Research degree vacancies

Funding source: WMG

Sponsor company: Tata Steel

Supervisor(s): Professor Zushu LiLink opens in a new window (WMG), Dr Guishang PeiLink opens in a new window (WMG), Dr Ciaran Martin (Tata Steel), and Dr Bin Xiao (Tata Steel)

Stipend: Standard UKRI stipendLink opens in a new window

Eligibility: UK home and UK-domiciled EU students

Start date: October 2026

Duration: 3.5 years

Project overview

The Advanced Steels Research Centre (ASRC)Link opens in a new window is looking for an enthusiastic individual to work on a steelmaking project as part of the ADAPT-EAF (Accelerating the Development of Automotive and Packaging steel Technology for EAF production) Prosperity PartnershipLink opens in a new window, which will investigate nitrogen behaviour in electric arc furnaces (EAF). The partnership is delivered in collaboration with industry partner Tata Steel UK, which has committed to reducing its CO2 emissions by transitioning to scrap-based EAF production of high-quality flat products. This project aims to create fundamental knowledge of nitrogen's behaviour under future green steelmaking scenarios to support steel industry decarbonisation.

Additional information

Steel is an irreplaceable material in our modern life, yet the industry accounts for 9% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. A range of low-emission steel manufacturing processes is therefore being developed, with EAF steelmaking emerging as a key pathway. However, one of the key technical challenges in scrap-based EAF steelmaking (where scrap is the primary metallic charge) is cost-effectively achieving the desired nitrogen content in the final steel.

Some high-quality steels demand good formability and toughness, along with good surface quality, which necessitates controlling nitrogen to very low levels (~20-30 ppm). This is achieved by the current BF-BOF steelmaking route because of its excellent nitrogen removal capability. However, alternative metallic charges with low or no carbon content (e.g., scrap, carbon-free direct reduced iron, remelted direct reduced iron) are expected to adversely impact the thermodynamics and kinetics of N2 in proposed future green steelmaking routes.

Therefore, to enable CO2-free scrap-based EAF steelmaking, this PhD project will thoroughly investigate the nitrogen absorption and desorption mechanisms of alternate metallic charges with varying conditions of composition, temperature, and pressure. A mathematical model based on experimental data and fundamentals will be developed to predict nitrogen in melt with various conditions, validated by industrial-scale data.

The research will be carried out at ASRC's world-leading research facilities, offering high-temperature experiments and advanced characterisation and modelling. This PhD studentship also offers a unique opportunity to work with the leading scientists at Tata Steel UK.

Essential criteria

• 2:1 or higher Bachelor's or Master's degree in a science and technology field (e.g., metallurgy, chemistry, chemical engineering, physics, materials science and engineering, and manufacturing)
• A passion and enthusiasm to challenge the status quo and apply research to the creation of critical knowledge and its industrial applications

Funding source: University of Warwick

Supervisor(s): Dr Jay WarnettLink opens in a new window (WMG) and Dr Randa HerzallahLink opens in a new window (Mathematics)

Stipend: Standard UKRI stipendLink opens in a new window

Eligibility: UK citizens

Start date: 2 October 2026

Duration: Three years

Project overview

Non-clinical X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) has evolved into a significant "big data" challenge, with a single scanner easily generating over 10TB of data annually. The sheer volume of this structured data creates substantial hurdles for storage, transmissibility, and long-term curation.

This PhD project aims to address these challenges by researching and developing specialised lossless and lossy compression methods designed specifically for the spatial and sequential structures inherent in XCT projections and reconstructed volumes. The goal is to achieve a 60–80% reduction in data size without compromising the integrity of scientific information extracted from the scans.

Additional information

The successful candidate will join the AC/DC research team to develop an open-source compression solution tailored for the XCT community. While generic compression tools exist, they often fail to fully exploit the specific redundancies found in 3D tomographic data.

You will exploit your signal processing knowledge with statistical mathematical frameworks to maximise compression ratios. We will use predictor models which estimate projections and/or slices, storing only differences between the prediction and original data. Because errors are small and repetitive, they can be efficiently compressed with classical predictors and improved with data-driven models of XCT intensity statistics.

