Chronology of Deviance
Eleventh Century |
|
1066 | Massacre of Jews at Granada |
1071 | Seljurk Turks defeat the Byzantines at the battle of Manzikert |
1095 | Pope Urban II preaches crusade at the Council of Clermont |
1096 | Attacks on Jews in Germany coincide with the commencement of the First Crusade |
1098 | Foundation of the Order of St Lazarus |
1099 | The Crusaders capture Jerusalem |
Twelfth Century |
|
1144 | Blood libel: William of Norwich |
1145 |
Bernard of Clairvaux preaches in southern France against Catharism and the followers of Henry of Lausanne
Pope Eugene III calls for a Second Crusade
|
1147 | A Christian army captures Lisbon from the Moors |
1161 | Henry II of England passes ordinances in an attempt to regulate London's prostitutes |
1179 | Third Lateran Council condemns Waldensians, Cathars and sodomy; passes canons concerning lepers, Jews and Muslims |
1182 | Philip II of France expels the Jews |
1184 |
Synod of Verona orders bishops to seek out heretics and hand them over to the secular authority
Pope Lucius III excommunicates Peter Valdes
|
1187 | Saladin defeats the Christians at Hattin and recaptures Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade (1189-92) |
1189 | The coronation of Richard I of England coincides with an attack on London's Jews |
1190 | Massacre of Jews at York |
1198 | Philip II of France readmits the Jews |
1199 | Pope Innocent III authorises the Cistercians to engage the Cathars in disputation |
Thirteenth Century |
|
1204 | The Fourth Crusade ends in the sack of Constantinople |
1208 | Murder of Pierre de Castelnau, papal legate |
1209 |
Albigensian Crusade commences; sack of Béziers; expulsion of Cathars from Carcassonne
Francis of Assisi founds the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans)
|
1212 | The Christians defeat the Moors at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa |
1213 | Crusaders under Simon de Montfort defeat King Peter of Aragon at the battle of Muret |
1214 | Dominic of Guzman founds the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) |
1215 |
Fourth Lateran Council sets out due process against heretics
Jews and Muslims are ordered to wear distinctive dress and not to appear in public for the last four days of Holy Week
|
1229 | Treaty of Paris ends the Albigensian Crusade |
1244 | Fall of the Cathar stronghold of Montségur |
1254 | Louis IX of France attempts to abolish prostitution |
1255 | Blood libel: little Hugh of Lincoln |
1264 | Bolesłaus V, Duke of Greater Poland grants the Statute of Kalisz, a set of privileges for Jews |
1275 | English Statute of Jewry forbids usury and orders Jews to wear a yellow star |
1290 | Edward I expels the Jews from England |
1291 | Fall of Acre to the Mamluk Turks effectively ends the Crusades |
Fourteenth Century |
|
c.1300 | Marguerite Porete writes the mystical work The Mirror of Simple Souls |
1306 | Philip IV expels the Jews from France |
1307 | Arrest of the Knights Templar |
1308 | Dante Alighieri begins writing The Divine Comedy |
1309 | Clement V is elected Pope but refuses to travel to Rome, commencing the Avignon Papacy |
1311-12 | Council of Vienne condemns the Brethren of the Free Spirit |
1314 | Execution of Jacques de Molay |
1315 | Louis X readmits Jews into France |
1320-21 | Shepherd's Crusade |
1322 | Charles IV expels the Jews from France |
1324 | Execution of the Cathar leader Guillaume Bélibaste |
1334 | Casimir III, King of Poland, reaffirms the Statute of Kalisz |
c.1342 | Richard Rolle writes the mystical work The Fire of Love |
1347-51 | The Black Death |
1348-49 |
Massacres of Jews in many cities including Basle, Berne, Chillon, Colmar, Frankfurt, Lausanne, Mainz, Speyer, Strasbourg, Stuttgart and Zürich
