Michael Jennings, “We Must Run While Others Walk’: Popular Participation and Development Crisis in Tanzania, 1961-9’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 41, 2 (2003), pp.163-87.Further reading: Joel Barkan (ed.), Beyond Capitalism versus Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania (Lynne Rienner, London: 1994). Lionel Cliffe & John Saul (eds), Socialism in Tanzania: An Interdisciplinary Reader (East African Publishing House, Dar es Salaam: 1972). Gavin Kitching, Class and Economic Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite-Bourgeoisie (Yale University Press, New Haven: 1980), chapter XI. Geoff Lamb, Peasant Politics (Julian Friedmann, Lewes: 1974). Yusufu Qwaray Lawi, ‘Tanzania’s Operation Vijiji and Local Ecological Consciousness: The Case of Eastern Iraqwland’, Journal of African History, 48, 1 (2007), pp.69-93. Susanne Mueller, ‘Government and Opposition in Kenya, 1966-9’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 22, 3 (1984), pp.399-427. Paul Nugent, Africa Since Independence: A Comparative History (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2004), Chapter 5.

James Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (Yale University Press, London: 1998), chapter 7. Jennifer Widner, The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From Harambee! to Nyayo! (University of California Press, Berkeley: 1992), chapters 1 & 2.