The project provides a unique opportunity to work at the intersection of mathematics, algorithms and high-end imaging, contributing to a solution that reduces the environmental and financial burden of large-scale scientific data. For informal enquiries, contact Dr Jay Warnett at j.m.warnett@warwick.ac.uk. 

Essential and desirable criteria

Essential criteria:

• 2:1 or higher Bachelor's or Master's degree in Mathematics, Computer Science, or a field with a strong mathematical focus
• An interest in signal processing and image representation
• Demonstrable experience of Python for data handling and algorithm development

Desirable:

• Knowledge and experience with imaging systems (X-ray CT, MRI or similar)

• Familiarity with image transforms, entropy coding, and/or noise characterisation

Funding source: UKRI IDLALink opens in a new window

Sponsor/Supporting company: Johnson MattheyLink opens in a new window

Supervisor(s): Dr Geoff WestLink opens in a new window (Academic), Dr Carl SlaterLink opens in a new window (Academic), and Dr Santosh Kumar (Industrial)

Stipend: Standard UKRI stipendLink opens in a new window, plus funded tuition fees (UK and UK-domiciled EU students only)

Eligibility: UK home and UK-domiciled EU students; international students who can cover the difference between UK home and international tuition fees are welcome to apply.

Start date: 1 October 2026

Duration: 3.5 years

Project overview

There is a growing interest in ruthenium alloys due to their lower metal value and potential applications across industries, including automotive and AI. Demand for ignition products is currently high, and future opportunities are expected in data storage devices and electrical contacts to supply the demand for higher computational power for AI-driven technologies. However, a limited understanding of the hot workability and oxidation behaviour of ruthenium alloys is a major barrier to commercial product development.

This project aims to gain a fundamental understanding of the high-temperature properties of ruthenium and its alloys; the effect of different alloying elements on high-temperature workability; and the oxidation behaviour of ruthenium alloys under relevant processing conditions.

The PhD will roughly be broken down into the following components:

• A literature search on the processing and formability of ruthenium and its alloys at high temperature
• Thermomechanical processing using a state-of-the-art Gleeble HDS-V40 to test materials' behaviour to stress and recrystallisation kinetics at temperatures around 1400°C
• Alloy development to understand/design how the processing window can be optimised through alloying

Additional information

As a PhD candidate, you will join the Advanced Steel Research teamLink opens in a new window, a group of leading academics, researchers, project engineers and PhD candidates. The group adopts a holistic approach to metallic materials, looking at the fundamentals and how they influence full-scale production.

For further enquiries regarding the position and application procedure, contact Dr Geoff West (g.west@warwick.ac.uk) or Dr Carl Slater (c.d.slater@warwick.ac.uk).

Essential and desirable criteria

Essential criteria:

• 2:1 or higher degree in Engineering or Materials Science
• A demonstrable passion and ability for independent academic research and contribution to scientific publications
• Quantitatively driven and highly numerate
• Working knowledge of metallic systems, fundamental metallurgical phenomena, and basic characterisation

Desirable:

• An MSc in a relevant subject area

Funding source: Ada Lovelace Centre and the University of Warwick

Stipend: Standard UKRI stipendLink opens in a new window, including a £1k top-up

Supervisor(s): Dr Jay WarnettLink opens in a new window (WMG), Professor Kurt DebattistaLink opens in a new window (WMG), Professor Genovea Burcae (Diamond Light Source), and Dr Edo Pasca (SFTC Computing)

Eligibility: UK home students

Start date: 2 October 2026

Duration: Three years

Project overview

X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) is a critical non-destructive imaging tool used in fields ranging from materials science and biology to cultural heritage and forensics. Standard high-quality imaging requires a full 180 or 360-degree rotation of an object to acquire a massive number of radiographs. However, real-world experiments often face "limited data" conditions caused by strict time constraints, radiation dose concerns, or experimental rigs that physically block certain imaging angles.

This PhD project aims to create advanced XCT workflows by developing Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) tools to support imaging before the reconstruction phase. The research will focus on:

• Data upscaling: Using ML U-Net and latent diffusion models to generate synthetic projections that interleave with real data to improve image quality.
• Artifact reduction: Developing paired and unpaired (e.g. Cycle GAN) models to remove noise and reconstruct artifact-free images from incomplete datasets.
• Software integration: Incorporating these advances into the Collaborative Image Library (CIL) software using PyTorch, making the tools immediately accessible to the wider scientific community.

