Women have always travelled, yet unequal access to education and the fact that travel and publishing are historically gendered as male domains meant that relatively few women wrote about their travels until the late eighteenth century. Scholarship on women's travel writing reflects this history, with most work focusing on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Anglophone women travellers from the upper and middle classes. Following such studies, this seminar will ask whether women experienced travel inherently differently from men, whether it is fruitful to think in terms of a typically female gaze, and how gender norms and conventions shaped women's authorial voice. We will also discuss how women travellers have been seen to both subvert and uphold imperial projects, and the importance of factors of class, race, age, place, and period alongside and through their intersections with gender.

Core Readings (pick two)

Shirley Foster and Sara Mills, An Anthology of Women's Travel Writing (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 'Introduction' and 'Women Writing about Women', pp. 1-23. LinkLink opens in a new window + LinkLink opens in a new window.

Carl Thompson, Travel Writing (London and New York: Routledge, 2011), Ch. 7: 'Questions of Gender and Sexuality', pp. 168-194. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan, 'A Princess's Pilgrimage: Nawab Sikandar Begam's Account of Hajj', in: Tim Youngs (ed.), Travel Writing in the Nineteenth Century: Filling the Blank Spaces (London: Anthem, 2006), pp. 107-27. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Primary Source

Browse the anthologies by RobinsonLink opens in a new window (2001) and Bohls and DuncanLink opens in a new window (2005) and select one extract to read. You can also browse the Women's Travel Writing, 1780-1840Link opens in a new window database, select a text, search for the original, and read a chapter of choice.

Further Reading

Agorni, Mirella, Translating Italy for the Eighteenth Century: British Women, Translation and Travel Writing (1739-1797) (Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2002). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Bird, Dúnlaith, Travelling in Different Skins: Gender Identity in European Women's Oriental Travelogues, 1850-1950 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Bohls, Elizabeth A., Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, 1716–1818 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Ch. 1: 'Aesthetics and Orientalism in Mary Wortley Montagu's Letters', pp. 23-45. LinkLink opens in a new window

Bohls, Elizabeth A., 'Gender', Barbara Schaff (ed.), Handbook of British Travel Writing (Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2020), pp. 55-78. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Bohls, Elizabeth, and Ian Duncan (eds.), Travel Writing 1700-1830: An Anthology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Brisson, Ulrike, 'Discovering Scheherazade: Representations of Oriental Women in the Travel Writing of Nineteenth-Century German Women', Women in German Yearbook 29 (2013), pp. 97-117. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Brookes, Douglas Scott (ed.), The Concubine, the Princess and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2008). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Colbert, Benjamin, 'British Women's Travel Writing, 1780-1840: Bibliographical Reflections', Women's Writing 24.2 (2017), pp. 151-169. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Drautzburg, Anja, 'Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Turkish Embassy Letters', in: Barbara Schaff (ed.), Handbook of British Travel Writing (Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2020), pp. 213-230. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Foster, Shirley, and Sara Mills (eds.), An Anthology of Women's Travel Writing (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002). LibraryLink opens in a new window [primary source extracts].

Foster, Shirley, 'Colonialism and Gender in the East: Representations of the Harem in the Writings of Women Travellers', The Yearbook of English Studies 34 (2004), pp. 6-17. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Ghaderi, Farah, and Wan Roselezam Wan Yahya, 'Exoticism in Gertrude Bell's Persian Pictures', Victorian Literature and Culture 42.1 (2014), pp. 123-138. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Ghose, Indira, Memsahibs Abroad: Writings by Women Travellers in Nineteenth-Century India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998). LibraryLink opens in a new window.

Guest, Harriet, 'Travel Writing', in: Catherine Ingrassia (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 196-209. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Horrocks, Ingrid, Women Wanderers and the Writing of Mobility, 1784–1814 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Hunt, Tamara L., and Micheline R. Lessard (eds.), Women and the Colonial Gaze (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Kietzman, Mary Jo, 'Montagu's Turkish Embassy Letters and Cultural Dislocation', Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 38.3 (1998), pp. 537-551. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Kinsley, Zoë, 'Narrating Travel, Narrating the Self: Considering Women‘s Travel Writing as Life Writing', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 90.2 (2014), pp. 67-84. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Lawrence, Karen R., Penelope Travels: Women and Travel in the British Literary Tradition (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1994). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Lewis, Reina, 'The Harem: Gendering Orientalism', in: Geoffrey P. Nash (ed.), Orientalism and Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), pp. 166-184. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Melman, Billie, Women's Orients: English Women and the Middle East, 1718-1918. Sexuality, Religion and Work (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1995). LibraryLink opens in a new window.

Mills, Sara, Discourses of Difference: An Analysis of Women's Travel Writing and Colonialism (London: Routledge, 1991). LibraryLink opens in a new window.

Morgan, Susan, Place Matters: Gendered Geography in Victorian Women's Travel Books about Southeast Asia (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Nussbaum, Felicity A., 'British Women Write the East after 1750: Revisiting a ‘Feminine’ Orient, in: Jennie Batchelor and Cora Kaplan (eds.), British Women’s Writing in the Long Eighteenth Century: Authorship, Politics and History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 121-139. LinkLink opens in a new window.

O'Loughlin, Katrina, Women, Writing, and Travel in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Ramli, Aimillia Mohd, 'Contemporary Criticism on the Representation of Female Travellers of the Ottoman Harem in the 19th Century: A Review', Intellectual Discourse 19.2 (2011), pp. 263-279. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Robinson, Jane, Wayward Women: A Guide to Women Travellers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990). LibraryLink opens in a new window.

Robinson, Jane, Unsuitable for Ladies: An Anthology of Women Travellers (2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Schlick, Yaël, Feminism and the Politics of Travel after the Enlightenment (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2012). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Simour, Lhoussain, 'Gendered Eyewitness in Narration: Imagining Morocco in British Women Travel-Inspired Narratives in Late Nineteenth Century', Anglo-Saxonica 17.1 (2020), pp. 1-11. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Thompson, Carl, 'Journeys to Authority: Reassessing Women's Early Travel Writing, 1763-1862', Women's Writing 24.2 (2017), pp. 131-150. LinkLink opens in a new window.

Thompson, Carl (ed.), Women’s Travel Writings in India 1777–1854, Volume I: Jemima Kindersley, Letters from the Island of Teneriffe, Brazil, the Cape of Good Hope and the East Indies (1777); and Maria Graham, Journal of a Residence in India (1812) (London: Routledge, 2020). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Whitlock, Gillian, The Intimate Empire: Reading Women's Autobiography (London: Bloomsbury, 2000). LinkLink opens in a new window.

Yegenoglu, Meyda, Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of Orientalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), Ch. 3: 'Supplementing the Orientalist Lack: European Ladies in the Harem', pp. 68-94. LinkLink opens in a new window.

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