Pope Clement VI defends the Jews against accusations of well-poisoning and plague-spreading
|
1349 | Pope Clement VI condemns the flagellants |
1354 | Ottoman Turks cross the Dardanelles at Gelibolu (Gallipoli) |
1358 | The peasants' revolt known as the Jacquerie breaks out in France |
1359 | John II readmits the Jews into France |
1360 | Venice establishes a municipal brothel |
c.1366 | Mystical marriage of Catherine of Siena |
1378 | The election of a Pope at Rome and another at Avignon begins the Western Schism |
1381 | Peasants' Revolt in England |
1382 | The Blackfriars Council condemns twenty-four propositions of John Wyclif |
c.1385 | Walter Hilton writes the mystical work The Ladder of Perfection |
1389 | The Ottoman Turks defeat the Serbians at the battle of Kosovo |
c.1390 | An anonymous author writes the mystical work The Cloud of Unknowing |
1394 | Charles VI expels the Jews from France |
c.1394 | Julian of Norwich writes her Book of Shewings |
1395 | Trial of John Rykener |
1396 |
The Ottoman Turks defeat a Christian army at the battle of Nicopolis
Frankfurt opens a municipal brothel
|
Fifteenth Century |
|
1401 | The English Parliament passes a statute authorising the burning of heretics; William Sawtre is the first Lollard martyr |
c.1403 | Bethlem hospital in London begins to keep psychiatric patients |
1403 | Florence opens a municipal brothel |
1405 | Christine of Pisan writes The Book of the City of Ladies |
1409 | The Council of Pisa elects a third pope |
1414 |
Sir John Oldcastle's revolt
The Council of Constance convenes
|
1415 |
The Council of Constance burns Jan Hus at the stake for heresy
|
1417 |
The Council of Constance deposes the three existing popes and elects Martin V, ending the Western Schism
Sir John Oldcastle is caught and burnt as a Lollard heretic
|
c.1418 | Thomas à Kempis writes The Imitation of Christ |
1419-31 | The Hussite Wars in Bohemia |
1421 | Siena opens a municipal brothel |
1423 | Venice builds the Lazzaretto Vecchio |
1428-31 | Around eighty people are prosecuted for Lollardy in East Anglia and Kent; there are eight executions |
1429 | Joan of Arc relieves Orléans and defeats the English at the battle of Patay |
1431 | Execution of Joan of Arc |
1433 |
Munich opens a municipal brothel
|
1434 |
Portuguese round Cape Bojador and begin to explore sub-Saharan Africa
The Utraquists defeat the Taborites at the battle of Lipany
|
1435 | Pope Eugenius IV condemns the enslavement of the Canary Islanders by the Portuguese |
1436 | An independent Hussite Church is established in Bohemia |
1438 | Margery Kempe completes her autobiography |
1440 |
Execution of Gilles de Rais, child serial-killer
Thirty-four people in Surrey and Hampshire abjure Lollardy; one is executed
|
1441 | Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, convicted of treasonable necromancy |
1452 | Pope Nicholas V authorises Alfonso V of Portugal to enslave 'Saracens and pagans' |
1453 | The Ottoman Turks under Mehmed II capture Constantinople |
1454 | Anti-Jewish rioting in Silesia follows the preaching of John of Capistrano |
1462-64 | Around thirty people are prosecuted for Lollardy in the Diocese of Lincoln; two are executed (one as a relapsed heretic in 1474) |
1465-69 | Paolo Uccello paints the sequence of the Miracle of the Desecrated Host on the Guild of Corpus Domini predella at Urbino |
1469 | Strasbourg opens a municipal brothel |
c.1470 | Venice builds the Lazzaretto Nuovo |
1471 | Marsilio Ficino publishes his Latin translation of the Hermetica, a set of Hellenic wisdom texts |
1475 | Blood libel: Simon of Trento |
1478 | The Spanish Inquisition is established |
1480 | The Turks briefly occupy Otranto (on the Italian mainland) |
1486 |
Eight Coventry Lollards are forced to abjure.
Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger publish The Hammer of Witches
|
1491 |
Thirteen people abjure Lollardy in Newbury, Berkshire
|
1492 |
Christopher Columbus 'discovers' the Americas
Granada falls to Ferdinand and Isabella, completing the Reconquista
The Alhambra decree: the expulsion of Jews from Spain
|
1493 |
Ulrich Molitor publishes Of Witches and Women Diviners
Expulsion of Jews from Sicily
|
1494 |
Thirty people are accused of Lollardy in Scotland
The first cases of syphilis are identified, in Naples
|
1495 | Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon expels the Jews from Lithuania |
1496-1506 | Sporadic persecution of Lollards in London and the Thames Valley; all abjure but one relapses in 1508 and is burnt |
1497 | Forced conversion of Portuguese Jews |
1498 | Execution of Girolamo Savonarola for heresy |
Sixteenth Century |
|
1500 | Pedro Alvares Cabral 'discovers' Brazil |
1502 | Forced conversion of Castilian Moors |
1503 | Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon readmits the Jews into Lithuania |
1506 | Massacre of 'New Christians' at Lisbon |
1509 | Johann Pfefferkorn, a converted Jew, convinces the Emperor Maximilian to begin confiscating Jewish books |
1510 | Publication of the anonymous Book of Vagrants |
1510-11 | More than fifty people from London and Kent and prosecuted for Lollardy; five are burnt as heretics |
1511 |
The Hebrew Philologist Johann Reuchlin defends Jewish literature against Johann Pfefferkorn
Around sixty Lollards from the Chilterns/Thames Valley area are forced to abjure; four are burnt as heretics
|
1511-12 | More than forty-five people from Coventry abjure Lollardy; one is burnt |
1512 | Birth of the 'Ravenna monster' in Bologna |
1513 | The Dominican prior Jacob von Hochstraten hauls Johann Reuchlin before the Inquisition |
1516 | Jewish ghetto established in Venice |
1517 |
May Day riot against foreigners in London
Martin Luther produces his Ninety-five Theses, starting the Protestant Reformation
|
1520 |
Seven Coventry Lollards are convicted of heresy and burnt at the stake
Matteo of Bassi founds the Capuchin Order of Friars
|
1521 |
Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther; there is a public book-burning of Luther's works in London
Ottoman Turks under Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade
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1521-22 | Around fifty Lollards from the Chilterns/Thames Valley area are forced to abjure; four are burnt as heretics |
1522 |
The Ottoman Turks capture Rhodes
The Affair of the Sausages steers Zürich in a reformed direction under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli
Birth of the 'monk-calf' in Freiburg
Erasmus writes a colloquy satirising those who had opposed the (recently deceased) Johann Reuchlin
|
1523 |
Martin Luther publishes That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew
Juan Luis Vives writes On the Education of a Christian Woman
|
1524 |
The great fire of Troyes
Erasmus writes colloquies satirising exorcists, alchemists and Franciscan friars; he calls the latter, 'well to-do beggars'
|
1524-25 | German Peasants' Revolt |
1526 |
The Ottoman Turks defeat the Hungarians at the battle of Mohács
Forced conversion of Aragonese Moors
William Tyndale's New Testament in English is publicly burnt as heretical
|
1527 |
Swiss Anabaptists produce the Schleitheim Confession
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1528 |
Patrick Hamilton is burnt as a heretic at St Andrews: Scotland's first Protestant martyr
|
1529 |
The Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Vienna
Several princes and Imperial Free Cities present their Protestation at the Imperial Diet at Speyer
Basel becomes Protestant under the leadership of Johannes Oecolampadius
|
1530 |
The Lutheran princes present the Augsburg Confession to the Imperial Diet at Augsburg
Thomas Hitton is burnt at the stake as a heretic at Maidstone: England's first Protestant martyr
|
1531 |
Foundation of the Schmalkaldic League of German Protestants
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1531-33 | Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa writes Three Books Concerning Occult Philosophy |
1533 | Henry VIII of England breaks with Rome and asserts himself as 'Supreme Head of the Church' |
1534 |
Execution of Elizabeth Barton for treason
Ignatius Loyola founds the Jesuits
Affair of the Placards in Paris; John Calvin flees to Basel
|
1534-35 | Münster Rebellion |
1535 |
