John Iliffe, The African Poor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1987), chapter 10.Further reading: Andrew Burton, ‘Urchins, Loafers and the Cult of the Cowboy: Urbanization and Delinquency in Dar es Salaam, 1919-61’, Journal of African History, 42, 2 (2001), pp.199-216.

Andrew Burton, ‘Raw Youth, School-Leavers and the Emergence of Structural Unemployment in Late-Colonial Urban Tanganyika’, Journal of African History, 47, 3 (2006), pp.363-87.

Frederick Cooper, On the African Waterfront: Urban Disorder and the Transformation of Work in Colonial Mombasa (New Haven, Yale University Press: 1987).

Frank Furedi, ‘The African Crowd in Nairobi: Popular Movements and Elite Politics’, Journal of African History, 14, 2 (1973), pp.275-90.

Laura Fair, ‘Dressing Up: Clothing, Class and Gender in Post-Abolition Zanzibar’, Journal of African History, 39, 1 (1998), pp.63-94.

Andrew Hake, African Metropolis: Nairobi’s Self-Help City (Chatto & Windus, London: 1977). Garth Myers, Verendahs of Power: Colonialism and Space in Urban Africa (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse NY: 2003). Paul Ocobock, “Joy Rides for Juveniles’: Vagrant Youth and Colonial Control in Nairobi, Kenya, 1901-52’, Social History, 31, 1 (2006), pp.39-59. Claire Robertson, Trouble Showed the Way: Women, Men, and Trade in the Nairobi Area, 1890-1990 (Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN: 1997). Luise White, The Comforts of Home: Prostitution in Colonial Nairobi (Chicago University Press, Chicago: 1990).