Assigned Reading:

David Rodogno, Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914: The Emergence of a European Concept and International Practice (Princeton University Press, 2011), chapters 4 and 6.

Primary Source: William Gladstone, The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East.

Seminar Questions:

• How was humanitarian intervention connected with European colonialism?
• What were the effects of humanitarian intervention in the Ottoman Empire?
  

Further Reading:

Engin Akarlı, The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920 (University of California Press, 1993).

M.S. Anderson, The Eastern Question, 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations (St. Martin’s Press, 1966).

Ussama Makdisi, The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon (University of California Press, 2000).

Brendan Simms and D.J.B. Trim, Humanitarian Intervention: A History (Cambridge UP, 2012).

Richard Millman, Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875-1878 (Clarendon Press, 1979).

Michelle Tusan, Smyrna’s Ashes: Humanitarianism, Genocide and the Birth of the Middle East (University of California Press, 2012).

Keith Watenpaugh, Bread from Stones: The Middle East and the Making of Modern Humanitarianism (University of California Press, 2015).