Al-Yateem, N., Mottershead, R., Ahmad, F.R. (2024). A reflection on the use of virtual nominal group technique in health policy and research priority consensus studies, Nurse Researcher, 32, 2, DOI10.7748/nr.2024.e1933
Anderson, E., Koss, M., Luque, A. L. C., Garcia, D., Lopez, E., & Ernst, K. (2021). WhatsApp-Based Focus Groups Among Mexican-Origin Women in Zika Risk Area: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Data Quality. Jmir Formative Research, 5(10). https://doi.org/10.2196/20970
Andrew, L., Gizzarelli, E., Estai, M., & Wallace, R. (2024). Participant Misrepresentation in Online Focus Groups: Red Flags and Proactive Measures. Ethics & Human Research, 46(1), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/eahr.500198
Anthony, K., Miller-Day, M., Dupuy, M., Ventura, J., Hodges, A. L., Alonso-Pecora, D., & Dimas, H. (2025). Is There Really a Difference? A Comparison of In-Person and Online Qualitative Interviews. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 24. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069251349580
Archibald, M. M., Ambagtsheer, R. C., Casey, M. G., & Lawless, M. (2019). Using Zoom Videoconferencing for Qualitative Data Collection: Perceptions and Experiences of Researchers and Participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919874596
Bawadi, H., Elshami, S., Awaisu, A., Al-Jayyousi, G. F., Ashfaq, S., & Mukhalalati, B. (2023). A review of technical and quality assessment considerations of audio-visual and web-conferencing focus groups in qualitative health research. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 563. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01989-0
Boamah, S.A., Marie-Lee, Y., Weldrick, R., Havaei, F., & Ganann, R. (2022). Using Photovoice as a Method for Capturing the Lived Experiences of Caregivers During COVID-19: A Methodological Insight. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221137494
Bolin, G., Kalmus, V., & Figueiras, R. (2023). Conducting Online Focus Group Interviews With Two Generations: Methodological Experiences and Reflections From the Pandemic Context. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231182029
Bolt, K., Gil-González, D., & Oliver, N. (2024). Unconventional data, unprecedented insights: leveraging non-traditional data during a pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, Article 1350743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1350743
Bouchard, K., & Tulloch, H. (2020). Strengthening behavioral clinical trials with online qualitative research methods. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(2), 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105319855120
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Boulton, E., Davey, L., & McEvoy, C. (2021). The online survey as a qualitative research tool. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24(6), 641-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1805550
Buddle, E. A., Ankeny, R. A., Paxton, R., Harms, R. J., & Bray, H. J. (2024). Emergent Design and Unanticipated Ideas in Asynchronous Online Focus Groups: Finding an Unexpected Silver Lining in Apparent Methodological Compromise. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241289295
Budworth, P. (2023). Care, comfort, and capacity: The importance of being flexible in research with Disabled and chronically ill people. SSM-Qualitative Research in Health, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100352
Bueno-Roldán, R., & Röder, A. (2022). WhatsApp? Opportunities and Challenges in the Use of a Messaging App as a Qualitative Research Tool. The Qualitative Report, 27(12), 2961-2976. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5329
Carter, S. M., Shih, P., Williams, J., Degeling, C., & Mooney-Somers, J. (2021). Conducting Qualitative Research Online: Challenges and Solutions. Patient-Patient Centered Outcomes Research, 14(6), 711-718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-021-00528-w
Crean, M., Moore, B., Devine, D. et al. (2024). Qualitative research during the COVID19 pandemic: the impact of remote research on the collaborative production of methodological knowledge, International Journal of Research & Methods in Education, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2024.2341707
Creese, J., Byrne, J.-P., Olson, R., & Humphries, N. (2023). A catalyst for change: Developing a collaborative reflexive ethnographic approach to research with hospital doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodological Innovations, 16(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/20597991221137813
Chai, C. A., Barrios, M., Gómez-Benito, J., Berrío, A. I., & Guilera, G. (2024). Information Retrieval in Face-To-Face and Online Focus Groups. A Systematic Review. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241286856
Chen, J., & Neo, P. (2019). Texting the waters: An assessment of focus groups conducted via the WhatsApp smartphone messaging application. Methodological Innovations, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799119884276
Chen, J. (2023). Digitally dispersed, remotely engaged: Interrogating participation in virtual photovoice. Qualitative Research, 23(6), 1535-1555. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941221110175
Croft, L., Harrison, E., Grant-Young, J., McGillivray, K., Sebring, J. C. H., & Rice, C. (2024). Toward Access Justice in the Academy: Centring Episodic Disability to Revision Research Methodologies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241227075
Clohessy, S., Arvanitis, T. N., Rashid, U., Craddock, C., Evans, M., Toro, C. T. & Elliott, M. T. (2024) Using digital tools in clinical, health and social care research: a mixed-methods study of UK stakeholders. BMJ Open, 14 (4): e076613. https://10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076613
Colom, A. (2022). Using WhatsApp for focus group discussions: ecological validity, inclusion and deliberation. Qualitative Research, 22(3), 452-467. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120986074
Davies L, LeClair KL, Bagley P, et al. Face-to-Face Compared With Online Collected Accounts of Health and Illness Experiences: A Scoping Review. Qualitative Health Research. 2020;30(13):2092-2102. doi:10.1177/1049732320935835
Deakin, H., & Wakefield, K. (2014). Skype interviewing: reflections of two PhD researchers. Qualitative Research, 14(5), 603-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794113488126
DiCamillo, C. A., Schmidt, R. D., Gonzalez, S. T., George, S. M. St., & Horigian, V. E. (2026). Asynchronous Online Focus Groups: An Effective Approach to Engage Young Adult Women in Discussions on Mental Health Problems. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 25. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069261417896 (Original work published 2026)
de Souza, J., Gillett, K., Salifu, Y., & Walshe, C. (2024). Changes in Participant Interactions. Using Focus Group Analysis Methodology to Explore the Impact on Participant Interactions of Face-to-Face Versus Online Video Data Collection Methods. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241241151
Dodds, S., & Hess, A. C. (2021). Adapting research methodology during COVID-19: lessons for transformative service research. Journal of Service Management, 32(2), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/josm-05-2020-0153
Douedari, Y., Alhaffar, M., Duclos D. et al. (2021). ‘We need someone to deliver our voices’: reflections from conducting remote qualitative research in Syria, Conflict and Health, 15 (28).
