Stephen Ellis, ‘Writing Histories of Contemporary Africa’, Journal of African History, 43, 1 (2002), pp.1-26. Further reading: Robert Bates, When Things Fell Apart: State Failure in Late-Century Africa (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008), chapter 6.

Frederick Cooper, Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2002), chapter 7.

Stephen Ellis, ‘Writing Histories of Contemporary Africa’, Journal of African History, 43, 1 (2002), pp.1-26. Bill Freund, The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800 (Macmillan, Basingstoke: 2^nd edition, 1998), chapter 12. Barry Riddell, ‘Structural Adjustment Programmes and the City in Tropical Africa’, Urban Studies, 34, 8 (1997), pp.1297-1307. Matteo Rizzo, ‘Being Taken for a Ride: Privatisation of the Dar es Salaam Transport System 1983-1998’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 40, 1 (2002), pp.133-57.

Andy Storey, ‘Economics and Ethnic Conflict: Structural Adjustment in Rwanda’, Development Policy Review, 17, 1 (1999), pp.43-63. Aili Mari Tripp, Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1997).