The Sun is our nearest star, providing us with the heat and energy necessary for life to thrive on Earth. Even at a distance of nearly 150 million km, we are able to resolve the dynamic processes at work within the Sun’s turbulent atmosphere using a wealth of telescopes available on international facilities and space platforms. Starting with a basic introduction to the Sun, I will discuss some of the challenging questions facing researchers, before overviewing a selection of recent advancements made through the novel combinations of observations, theory, and simulations. I will bridge these newfound results into requirements for the next generation of instrumentation, before highlighting how current (and upcoming) facilities may shine light on these challenging problems.