Dwyer, A. A., Uveges, M., Dockray, S., & Smith, N. (2022). Advancing qualitative rare disease research methodology: a comparison of virtual and in-person focus group formats. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-022-02522-3
Egid, B., Kim, O., Hegel, G., Zimmerman, E., López, Y., Roura, M., Sheikhattari, P., Jones, L., Dias, S., & Wallerstein, N. (2023). Can everyone hear me? Reflections on the use of global online workshops for promoting inclusive knowledge generation. Qualitative Research, 23(2), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941211019585
Engward, H., Goldspink, S., Iancu, M., Kersey, T., Wood, A. (2022). Togetherness in Separation: Practical Considerations for Doing Remote Qualitative Interviews Ethically. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211073212
Enoch, J., Subramanian, A., & Willig, C. (2023). "If I don't like it, I'll just pop the phone down!": Reflecting on participant and researcher experiences of telephone interviews conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ssm-Qualitative Research in Health, 4, Article 100351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100351
Esperanza C, Ocegueda AS, Garcia A, Contreras-Muñoz J, Rodríguez EM. "What's the fun in That?": Latinx Families' Facilitators and Barriers to Virtual Research Participation. Hisp Health Care Int. 2025 Dec;23(4):215-223. doi: 10.1177/15404153241296498. Epub 2024 Nov 18. PMID: 39558645; PMCID: PMC12602729
Fan, H., Li, B., Pasaribu, T., & Chowdhury, R. (2024). Online Interviews as New Methodological Normalcy and a Space of Ethics: An Autoethnographic Investigation into Covid-19 Educational Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 30(3-4), 333-344. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778004231176283
Ferlatte, O., Karmann, J., Gariépy, G., Frohlich, K. L., Moullec, G., Lemieux, V., & Hébert, R. (2022). Virtual Photovoice With Older Adults: Methodological Reflections during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221095656
Fish, J., Syed, M., & Adler, J. et al. (2021). Digital storytelling methodologies: Recommendations for a participatory approach to engaging underrepresented communities in counseling psychology research. Special Issue: Qualitative Research: Method, Power, and Process, 68(3), 271-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000532
Flaherty, S. C., & Sadler, L. S. (2023). Virtual interviewing with marginalized young adult mothers: appreciating the New Norm. Public Health Nursing, 40(5), 740-749. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.13220
Flannery, E., Peters, K., Murphy, G., Halcomb, E., & Ramjan, L. M. (2023). Managing the elephant in the room: responding to COVID-19's impact on data collection. Nurse Res, 31(1), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2022.e1874
Freitus-Jesus, J.V., Del Risco Sánchez, O., Garanhani Surita, F. (2024). The Remote Approach in a Qualitative Study During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perspective Considering the Researcher’s Life Experiences and the Trustworthiness, Qualitative Health Research, doi:10.1177/10497323241244957
Frey, T. K., & Bloch, B. S. (2023). Using Microsoft Teams to Facilitate Asynchronous Online Focus Groups. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069231211251. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231211251
Genuis, S. K., Luth, W., Weber, G., Bubela, T., & Johnston, W. S. (2023). Asynchronous online focus groups for research with people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and family caregivers: usefulness, acceptability and lessons learned. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 23(1), 222. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-023-02051-y
Gibson, K. (2020). Bridging the digital divide: Reflections on using WhatsApp instant messenger interviews in youth research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 19(3), 611–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1751902
Githaiga, J. N., Späth, C., Sicwebu, N., Perera, S., Tolla, T., & Leon, N. (2023). Critical Reflections on Conducting Qualitative Health Research During COVID-19: The Lived Experiences of a Cohort of Postgraduate Students in a South African University. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069221148406. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221148406
Glassmeyer, D. M., & Dibbs, R.-A. (2012). Researching from a Distance: Using Live Web Conferencing to Mediate Data Collection. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(3), 292-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691201100308 (Original work published 2012)
Goodyear, V., & Bundon, A. (2021). Contemporary digital qualitative research in sport, exercise and health: introduction. Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health, 13(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676x.2020.1854836
Griffioen, N., van Rooij, M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Granic, I., & Ahn, D. et al. (2020). Toward improved methods in social media research. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 1(1), No-Specified. https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000005
Gruber, M., Eberl, J. M., Lind, F., Boomgaarden, H. G. (2020). Qualitative Interviews with Irregular Migrants in Times of COVID-19: Recourse to Remote Interview Techniques as a Possible Methodological Adjustment, Qualitative Social Research, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-22.1.3563
Gumede, D., & Sibiya, M. N. (2023). Ethical and methodological reflections: Digital storytelling of self-care with students during the COVID-19 pandemic at a South African University. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(6), e0001682. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001682
Gunawan, J., Marzilli, C., & Aungsuroch, Y. (2022). Online 'chatting' interviews: An acceptable method for qualitative data collection. Belitung Nurs J, 8(4), 277-279. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.2252
Hallam, K. F., & Abrams, K. et al (2022). Moving on from trials and errors: A discussion on the use of a forum as an online focus group in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory & Practice, 25(4), 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2021.1888402
