approx.

approximately

b/c

because

b/4

before

bk.

book, born

C

(e.g. 21C for ‘twenty-first century’)

c.

approximately, roughly, about (abbreviation for the Latin ‘circa’)

cf.

compared to, in comparison with

cp.

compare

def.

definition

diff.

different, difference

ea.

each

e.g.

for example

fr.

from

etc.

and the rest, and so on

gen.

general

i.e.

that is, that means, in other words

impt.

important

NB

important, notice this, note well

nec.

nessesary

no.

number

pt.

point

p.

page (pp. = pages)

re.

regarding, about

sim.

similar

s/t

something

T.

theory, theoretical

tho’

though

thro’

through

w/

with

w/o

without

viz.

namely, that is to say

v.

very

vv.

extremely

vs.

against

2

to, two, too

4

for

8

anything ending in ‘ate’

+

and, also, as well as, in addition to, plus

–

minus, without

=

equals, is the same as, results in

≠

does not equal, is not the same as, does not result in

≈

is approximately equal to, is similar to

<

is less than, is smaller than

>

is greater than, is larger than

↑

increase, rise, growth

↑↑

rapid increase

↓

decrease, fall, shrinkage

↓↓

rapid decrease

∴

therefore, thus

∵

because

→

leads on to, produces, causes

x

no, not, incorrect

xx

definitely not, disproved

?

uncertain, possibly, unproven

✓

yes, correct

✓✓

definitely, certain, proven

#

number

✳

special, important, notable (when added to a word or phrase)

/

per (e.g., £50/day instead of ‘fifty pounds per day’)

!

not, isn’t

@

at

∝

proportional to

A

answer

adm.

administration

adj.

adjective, adjourned, adjustment

abr.

abridged

abbr.

abbreviation, abbreviated

acad.

academic, academy

aka.

also known as

app.

appendix

assoc.

association

biol.

biology

bibliog.

bibliography

bot.

botanical, botany

cap.

capital, capitalise

chap.

chapter

chem.

chemical

co.

company

colloq.

colloquial, colloquialism

conf.

conference, confer

cont.

containing, content, continental, continue, continued

com.

commercial, commission, common, communication, community

cr.

credit

crit.

criticism

diag.

diagram

disc.

discovered

dist.

distinguished

div.

dividend, division

distr.

distribution, distributed

econ.

economics, economy

esp.

especially

est.

established, estimate

ex.

examined, example

excl.

excluding

f.

feminine, feminism, frequency

gen.

gender, general

govt.

government

hist.

historian, historical, history

illus.

illustrated

inc.

including

info.

information

lang.

language

m.

male

no.

number

orig.

original, originated

p. / pp.

page / pages

para.

paragraph

poss.

possible, possibly

prin.

principal

prob.

problem, probable, probably

probs

problems

prob.

produced by, producer, production

pt. / pts.

part, point / parts, pts

Q.

question

ref.

refer, reference

reg.

region, registered, regular, regulation

rev.

review, revision

sci.

science, scientific

sect.

section

sp.

special, species, specific

st.

study, student

univ.

universal, university

usu.

usually

vers.

version

yr.

year