Binary stars are ubiquitous throughout the Universe. Virtually all massive stars have at least one stellar mass companion, and 70% will interact during their evolutionary lifetimes. At lower mass, the binary fraction is smaller but instrumental in the formation of cataclysmic variables, X-ray binaries, SN Ia, Short Gamma Ray Bursts and Gravitational Wave chirps from compact object mergers. In this meeting we aim both to explore the consequences of binary interactions for our understanding of the properties of stellar populations, and evaluate the continuing uncertainties and community priorities for future research in this area.