Halliday, M., Mill, D., Johnson, J., Lee, K., Archibald, M. et al. (2021). Let's talk virtual! Online focus group facilitation for the modern researcher. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 17(12), 2145-2150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.003
Hammond, N. (2018). Researching men who pay for sex: Using online methods for recruiting and interviewing. Methodological Innovations, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799118768408
Harvey, O., van Teijlingen, E., & Parrish, M. (2024). Using a Range of Communication Tools to Interview a Hard-to-Reach Population. Sociological Research Online, 29(1), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/13607804221142212
Hennessey, A., Demkowicz, O., Pert, K., Mason, C., Bray, L., & Ashworth, E. (2022). Using Creative Approaches and Facilitating Remote Online Focus Groups With Children and Young People: Reflections, Recommendations and Practical Guidance. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221142454
Hensen, B., Mackworth-Young, C.R.S., Simwinga M. et al. (2021). Remote data collection for public health research in a COVID-19 era: ethical implications, challenges and opportunities, Health Policy and Planning, 36 (3), https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa158
Heywood, E., Ivey, B. & Meuter, S. (2024) Reaching hard-to-reach communities: using WhatsApp to give conflict-affected audiences a voice. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 27 (1): 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2022.2117451
Hinkes, C., & Braun, V. et al. (2021). Key aspects to consider when conducting synchronous text-based online focus groups-A research note. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory & Practice, 24(6), 753-759. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1801277
Hitzler, S., Bohringer, D., Amann, K. et al. (2021). "Conversation is simply something to begin with": Methodological challenges of video data in qualitative research-The case of conversation analysis. "Conversation is simply something to begin with": Methodologische Herausforderungen durch Videodaten in der qualitativen Sozialforschung am Beispiel der Konversationsanalyse., 50(2), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2021-0007
Humphries, N., Byrne, J.P, Creese, J., McKee, L. (2022). ‘Today Was Probably One of the Most Challenging Workdays I’ve Ever Had’: Doing Remote Qualitative Research with Hospital Doctors During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Qualitative Health Research, 32 (10), https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323221106294
Hyde, B., & Rouse, E. (2023). What Is It Like to Experience the Other in an Online Interview? Using Phenomenology to Explore the Online Encounter of the Other. Qualitative Inquiry, 29(7), 874-881. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778004221144071
Jaramillo, J., Bradley, B. M., Jentes, E. S., Rahman, M., Sood, N. J., PhD, J. W., Marano, N., Ahmed, F. S., & Kumar, G. S. (2022). Lessons Learned From a Qualitative COVID-19 Investigation Among Essential Workers With Limited English Proficiency in Southwest Kansas. Health Education & Behavior, 49(2), 194-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221080091
Jones, J. E., Jones, L. L., Calvert, M. J., Damery, S. L., & Mathers, J. M. (2022). A Literature Review of Studies that Have Compared the Use of Face-To-Face and Online Focus Groups. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221142406
Just, D. T., O’Rourke, H. M., Berta, W. B., & Cranley, L. A. (2024). Navigating the Virtual Landscape: Methodological Considerations for Qualitative Research in Long-Term Care. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23, 16094069241244859. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241244859
Khan, M. S. (2024). Embodied reflexivity in voice-only interviewing: Navigating gender in difficult-to-access contexts. Qualitative Research, 24(6), 1404-1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941241264672
Karadzhov, D. (2021). Expanding the methodological repertoire of participatory research into homelessness: The utility of the mobile phone diary. Qualitative social work, 20(3), 813-831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325020913904
Karrasch, L., Schoppe, A., Wessels, A., Schulte-Güstenberg, E., Döring, M., & Ratter, B. (2024). Rather with than About - Reshaping Qualitative Empirical Research Methods in Times of Physical Distancing. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241266191
Keemink, J. R., Sharp, R. J., Dargan, A. K., & Forder, J. E. (2022). Reflections on the Use of Synchronous Online Focus Groups in Social Care Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221095314
Keen, S., Lomeli-Rodriguez, M., & Joffe, H. (2022). From Challenge to Opportunity: Virtual Qualitative Research During COVID-19 and Beyond. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221105075
Lajber, M., Mahboob, U. & Ud Din I. (2024). A qualitative exploration of the impact of covid-19 pandemic on research in health professions, Khyber University Journal,
https://doi.org/10.35845/kmuj.2024.23409
Lane, J., & Lingel, J. (2022). Digital Ethnography for Sociology: Craft, Rigor, and Creativity. Qualitative Sociology, 45(3), 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-022-09509-3
Lang, M. H., Laing, C., Ewashen, C., & Moules, N. (2020). Digital Stories as Data: An Etymological and Philosophical Exploration of Cocreated Data in Philosophical Hermeneutic Health Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920913673
Lawrence, L., Archibald, M. et al. (2022). Conducting cross-cultural qualitative interviews with mainland Chinese participants during COVID: Lessons from the field. Qualitative Research, 22(1), 154-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120974157
Lehoux, P., Miller, F. A., & Williams-Jones, B. (2020). Anticipatory governance and moral imagination: Methodological insights from a scenario-based public deliberation study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119800