Additional information

You will work across WMG at the University of Warwick and the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, utilising high-performance computing (HPC) servers and data from large-scale facilities, such as Diamond Light Source and ISIS Neutron and Muon Source.

For informal enquiries, please contact Dr Jay Warnett at j.m.warnett@warwick.ac.uk.

Essential and desirable criteria

Essential criteria:

• Applicants should hold or expect to gain a minimum of a 2:1 bachelor’s degree or equivalent in Computer Science, Engineering, Physics or Mathematical Sciences
• Knowledge and experience with AI/Machine Learning in Python, preferably with images
• Flexibility to split time between the University of Warwick and Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire.

Desirable:

• Knowledge and experience with imaging systems (X-ray CT, MRI or similar)
• An MSc (merit or distinction) in a relevant subject would be advantageous

Funding source: EPSRC-DLA

Sponsor/Supporting company: This project will run alongside the major UK EPSRC-funded research programme Frontiers in Electromagnetic Non-Destructive Evaluation Research (FENDER), involving multiple universities and over 20 industrial partners.

Stipend: Standard UKRI stipendLink opens in a new window, plus funded tuition fees

Supervisor(s): Dr Frank ZhouLink opens in a new window and Professor Claire Davis FREngLink opens in a new window

Eligibility: UK home students (international applicants may be considered, subject to funding availability or self-funding)

Start date: October 2026

Project overview

This PhD redefines electromagnetic sensing by moving beyond magnetic permeability-dominated approaches to establish a conductivity-driven eddy-current framework for tracking microstructural evolution at high temperature.

The transition towards smarter, lower-carbon manufacturing demands new ways to understand and monitor how materials evolve during processing. This PhD project addresses a fundamental and timely challenge in electromagnetic (EM) sensing: how to quantitatively link electrical conductivity-dominated eddy current responses to microstructural evolution during high-temperature processing.

Conventional EM approaches for microstructure monitoring are often dominated by magnetic permeability effects and are therefore restricted to ferromagnetic materials below the Curie temperature. As a result, large regions of materials processing — including high-temperature steel processing, non-ferromagnetic alloys, and multi-material systems — remain poorly accessible to existing EM techniques. This project intentionally moves beyond that paradigm.

The research will focus on kHz–MHz eddy current sensing frameworks in which electrical conductivity is the primary sensing mechanism. This enables monitoring not only in steels above the Curie point, but also in non-ferromagnetic and weakly magnetic alloy systems, where phase transformations, grain evolution, precipitation, solute redistribution, or defect evolution modify electrical transport properties. While magnetic permeability effects will not be excluded where relevant, the central aim is to establish a robust, physically grounded conductivity-dominated sensing framework applicable across alloy systems and processing routes.

The project is fundamentally interdisciplinary, combining electromagnetism, materials physics, and metallurgy. The successful candidate will investigate how microstructural features — such as phase fraction, grain size, defect density, and thermal history — govern conductivity at elevated temperatures, and how these changes manifest in eddy current sensor responses. This will involve both experimental work and analytical interpretation, linking EM signals directly to underlying physical mechanisms.

Key research themes include:

• Design and optimisation of kHz–MHz eddy current sensors suitable for high-temperature environments
• Experimental studies linking microstructural evolution to electrical conductivity during thermal processing
• Signal analysis and feature extraction from complex, temperature-dependent EM data
• Integration of sensing data with metallurgical characterisation and physical interpretation
• Development of transferable EM sensing principles beyond steels, towards broader alloy classes

Additional information

The project will be based within the Advanced Steel Research CentreLink opens in a new window at Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG), an internationally recognised environment for steel metallurgy, electromagnetic sensing, and high-temperature experimentation. It will run alongside the major UK research programme Frontiers in Electromagnetic Non-Destructive Evaluation Research (FENDER), involving multiple universities and over 20 industrial partners.

Relevant industrial partners include British Steel, Tata Steel Europe, Primetals Technologies, ETher NDE, Advanced Engineering Solutions, Rolls-Royce, EDF Energy, and the National Nuclear Laboratory. FENDER aims to bring game-changing ideas to EM NDE by harnessing advances in electronics, signal processing, modelling, and data science, positioning EM sensing at the heart of future Industry 4.0 manufacturing, advanced materials processing, and circular-economy technologies.