Execution of William Tyndale
|
1536 |
Portuguese Inquisition established
Pilgrimage of Grace in England
John Calvin writes the first edition of his Institutes of the Christian Religion
The French and Ottomans agree an alliance against the Holy Roman Empire
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1536-1540 | Dissolution of the monasteries in England |
1537 | Pope Paul III forbids the enslavement of Amerindians |
1538 | The Franciscan John Forrest is burnt as a heretic |
1540 | Henry VIII of England executes three prominent Protestants for heresy and three Catholics for treason on the same day |
1542 | The English Parliament passes a short-lived act making witchcraft a felony |
1543 | Martin Luther publishes On the Jews and their Lies |
1545 | Massacre of Waldensians at Mérindol |
1545-63 | Council of Trent (three sessions) |
1546 |
Execution of Étienne Dolet for atheism
Henry VIII of England closes the Stews
|
1546-47 | War of the Schmalkaldic League; ends with the decisive battle of Mühlberg |
1547 |
As part of the dissolution of chantries, Edward VI of England closes a number of almshouses
|
1549 | Prayer Book Rebellion in Cornwall and Devon |
1550 | Execution of Joan Bocher for heresy |
c.1550 | The Portuguese begin to use African slaves to work sugar plantations in Brazil |
1551 |
Barbary Corsairs enslave the entire population of Gozo in the Mediterranean
|
1553 |
Execution of Michael Servetus in Geneva for heresy
Edward VI of England grants Bridewell Palace as a poorhouse
|
1554 |
Barbary corsairs raid southern Italy capturing thousands of slaves
|
1555 |
Peace of Augsburg attempts the coexistence of Protestants and Catholics in the Empire
Jewish ghetto established in Rome
|
1555-58 |
Mary I of England executes nearly 300 Protestants for heresy including Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley and Thomas Cranmer (the Oxford martyrs)
|
1558 |
John Knox publishes First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
The Heptameron, a collection of short stories by Marguerite of Navarre, is published posthumously
|
1560 |
Charles IX of France issues an edict abolishing brothels in Paris
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1562 |
Massacre of Huguenots at Vassy ignites the French Wars of Religion
Sir Ralph Holinshed records, 'this year in England were many monstrous births'; Parliament passes a second Witchcraft Act
John Hawkins begins slaving expeditions in Africa
|
1563 |
French Huguenot and Catholic factions agree the Peace of Amboise
Johann Weyer publishes The Delusion of Demons
The Scottish Parliament passes a Witchcraft Act
The first of a series of Elizabethan Poor Laws is enacted
|
1565 |
Malta repels a siege by the Ottoman Turks
Teresa of Ávila completes her autobiography
|
1566 |
Exorcism of Nicole Obry in Laon, France
Thomas Harman publishes Caveat for Common Cursitors
|
1568 | The Dutch Revolt initiates the Eighty Years War |
1568-71 | Revolt of Moriscos in Granada |
1569 |
Agnes Bowker gives birth to a cat
Revolt of Catholic Northern Earls in England
|
1571 | The Ottoman Turks capture Cyprus, but are decisively beaten at the naval battle of Lepanto |
1572 |
St Bartholomew's Day massacre
|
1573 |
Elector Joachim II expels Jews from Brandenburg
|
1574 |
Demoniacs Rachel Pinder and Agnes Briggs are exposed as frauds
|
1577 |
Martin Frobisher brings three captured Inuits to England as curiosities
|
1577-78 |
John of the Cross is imprisoned by members of his own (Carmelite) order
|
1580 |
Jean Bodin publishes The Demon-mania of Sorcerers
Michel de Montaigne publishes the first edition of Essays
|
1581 |
Execution of the Jesuit priest Edmund Campion in England for treason
|
1581-1593 |
Witch trials in Trier, Germany
|
1584 |
Reginald Scott publishes Discoverie of Witchcraft
|
1587 |
Trials of Elana/Elano de Céspedes and Miguel de Piedrola, the ‘soldier prophet’
|
1590 |
Christopher Marlowe writes The Jew of Malta
|
1590-92 | North Berwick witch trials |
1591 | Execution of William 'Frantick' Hacket |
1593-95 | Les Croquants: peasants' revolt in south-west France |
1595 | Nicholas Rémy publishes Three Books of Demonolatry |
1597 | James VI of Scotland publishes Daemonologie |
c.1598 | William Shakespeare writes The Merchant of Venice |
1598 | Edict of Nantes |
1599 |
Execution of Beatrice Cenci for patricide
Execution of Domenico Scandella (Menocchio) for heresy
The French demoniac Marthe Brossier is denounced as a fraud
|
Seventeenth Century |
|
1600 | Execution of Giordano Bruno for heresy |