Lent, S. Gandy-Fastovich L. (2025). An era of pivoting: a collaborative retrospective analysis (CRA) of conducting qualitative research amongst the duelling pandemics, Qualitative Research Journal, https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-07-2024-0147
Leslie, R., Brown, A., Larsen, E., & Fanshawe, M. Reflecting on rapport: strategies for online interviews about sensitive or distressing topics with vulnerable children. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2023.2294781
Liamputtong, P., Rice, Z. S., Abma, T. et al. (2022). Qualitative inquiry and inclusive research. Handbook of social inclusion: Research and practices in health and social sciences., 329-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89594-5_16
Lijadi, A. A., & van Schalkwyk, G. J. (2015). Online Facebook Focus Group Research of Hard-to-Reach Participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406915621383 (Original work published 2015)
Lindsay, S. (2022). A Comparative Analysis of Data Quality in Online Zoom Versus Phone Interviews: An Example of Youth With and Without Disabilities. Sage Open, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221140098
Lim, C. A. M., & Kaveri, G. (2024). Listening to children's voices: reflections on methods, practices and ethics in researching with children using zoom video interviews. Qualitative Research Journal, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-10-2023-0156
Linabary, J. R., & Hamel, S. A. (2017). Feminist Online Interviewing: Engaging Issues of Power, Resistance and Reflexivity in Practice. Feminist Review, 115(1), 97-113. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41305-017-0041-3
Lobe, B., Morgan, D., Hoffman, K.A. (2020). Qualitative Data Collection in an Era of Social Distancing, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 9, https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920937875
Lomax, H., Smith, K., McEvoy, J., Brickwood, E., Jensen, K., & Walsh, B. (2022). Creating online participatory research spaces: insights from creative, digitally mediated research with children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Families, Relationships and Societies, 11(1), 19-37. https://doi.org/10.1332/204674321X16274828934070
Magan, I. M., & Vélez-Grau, C. (2025). Virtual Qualitative Interviews with Immigrant and Refugee Youth: Lessons Learned for and Beyond the Pandemic. Field Methods, 37(3), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X251321340
Mah, K., Nazzicone, K., Facca, D., Birnie, K.A., Walyon, D. M. et al. (2024). Piloting a Virtual Arts-Based Methodology to Explore Children's Experiences of Chronic Pain: Methodological Insights and Lessons Learned. International Journal of Qualitative Health Research, 23, DOI10.1177/16094069241282141
Mahlangu, P., Machisa, M. T., Jewkes, R., Gibbs, A., Shai, N., & Sikweyiya, Y. (2024). Reflections on the process, challenges, and lessons learned conducting remote qualitative research on Violence against women during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17480-z
Maia, I. (2024). How to Overcome the Secretiveness of a Group: Opportunities of Online Interviews. Sociological Research Online, 29(1), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/13607804231168253
Mavhandu-Mudzusi, A. H., Moyo, I., Mthombeni, A., Ndou, A., Mamabolo, L., Ngwenya, T., Marebane, T., & Netshapapame, T. (2022). WhatsApp as a Qualitative Data Collection Method in Descriptive Phenomenological Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221111124
McNamara, C. (2024). Using recorded visual data: Doing online interviews. Social Science Information, 63(2), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/05390184241250178
Malka, M., & Malka M, M. et al. (2021). Photovoice as a creative coping tool with the COVID-19 crisis in practical training seminar for social work students. Qualitative Social Work: Research and Practice, 20(1-2), 544-552. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325020973309
Marley, G., Kay Jin Tan, R., Wang, T., Li, C., Byrne, M. E., Wu, D., Wang, C., Tang, W., Ramaswamy, R., Luo, D., Sylvia, S. S., & Tucker, J. D. (2023). Online Focus Group Discussions to Engage Stigmatized Populations in Qualitative Health Research: Lessons Learned. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069231204767. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231204767
Marlowe, J., & Allen, J. (2023). Relationality and online interpersonal research: Ethical, methodological and pragmatic extensions. Qualitative Social Work, 22(3), 484-501. https://doi.org/10.1177/14733250221087917
Marzi, S. (2023). Participatory video from a distance: co-producing knowledge during the COVID-19 pandemic using smartphones. Qualitative Research, 23(3), 509-525. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941211038171
Meixner, C., & Spitzner, D. J. (2023). Leveraging the Power of Online Qualitative Inquiry in Mixed Methods Research: Novel Prospects and Challenges Amidst COVID-19. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 17(2), 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898221084504
Melis Cin, F., Madge, C., Long, D., Breines, M., & Tapiwa Beatrice Dalu, M. (2023). Transnational online research: recognising multiple contexts in Skype-to-phone interviews. Qualitative Research, 23(2), 252-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941211024824
Melis, G., Sala, E., & Zaccaria, D. (2022). Remote recruiting and video-interviewing older people: a research note on a qualitative case study carried out in the first Covid-19 Red Zone in Europe. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 25(4), 477-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2021.1913921
Mendoza, J., Seguin, M. L., Lasco, G., Palileo-Villanueva, L. M., Amit, A., Renedo, A., McKee, M., Palafox, B., & Balabanova, D. (2021). Strengths and Weaknesses of Digital Diaries as a Means to Study Patient Pathways: Experiences With a Study of Hypertension in the Philippines. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211002746
Meixner, C., & Spitzner, D. J. (2022). Leveraging the Power of Online Qualitative Inquiry in Mixed Methods Research: Novel Prospects and Challenges Amidst COVID-19. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 17(2), 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898221084504