Essential and desirable criteria

This PhD is ideal for candidates with a strong background in Physics, Materials Science, Electrical Engineering, or related disciplines, who are motivated by fundamental questions and experimental research. It will particularly appeal to students interested in electromagnetism, transport properties, phase transformations, and sensing science, and who wish to develop expertise that is both intellectually deep and highly transferable across materials, industries, and future research careers.

Essential criteria:

• 2:1 or higher degree in Physics, Materials Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or related discipline
• Motivation for modelling, experimental and fundamental research

Desirable:

• Experience with electrical or magnetic measurements
• Familiarity with signal processing, data analysis, or numerical methods
• Interest in metallurgy and microstructure

Funding source: EPSRC IDLA 26012

Sponsor/Supporting company: BP

Stipend: Standard UKRI stipendLink opens in a new window

Supervisor(s): Professor James MarcoLink opens in a new window and Dr Tim VincentLink opens in a new window

Eligibility: UK students only

Start date: 1 October 2026

Project overview

There exists an inherent variability in how lithium-ion batteries fail – an event commonly referred to as “thermal runway”. This uncertainty drives additional cost and complexity into the design and validation methods employed for battery systems created for electric vehicles, aerospace or stationary storage.

This PhD will aim to deliver a new validated methodology for scientifically assessing lithium-ion cell failure and its implications for system-level battery design.

By creating a new scientifically robust framework to assess and mitigate thermal runaway, this PhD project will develop a unique understanding of system-level battery integration challenges, including, but not constrained to:

• The need to initiate thermal runaway using repeatable techniques that do not influence or bias the resulting failure mode.
• The need to scale up the experimental assessment of a single device to a complete system that accounts for the influence of cell-to-cell propagation, cell topology and the use of active and passive methods of mitigation and containment.
• The need for multi-modal measurement systems to characterise thermal runaway, allowing a deeper understanding of the properties of thermal runaway and supporting the transition towards new methods of modelling and simulating battery failure (e.g., gas venting, fire and explosion).

The PhD is sponsored by BP and will take place within the Battery Systems team at Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG), University of Warwick. The WMG Battery Systems Group combines academics and engineers with industrial experience to address significant challenges of cell manufacture and integration into battery systems across a wide range of applications, including e-mobility, automotive, aerospace, rail, marine and stationary storage.

For further details, please contact Professor James Marco (james.marco@warwick.ac.uk)

Find out more about WMG's:

• Battery Systems Group
• Battery Safety Centre

Essential and desirable criteria

Essential:

• Background in electrical, mechanical, or electrochemical engineering
• 2:1 or higher in a relevant undergraduate degree
• Good understanding of sensor selection and instrumentation

Desirable:

• Proactive, with good organisational skills
• Experience in experimental activities, engineering design, and numerical analysis
• Ability to work well with technicians and laboratory support staff

Funding source: DLA award

Stipend: Standard UKRI stipendLink opens in a new window, plus funded tuition fees

Sponsor/Supporting company: Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)

Supervisor(s): Professor Ton PeijsLink opens in a new window and Dr Leonid PastukhovLink opens in a new window

Eligibility: Available to home fee status and UK domicile EU students

Start date: On or before 7 September 2026

Duration: Four years (full-time)

Project overview

We are seeking an enthusiastic PhD candidate to join the Centre for Polymers and Composites (CPC) at Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG), University of Warwick, to work on:

Environmental effects on the long-term mechanical performance of short-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics (ENFORM)

Short-fibre reinforced thermoplastics (SFRPs) are widely used in industries such as automotive and electrical engineering. During service, these materials are frequently exposed to harsh environments involving elevated temperatures, oxygen, and moisture. Prolonged exposure to such conditions can lead to a significant deterioration of their mechanical performance.

Material degradation arises from slow and irreversible changes in the polymer matrix, including molecular weight reduction, cross-linking, and morphological alterations. Additionally, degradation of the fibre–matrix interface can occur, further compromising the mechanical integrity of these composites. Together, these mechanisms strongly influence the long-term behaviour and durability of these engineering plastics.

