Lecture 6
LECTURE 6 - THE TRADES AND INDUSTRY
1. How was industry organized during the eighteenth century?
Factory system or workshops and cottage production
J.H. Clapham (1930) – ancient and transitional types of industrial organization
Kentish iron; Birmingham brass and copper
Plural manufacturing structures
Artisan values and resistance to mechanization
2.Craft to Factory - myths
Dichotomies between pre-industrial and industrial societies
Hierarchical division of labour
Industrial society – wage dependency, proletarians
Pre-industrial society – master and servant, moral economy
3. Continuities
wage dependency – mining and ironmaking
proto-industrialization
- labourers, cottagers and paupers – 47% of entire population
- 60% of 17thC. labourers were engaged in by-employments
- industrial labour force swelling the countryside
- manufacturing towns – 37.3% of total urban population in 1750;
50% in 1801
4.Hierarchies of Labour
Freedoms and unfreedoms
Slave trade – 1807 legislation against the slave trade
Servants & pauper apprentices
- Masters and servants legislation
5. Organised and Unorganized Trades
Organized trades – artisan enterprises and differentiation
Unorganized trades – new industries
6. London Trades – Embezzlement
division of labour and unemployment
watchmaking in Clerkenwell
goldsmiths and silversmiths
shoemaking – Clicking Act of 1723
hatters – 1732 – Hat Act
tailors – Combination Act
7. Attempts to Control the Labour Market
independence and respectability
trade - skill
8. Artisan institutions
a. friendly Societies
b. Houses of call
c. Tramping system
d. Apprenticeship
Public house; trade societies keeping members off the parish; control of time; pace of work
9. Factory and Machinery
factory and control over labour and pace of work
factories and unfree labour
factory sizes