Mikulak, M., Ryan, S., Russell, S., Caton, S., Keagan-Bull, R., Spalding, R., Ribenfors, F., & Hatton, C. (2023). ‘Internet is easy if you know how to use it’: Doing online research with people with learning disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 51(2), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12495
Monnier-Reyna, M. Researching from Home, Inside, and the Online: Methodological Lessons from the Pandemic. The Professional Geographer, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2023.2295343
Mwambari, D., Purdeková, A., & Bisoka, A. N. (2024). Global crisis and research production: COVID-19 as shaper and shaker or micro-interruption? Qualitative Research, 24(6), 1315-1330. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941241264676
Mwambari, D., Purdeková, A., & Bisoka, A. N. (2022). Covid-19 and research in conflict-affected contexts: distanced methods and the digitalisation of suffering. Qualitative Research, 22(6), 969-978. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794121999014
Neo Pearlyn, H. M., Lim, J. M., Tan Rayner, K. J., & Ong Suan, E. (2022). Using WhatsApp Focus Group Discussions for Qualitative Data Collection: Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of COVID-19 in Singapore. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221090355
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Nguyen, K., Stuart, J. J., Shah, A. H., Becene, I. A., West, M. G., Berrill, J., Gelaye, B., Borba, C. P. C., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2023). Novel Methods for Leveraging Large Cohort Studies for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research. American Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwad030
Ofe-Grant, B. (2022). Rethinking Oceanic-Pacific Methods of Data Collection During COVID-19: Insights From the Field. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221111119
Oliffe, J. L., Kelly, M. T., Gonzalez Montaner, G., & Yu Ko, W. F. (2021). Zoom Interviews: Benefits and Concessions. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211053522
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Ottoni, C. A., Winters, M., & Sims-Gould, J. (2023). “I’m New to This”: Navigating Digitally Mediated Photovoice Methods to Enhance Research With Older Adults. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069231199910. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231199910
Padilla, M., Gutierrez, M., & Fagan, J. (2022). Using Semistructured Telephone Interviews to Collect Qualitative Data From People With HIV Who Are Not in Medical Care: Implementation Study. Jmir Research Protocols, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.2196/40041
Parameswaran, U. D., Ozawa-Kirk, J. L., Latendresse, G., Bailey, J. et al. (2020). To live (code) or to not: A new method for coding in qualitative research. Qualitative Social Work: Research and Practice, 19(4), 630-644. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325019840394
Pearce, C., Tilley, S., & Thompson, C. W. (2023). 'Being there' is what matters: Methodological and ethical challenges when undertaking research on the outdoor environment with older people during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Ssm-Qualitative Research in Health, 4, Article 100348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100348
Phillipson-Puna, T., Tkatch, M., Ikiua, M., Leilua, S., Cribb-Su'a, A., Brown, R. Anderson, A. (2024). A Methodological Insight: Using Online Indigenous Qualitative Data Collection Methods During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Auckland, New Zealand, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23, DOI10.1177/16094069241286411
Pocock, T., Smith, M., & Wiles, J. (2021). Recommendations for Virtual Qualitative Health Research During a Pandemic. Qualitative Health Research, 31(13), 2403-2413. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323211036891
Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Gravel, E., & Gelly, M. A. (2024). Dealing With Scam in Online Qualitative Research: Strategies and Ethical Considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231224610
Reisner SL, Randazzo RK, White Hughto JM, et al. Sensitive Health Topics With Underserved Patient Populations: Methodological Considerations for Online Focus Group Discussions. Qualitative Health Research. 2017;28(10):1658-1673. doi:10.1177/1049732317705355
Reñosa, M. D.C., Mwamba, C., Meghani A. (2021). Selfie consents, remote rapport, and Zoom debriefings: collecting qualitative data amid a pandemic in four resource-constrained settings, BMJ Global Health, 6:e004193,https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004193
Riha, J., Abreu Lopes, C., Ibrahim Naima, A., & Srinivasan, S. (2021). Media and Digital Technologies for Mixed Methods Research in Public Health Emergencies Such as COVID-19: Lessons Learned From Using Interactive Radio–SMS for Social Research in Somalia. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 15(3), 304-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689820986748
Rivera-Holguín, M., de Smet, S., Cavero Huapaya, V., Corveleyn, J., & De Haene, L. (2024). Remote qualitative research after the COVID-19 pandemic: Ethical reflections from a prepandemic study with families of the enforced disappeared in Perú. Qualitative Research, 24(6), 1370-1384. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941241264666
Roberts, J., Onuegbu, C., Harris, B., Clark, C., Griffiths, F., Seers, K., Aktas, P., Staniszewska, S., & Boardman, F. (2025). Comparing In-Person and Remote Qualitative Data Collection Methods for Data Quality and Inclusion: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 24. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069251316745
Roberts, J. K., Pavlakis, A. E., & Richards, M. P. (2021). It’s More Complicated Than It Seems: Virtual Qualitative Research in the COVID-19 Era. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211002959
Rossi, S., Claudot, F., Lambert, A., & Kivits, J. (2024). Digital Life Stories of People With Cancer: Impacts on Research.