This PhD project aims to investigate the mechanisms governing the long-term evolution of material properties in short-fibre reinforced thermoplastics with different polymer matrices, such as polyamides, polyphenylene sulphide, and isotactic polypropylene. The study will focus on ageing induced by temperature, moisture, and oxygen, with particular emphasis on hydrolytic and thermo-oxidative ageing processes. Both short-term mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength and impact resistance) and long-term properties (including creep and fatigue behaviour) will be analysed.

Furthermore, the project will develop physics-assisted artificial intelligence (AI) models that integrate experimental data with fundamental physical principles. These models will be used to predict the evolution of mechanical properties during ageing, with the goal of reducing experimental testing requirements while improving the accuracy and reliability of lifetime predictions for demanding applications.

The project is sponsored by the Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), a leading international research platform that brings industry and academia together to drive pre-competitive, fundamental research in polymers.

We welcome applicants with interests in polymer physics, materials processing and characterisation, machine learning and performance optimisation of polymer composites. A background in materials science and engineering, polymer chemistry, or a related field is preferred. Prior experience with polymers or composites would be beneficial, though not essential. Most importantly, we are looking for motivated individuals who are enthusiastic about their research and able to work effectively within an interdisciplinary team.

The studentship includes a full stipend and covers UK tuition fees. The start date will be on or before September 2026, making this opportunity ideal for those completing, or who have recently completed, a UK-based undergraduate degree.

The research will be carried out by using the world-leading research facilities at the Centre for Polymers and Composites of WMG, University of Warwick. The PhD studentship offers a unique opportunity to work on this exciting topic with a group of leading international industrial scientists.

Essential and desirable criteria

Essential:

• 2:1 or higher in a relevant undergraduate degree
• Experience of computer-based simulation

Desirable:

• Knowledge of vehicle structures and electric vehicle design
• A proven ability to instigate computer simulations to understand crash structures during high velocity impacts
• Proven knowledge of current assembly and disassembly methods within the automotive field
• A history of experimental work within a laboratory setting, including manufacture, testing and analysis

Funding Source: Industry

Eligibility: Available to home fee status and UK domicile EU students

Stipend: Standard UKRI. The funding period is 3.5 years.

Sponsor Company: HMGCC

Supervisors: Louis Piper, Melanie Loveridge, Gerard Bree

Start date: As soon as possible

Project overview

Essential and desirable criteria

A 1st or 2.1 undergraduate degree, or a postgraduate Masters’ qualification in Chemistry, Physics or Materials science/engineering would be essential. Some experience of energy storage materials and characterisation techniques would be desirable.

Funding source: University of Warwick

Eligibility: All fee status - five PhD students in total

Stipend: Four-year enhanced stipend: rate level increases in line with inflation and always remains marginally above UKRI's current forecasts.

Supervisors: Professor Louis PiperLink opens in a new window and Dr Mel LoveridgeLink opens in a new window

Start date: September/October 2026

Project overview

We are recruiting five PhD students (UK and International) to start in September/October 2026, under the supervision of Professor Louis Piper and Dr Mel Loveridge. Each four-year studentship is generously funded with an enhanced stipend, all tuition fees covered, and research support funding, including for participation in conferences.

Students will benefit from bespoke training courses and opportunities for national and international collaboration across the Hartnoll Centre for Experimental Fuel Technologies, of which Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG) is a part.

Professor Piper and Dr Loveridge have vast experience in functional materials for energy storage/harvesting applications (e.g., Li-ion batteries and photocatalysts for hydrogen generation), along with the development of various advanced characterisation methods.

WMG has a suite of laboratories for synthesis, electrochemistry and battery scale-up, which boast cutting-edge facilities for accelerating material developments at laboratory scale into pilot line validation.