1603 |
Jean Grenier is convicted of being a werewolf
|
1603-1606 |
Witch trials in Fulda, Germany
|
c.1605 |
William Shakespeare writes Macbeth
The Gunpowder Plot: English Catholics attempt to blow up Parliament and kill James I |
1609-14 | Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain |
1611 |
Exorcism of several possessed nuns at an Ursuline convent in Aix-en-Provence; the priest Louis Gaufridi is burnt for witchcraft
Emilia Lanyer publishes a collection of poems
|
1612 | Pendle witch trials |
1613 |
Roermond witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
Publication in France of the anonymous Tragedy of a Moor [who is] cruel to his lord named Riviery
|
1620 | The Bohemian (Hussite) Church comes to an end following Imperial victory at the battle of White Mountain |
1621 | Elizabeth Sawyer is hung for witchcraft; Wiiliam Rowley, Thomas Dekker and John Ford immediately write The Witch of Edmonton |
1624 | The Parlement of Paris introduces automatic appeals for witchcraft convictions |
1626-31 | Witch trials in Würzburg, Germany |
1628 | The astrologer John Lambe is accused of witchcraft and killed by a London mob |
1631 | Barbary Corsairs raid the coast of Ireland |
1633 | Exorcism of several possessed nuns at an Ursuline convent in Loudon, France |
1634 | Urbain Grandier is burnt at the stake for witchcraft |
1644-47 | Matthew Hopkins, the self-styled 'Witchfinder General', presides over the Essex witch trials; around 300 women are hung |
1646 | Thomas Edwards publishes Gangraena |
1647 |
Several nuns at a convent in Louviers, Normandy, claim to be possessed; the priest Thomas Boulle is burnt for witchcraft
Masaniello's revolt against Habsburg rule of Naples
|
1648-57 | Some 100,000 Jews are killed by Ukrainian Cossacks during the Chmielnicki Uprising |
1650 |
George Fox is arrested for blasphemy and ridiculed as a 'quaker'
|
1653 |
Pope Innocent X condemns five propositions of Jansenism
Anne Bodenham, a former servant of John Lambe, is convicted of shape-changing and witchcraft
|
1656 | Oliver Cromwell readmits the Jews into England |
1666 |
The great fire of London
Margaret Fell publishes Women's Speaking Justified
|
1671 | Elector William Fredereich readmits Jews into Brandenburg-Prussia |
1675 | Torsåker witch trials in Sweden |
1675-81 | Salzburg witch trials in Austria |
1676 | New Bethlem Hospital built at Moorlands |
1676-81 | The Affair of the Poisons in France: Louis XIV orders the execution of a number of aristocrats for witchcraft |
1681 |
Louis XIV of France introduces the dragonnade: enforced billeting on Huguenots households
|
1682 |
Louis XIV of France issues an edict redefining witchcraft as poisoning, rather than diabolical maleficium
The Bideford witches are hung: the last executions for witchcraft in England
|
1683 | The Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Vienna |
1685 | Revocation of the Edict of Nantes |
1689 | English Act of Toleration |
1692 |
Salem witch trials in Massachusetts; nineteen women are executed
Trial of Theiss of Kaltenbrun, the Livonian werewolf
|
1693 | Anne Palles beheaded and then burnt as a sorceress: the last person executed for witchcraft in Denmark |
1699 | Publication of the anonymous New Dictionary of Terms, Ancient and Modern, of the Canting Crew |
Eighteenth Century |
|
1700 | Johann Eisenmenger publishes Judaism Unmasked |
1702-11 | Huguenot revolt in the War of the Camisards in the Cévennes. |
1704 | Anna Eriksdotter is beheaded: the last person executed for witchcraft in Sweden |
1709 | Louis XIV of France dissolves the Jansenist Abbey of Port-Royal-des-Champs |
1712 | Jane Wenham is convicted of witchcraft and sentenced to death, but recieves a pardon from Queen Anne |
1726 | Mother Clap's Molly House is raided |
1727 | Janet Horne is convicted of witchcraft; the last person to be burnt as a witch in Scotland |
1728 | John Gay writes The Beggars Opera |
c.1732 | William Hogarth's A Harlot's Progress |
1735 | English Witchcraft Act reclassifies witchcraft as a fraud |
1739 | Execution of Dick Turpin |
1750 | Maria Pauer is beheaded: the last person to be executed for witchcraft in Austria |
1764-67 | Two hundred people are attacked by the Beast of Gévaudan, a suspected werewolf |
1766 | Maria Theresa publishes her Article on Sorcery, Witchcraft, Divination & Similar Activities |
1775 | Anna Maria Schwägelin is beheaded: the last person executed for witchcraft in Germany |
1776 | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth bans witch trials |