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Rudrum, S., Casey, R., Frank, L., Brickner, R. K., MacKenzie, S., Carlson, J., & Rondinelli, E. (2022). Qualitative Research Studies Online: Using Prompted Weekly Journal Entries During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221093138
Sackett, B. (2024). Ghosted: Challenges to Conducting Qualitative Research in the Digital Era. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/08912416241237543
Samardzic, T., Wildman, C., Barata, P. C., Morton, M., & Abrams, K. et al. (2023). Considerations for conducting online focus groups on sensitive topics. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory & Practice, https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2023.2185985
Sanders, A. Face value: Recruitment lessons for research interviews. Qualitative Research, 0(0), 14687941241234273. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941241234273
Sansfaçon, A. P., Gravel, E., & Gelly, M. A. (2024). Dealing With Scam in Online Qualitative Research: Strategies and Ethical Considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23, Article 16094069231224610. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231224610
Santhosh, L., Rojas. J.C., Lyons, P.G. (2020). Zooming into Focus Groups: Strategies for Qualitative Research in the Era of Social Distancing, ATS Scholar, 2, 2, https://doi.org/10.34197/ats-scholar.2020-0127PS
Santhosh, L., Rojas, J. C., & Lyons, P. G. (2021). Zooming into Focus Groups: Strategies for Qualitative Research in the Era of Social Distancing. Ats Scholar, 2(2), 176-184. https://doi.org/10.34197/ats-scholar.2020-0127PS
Schneider, J., Ahuja, L., Dietch, J.R., Folan, A.M., Coleman, J. & Bogart, K. (2024). Addressing fraudulent responses in quantitative and qualitative internet research: case studies from body image and appearance research, Ethics & Behaviour, https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2024.2411400
Schweinhart, A., Atwood, K., Aramburu, C., Bauer, R., Luseno, W., & Simons-Rudolph, A. (2023). Prioritizing Participant Safety During Online Focus Groups With Women Experiencing Violence. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231216628
Seide, K., Casanova, F. O., Ramirez, E., McKenna, M., Cepeda, A., & Nowotny, K. M. (2023). Piloting a Flexible Solicited Diary Study With Marginalized Latina Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231183119
Seitz, S. (2015). Pixilated partnerships, overcoming obstacles in qualitative interviews via Skype: a research note. Qualitative Research, 16(2), 229-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794115577011 (Original work published 2016)
Serekoane, M., Marais, L., Pienaar, M., Sharp, C., Cloete, J., & Blomerus, L. (2021). Fieldworker reflections on using telephone voice calls to conduct fieldwork amidst the Covid-19 pandemic. Anthropology Southern Africa, 44(4), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2021.2002701
Shamsuddin, A., Sheikh, A., & Keers, R. N. (2021). Conducting Research Using Online Workshops During COVID-19: Lessons for and Beyond the Pandemic. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211043744
Shaw, E. K., & American Sociological Association, et al. (2020). The use of online discussion forums and communities for health research. Family Practice, 37(4), 574-577. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmaa008
Sheppard, L. C., & Raby, R. (2024). Off track or on point? Side comments in focus groups with teens. Qualitative Research, 24(3), 628-646. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941231176931
Spyreli, E., Vaughan, E., McKinley, M. C., Woodside, J. V., Hennessy, M., & Kelly, C. (2023). Using Online Photovoice to Explore Food Decisions of Families on Low Income: Lessons Learnt During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Qualitative Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323231208829
Stafford L., Preston, C. & Pike A.C. (2024). Participant Use of Artificial Intelligence in Online Focus Groups: An Experiential Account, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241286417
Stehr, P., Reifegerste, D., Rossmann, C., Lindemann, A.-K., & Schulze, A. Challenges and Opportunities to the Flow of Communication: Online Focus Groups with Parents of Young Children, Professional Caregivers, and Intermediaries. American Behavioral Scientist, 0(0), 00027642231206326. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642231206326
Strickland, J. C., & Victor, G. A. (2020). Leveraging crowdsourcing methods to collect qualitative data in addiction science: Narratives of non-medical prescription opioid, heroin, and fentanyl use. International Journal of Drug Policy, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.10.013
Suslow, A., Giehl, C., Hergesell, J., Vollmar, H. C., & Otte, I. C. (2023). Conducting Qualitative Research under Pandemic Restrictions - Considerations, Challenges, and Benefits: A Methodological Field Report. Gesundheitswesen, 85, S189-S196. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2129-6311
Thunberg, S., & Arnell, L. (2021). Pioneering the use of technologies in qualitative research – A research review of the use of digital interviews. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 25(6), 757–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2021.1935565
Ullman, S. E. (2024). Conducting Virtual Interviews With Sexual Assault Survivors and Their Informal Supports During COVID-19 and Beyond. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(7-8), 1398-1420. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231207619
Umar, N., Hill, Z., Schellenberg, J., Tuncalp, Ö., Muzigaba, M., Sambo, N. U., Shuaibu, A., & Marchant, T. (2023). Women’s perceptions of telephone interviews about their experiences with childbirth care in Nigeria: A qualitative study. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(4), e0001833. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001833
Van Zeeland, I., Van den Broeck, W., Boonen, M., & Tintel, S. (2021). Effects of digital mediation and familiarity in online video interviews between peers. Methodological Innovations, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20597991211060743
Varma, D. S., Young, M. E., Kreider, C. M., Williams, K., Vaddiparti, K., Parisi, C., & Semeah, L. M. (2021). Practical Considerations in Qualitative Health Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20.https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211043755
Verjee, A., & Sticher, V. (2024). Ambassador, you’re on Mute: Methods for Co-interviewing Elites Online. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241297430
Vindrola-Padros C, Chisnall G, Cooper S, et al. (2020). Carrying Out Rapid Qualitative Research During a Pandemic: Emerging Lessons From COVID-19. Qualitative Health Research. 30(14):2192-2204. doi:10.1177/1049732320951526
Vine Foggo, R. S., Webster, A. A., Dixon, R., Apa, A. et al. (2020). Utilisation of an online forum to engage adolescents with autism in direct participation in qualitative research. British Journal of Special Education, 47(2), 208-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8578.12305
Wakelin, K. J., McAra-Couper, J., & Fleming, T. (2024). Using an Online Platform for Conducting Face-To-Face Interviews. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23, 16094069241234183. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241234183
Waling, A., Lyons, A., Alba, B., Minichiello, V., Barrett, C., Hughes, M., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. (2022). Recruiting stigmatised populations and managing negative commentary via social media: a case study of recruiting older LGBTI research participants in Australia. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 25(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1863545
Watson, A., Lupton, D. (2022). Remote Fieldwork in Homes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Video-Call Ethnography and Map Drawing Methods. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221078376
Welford, J., Sandhu, J., Collinson, B., & Blatchford, S. (2022). Collecting qualitative data using a smartphone app: Learning from research involving people with experience of multiple disadvantage. Methodological Innovations, 15(3), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/20597991221114570
West, C. H., Rieger, K. L., Kenny, A., Chooniedass, R., Mitchell, K. M., Winther, K. A., Amie-Rae, Z., Demczuk, L., & Scott, S. D. (2022). Digital Storytelling as a Method in Health Research: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221111118
Williamson, I.R.. Lond, B., Clifton, A. et al. (2024). Researching local public health priorities in the locked down city using online community focus groups: Reflections and recommendations, SSM Qualitative Research in Health, 5, DOI10.1016/j.ssmqr.2024.100443
Yoosefi Lebni, J., Irandoost, S. F., Torabi, A., Saki, M., Ahmadi, A., & Mehedi, N. (2023). Challenges and Opportunities Experienced by Iranian Researchers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231223813
Wood, F. (2020). Doing qualitative health services research remotely: A rejoinder to ‘Collecting qualitative data during a pandemic’ by David Silverman, Communication & Medicine. 17 (2), 10.1558/cam.19749
Woodcock C, Cornwall N, Harrisson SA, et al. Hearing the patient voice for persistent pain intervention development: recommendations for using a bespoke online discussion forum for qualitative data collection. British Journal of Pain. 2024;18(6):461-471. doi:10.1177/20494637241254098
Woodgate, R. L., Gonzalez, M., Barrion, J. C., Hussain, T., Shamraiz, I., Singcay, N., Smith, S., Thielmann, N., & Yazon, E. (2023). Co-designing Guidelines for Using Arts-based methods when Conducting Youth Mental Health Research in Online Environments. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231211121
Wray, J., Barrett, D. (2022). In the room where it happens: in-person or remote data collection in qualitative research? Evidence-Based Nursing, 25:44-45.