Key areas for PhD research include:

• Tuning electrode-electrolyte interfaces in batteries for improved performance and lifetime. This area includes the synthetic cathode-engineering of morphology and composition; precise (and scaleable) atomic decoration of electrode interfaces for improving transport and suppressing degradation; and studying reactions at buried interfaces (e.g. operando gas evolution).
• Electrolyte additive discovery to generate more stable and effective SEI layers to extend operational lifetimes.
• Scale-up of industry-grade electrodes for real cell studies. This includes formulation and electrode fabrication technologies (both slurry and dry processing), 3D spectro-microscopy imaging for electrode optimisation, and full cell assembly with operando X-ray/Neutron studies for interpreting electrochemistry.
• Advancing the next generation of electrode technologies that will take anode science beyond graphite with smart design and generation of stabilised interfaces to allow metal anode / anode-free development. All projects will involve the use of advanced characterisation approaches to probing interfaces using state-of-the-art measurement techniques.
• Collaborating with Chemistry to design and incorporate metal-organic frameworks into electrodes and solid electrolytes. This will advance microstructures and enhance Li storage and transport properties.
• A holistic view of electrochemical optimisation: from single-particle electrochemistry to operando full pouch cell battery studies (in collaboration with Profs. Unwin & Macpherson).
• Holy grail Li-metal batteries: how to suppress dendritic formation with lithium metal anodes with interface engineering.
• Pioneering an in-operando technique using emerging table-top terahertz spectroscopy to detect and monitor the onset of lithium plating during fast charging in a customised coin cell. This will be combined with electrochemical and other characterisation studies on fast-charge technologies with WMG and is a collaboration between WMG and the School of Engineering.

Hartnoll Centre for Experimental Fuel Technologies

Students will join the Hartnoll Centre for Experimental Fuel Technologies (HCEFT), which aims to develop innovative fuel cell and battery technologies, underpinned by fundamental understanding. The Centre is an exciting venture, bringing together leading research groups within WMG, the Department of Chemistry, and the School of Engineering at the University of Warwick.

With world-leading expertise and facilities in electrochemistry, materials chemistry, spectroscopy, microscopy, modelling and battery and fuel cell construction and testing, we aim to develop next generation electrochemical energy technologies through holistic views of fuel cells (especially ammonia fuel cells) and different kinds of batteries, including metal and metal ion (Li, Na, Ca etc.), rechargeable aqueous batteries, and redox flow batteries.

Our Centre is able to study processes from the nanoscale to device level, and we complement cutting-edge measurement science and materials synthesis with advanced modelling.

Candidates with first degrees (Bachelors and/or Master's) in all branches of Chemistry, Physics, Mathematical Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemical Engineering are welcome to apply.

Please submit your application through the above link only. Applications received through other channels will be redirected, and you will be required to resubmit.

Funding Source: EPSRC DTP

Eligibility: UK citizens only

Stipend: Standard UKRI stipendLink opens in a new window

Supervisors: Professor Tony McNally

Supporting Company: Roxel Ltd

Start date: As soon as possible

Duration: 3.5 years

Project overview

This PhD aims to investigate RAM formulation chemistry of polyol binders (HTPB) and isocyanates for optimisation of formulation (pot life) and product mechanical properties for application in solid rocket propellants.

Due to the confidential and commercially sensitive nature of this project, please contact Professor Tony McNally (T.McNally@warwick.ac.uk) directly for further information.

Essential and desirable criteria

2:1 or higher degree in Materials Science & Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or a related subject.

Funding Source: Monash Warwick Alliance

Eligibility: Satisfy UKRI's eligibility criteria; this funding is restricted to Home fees candidates

Stipend: £21,300 to increase with inflation

Supervisors: Andrew McGordon and Truong Dinh (Warwick), Wynita Griggs (Monash), Matteo Dutta (Florence)

Start date: As soon as possible

Duration: 3.5 years

Project overview

This PhD studentship will investigate methodologies for future energy strategies for airports in different geographical areas, working with experts from the following airports: London, Melbourne, Kuala Lumpur and Florence.

We are interested in the challenges that electrification (electrical and fuel cell propulsion) brings to energy provision at an airport ecosystem, and novel solutions that can be investigated to provide an accelerated path to a more sustainable future. Additional considerations will include potential changes in user transportation habits and the increasing role of autonomy both airside and landside.

Successful students will join our Monash (Melbourne, Australia) - Warwick (UK) Alliance on the intersection of sustainable autonomous mobility.

Essential and desirable criteria

A 1st of 2:1 undergraduate degree, or a postgraduate Master’s qualification in Physics, Engineering or Sustainability, is essential.