Yazici, E., & Wang, Y. Attack the bot: Mode effects and the challenges of conducting a mixed-mode household survey during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2023.2241797
Yoosefi Lebni, J., Irandoost, S. F., Torabi, A., Saki, M., Ahmadi, A., & Mehedi, N. (2023). Challenges and Opportunities Experienced by Iranian Researchers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231223813
Żadkowska, M., Dowgiałło, B., Gajewska, M., Herzberg-Kurasz, M., & Kostecka, M. (2022). The Sociological Confessional: A Reflexive Process in the Transformation From Face-To-Face to Online Interview. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221084785
Zhang, Y., Cao, B. L., Wang, Y. F., Peng, T. Q., & Wang, X. H. (2020). When Public Health Research Meets Social Media: Knowledge Mapping From 2000 to 2018. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8). https://doi.org/10.2196/17582

Examples of studies using remote methods

Atkinson T, Bray J, Williamson T. (2022). 'You're in a new game and you don't know the rules: Preparing carers to care'. Dementia (London);21(7):2128-2143. doi: 10.1177/14713012221112242. Epub 2022 Jul 7. PMID: 35801283; PMCID: PMC9483701.
Cardel, M. I., Manasse, S., Krukowski, R. A., Ross, K., Shakour, R., Miller, D. R., Lemas, D. J., & Hong, Y. R. (2020). COVID-19 Impacts Mental Health Outcomes and Ability/Desire to Participate in Research Among Current Research Participants. Obesity, 28(12), 2272-2281. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23016
Chen, J. & Songdong, Y. (2024). Tendencies and characteristics of public fitness behavior in the digital era: an Internet ethnography study based on the K Community in China, Frontiers in Public Health, 21:12:1414837. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1414837
Coburn, K., Vennum, A., McGeorge, C., Stafford Markham, M. & Spencer C. (2023). "It’s like a happy little affirmation circle": a grounded theory study of nonbinary peoples’ internal processes for navigating binary gender norms, International Journal of Transgender Health, 25, 4, 751-769.
Ddungu, C., Manirankunda, L., Meudec, M., Van Landeghem, E., Vanhamel, J., Katsuva, D., & Nostlinger, C. (2023). Sub-Saharan African communities' experiences and engagement with COVID-19 and the related control strategies in Antwerp, Belgium. International Journal for Equity in Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-01867-w
Dew K, Cook M, Winter T, Riordan B. (2025). “How do I reduce the fear of missing out?” analyzing Reddit discussion of how people deal with the fear of missing out when reducing their alcohol use.Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000816
Gebska-Kuczerowska, A., Lahiri, S., & Gajda, R. (2020). Bridging the Gap between Theory, Practice, and Policy: A Decision-Making Process Based on Public Health Evidence Feasible in Multi-Stage Research on Biological Risk Factors in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207657
Hernandez-Nino, J., Thomas, M., Alexander, A. B., Ott, M. A., & Kline, J. A. (2021). The use of qualitative methods in venous thromboembolism research. Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12593
Howard, M., Grant, R., & Schmidt, M. (2024). Healthism, rural individualism and self-help: youth mental health in Northwest Tasmania. Health Sociology Review, 33(3), 342–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2024.2356871
Ismayilova, M., & Yaya, S. (2022). What can be done to improve polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) healthcare? Insights from semi-structured interviews with women in Canada. Bmc Womens Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01734-w
Kehinde J, O'Donnell C, Grealish A. (2024). A qualitative study on the perspectives of prenatal breastfeeding educational classes in Ireland: Implications for maternal breastfeeding decisions. PLoS One. 18;19(12):e0315269. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0315269.
Luqiu, L. R., Liao, S. X., Ahmed, S. et al. (2021). Rethinking 'the personal is political:' Enacting agency in the narrative of sexual harassment experiences in China. Discourse & Society, 32(6), 708-727. https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265211023225
Marsden, S. J. E., Eastham, R., Kaley, A. (Re)thinking about self-harm and autism: Findings from an online qualitative study on self-harm in autistic adults, DOI: 10.1177/13623613241271931
Mccaffrey, G., Wilson, E., Zimmer, L., Singh, A. et al. (2024). Effects of Virtual Care on Patient and Provider Experience of the Clinical Encounter: Qualitative Hermeneutic Study, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, DOI10.2196/52552
Pierorazio, N. A., Nester, S., Shandler, G., & Brand, B. L. (2023). "This 'prison' where I cannot heal:" Interactions of culture, dissociation, and treatment among individuals who dissociate. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100325
Polidano, K., Parton, L., Agampodi, S. B., Agampodi, T. C., Haileselassie, B. H., Lalani, J. M. G., Mota, C., Price, H. P., Rodrigues, S., Tafere, G. R., Trad, L. A. B., Zerihun, Z., Dikomitis, L., & Eclipse, T. (2022). Community Engagement in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research in Brazil, Ethiopia, and Sri Lanka: A Decolonial Approach for Global Health. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.823844
Rao, D., Stevenson, B., Shiyanbola, O. (2024). Using the integrated theory of health behavior change to assess factors affecting diabetes medication adherence among black adults during COVID-19: an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, Ethnicity & Health, 28(7), 983-1005.
Sandset, T., Pham, T., Dang Dong, D. & Davis, S. L.M. (2024). Sexual and reproductive health and digital human rights: a study with people living with HIV and key populations in Vietnam, Culture, Health & Sexuality, https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2024.2411406
Smith CB, Wong KLY, Dunn S, Gregorio M, Wong L, Huynh P, Hung L. (2024). Behind the Frontlines: Insights for Supporting Mental Health and Staff Retention in the Long-Term Care Workforce. Healthcare (Basel), 29;13(1):40. doi: 10.3390/healthcare13010040. PMID: 39791647; PMCID: PMC11720712.
Thimm-Kaiser M, Keyes KM. US State Policies Regarding Social Media: Do Policies Match the Evidence? Milbank Q. 2025 Nov;103(S1):337-365. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.70021. Epub 2025 Jun 4. PMID: 40462673; PMCID: PMC12673166.
Zou, D., Lin, Z.T., Chen, C., Yu, H.Y. (2024). Factors affecting the wellbeing of mid-achieving university students: a case study from China, Frontiers in Psychology, DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1465209

Examples using Novel Techniques

Mammen J, Tyo M, Seshadri S. (2025). Perspective Mapping: Tutorial for Collecting Quantifiable Qualitative Interview Data. J Med Internet Res, 14;27:e72622. doi: 10.2196/72622. PMID: 40811765; PMCID: PMC12352805.

Books

Aidley, D. & Fearon, K. (2021) Doing Accessible Social Research: A Practical Guide. Policy Press. Chapter 7.
Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Gray, D. (2017). Collecting qualitative data: a practical guide to textual, media and virtual techniques. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107295094
Kara, H., & Khoo, S.-m. (2021). Qualitative and digital research in times of crisis: methods, reflexivity, and ethics. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447363828
Powell, J., & van Velthoven, M. H. (2020). Digital Data and Online Qualitative Research. In C. Pope & N. Mays (Eds.), Qualitative research in healthcare. Wiley-Blackwell.
Salmons, J. E. (2021). Doing qualitative research online (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Reports and Guidelines

British Psychological Society. (2021). Ethics guidelines for internet-mediated research. British Psychological Society. https://www.bps.org.uk/guideline/ethics-guidelines-internet-mediated-research
British Sociological Association. Ethics Guidelines and Collated Resources for Digital Research: Statement of Ethical Practice Annexe. https://www.britsoc.co.uk/media/24309/bsa_statement_of_ethical_practice_annexe.pdf
Franzke, a. s., Bechmann, A., Zimmer, M., Ess, C., & Association of Internet Researchers. (2020). Internet Research: Ethical Guidelines 3.0 https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf
Health Research Authority, & Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. (2018). Joint statement on seeking consent by electronic methods. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/www.hra.nhs.uk/media/documents/hra-mhra-econsent-statement-sept-18.pdf
Horowicz, E., Stalford, H., & Heah, R. (2023). Digital Methods of Working with Children: Ethics, Rights and Responsibilities. . National Centre for Research Methods & European Children’s Rights Unit. https://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4925/
Jones, C. (2011). Ethical issues in online research (online resource). British Educational Research Association. https://www.bera.ac.uk/publication/ethical-issues-in-online-research
Nind, M., Meckin, R., & Coverdale, A. (2021). Changing Research Practices: Undertaking social research in the context of Covid-19. Project Report. National Centre for Research Methods (NCRM).
UK Research Integrity Office. (2016). Good practice in research: Internet-mediated research. https://ukrio.org/wp-content/uploads/UKRIO-Guidance-Note-Internet-Mediated-Research-v1.0.pdf

Web Resources

Anderdal Bakken, S. How to…interview across text-based messaging applications. Social Research Association. https://the-sra.org.uk/SRA/Blog/Howtointerviewacrosstextbasedmessagingapplications.aspx?utm_sq=gzy0vi36b2
Glatt, Z. Digital Ethnography Reading List. https://zoeglatt.com/?page_id=823
Hodkinson, P. and Hall, M. (2023) Inauthentic volunteers in qualitative research: reflections from recent experience. The blog of the Department of Sociology at the University of Surrey.
Lupton, D. (2020 (updated 2021)). Doing fieldwork in a pandemic:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1clGjGABB2h2qbduTgfqribHmog9B6P0NvMgVuiHZCl8/edit#heading=h.ze8ug1cqk5lo
National Centre for Research Methods (NCRM). (2019). Silje Bakken - Meeting the interviewees at their digital 'home-turf'. https://www.ncrm.ac.uk/resources/video/?id=9732
Salmons, J. Methodspace: Online Interviewing Tips & Resources. Sage. https://www.methodspace.com/blog/online-interviewing-tips-resources
University of Huddersfield. Back Chat: Participatory research with children during global crises. https://research.hud.ac.uk/institutes-centres/hudcres/projects/backchat/
W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). WCAG 2 Overview. https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/