Loyalism among Ottoman Non-Muslims

Assigned Reading:

Quataert, chapter 9

Christine Philliou, Biography of an Empire: Governing Ottomans in an Age of Revolution (University of California Press, 2011). This book has an idiosyncratic arrangement, with a short biography of Stephanos Vogorides divided into roman-numeralled sections interspersed with numbered chapters discussing the broader Ottoman context. For class discussion read the biography section V (pp. 136-51) and chapter 6, "In the Eye of the Storm" (pp. 152-69). You may also find it helpful to read other sections of the biography and the introduction for more information on Vogorides, who is also the author of the primary source.

Julia Phillips Cohen, "Between Civil and Islamic Ottomanism: Jewish Imperial Citizenship in the Hamidian Era," International Journal of Middle East Studies 44 (2012), 237-55.

Primary Source: Apologia of Stephanos Vogorides, a Phanariot Greek loyalist. Translated by Christine Philliou.

Seminar Questions:

How did the Ottoman Empire respond to nationalism?
What problems did non-Muslim loyalists face during the nineteenth century?

Further Reading:

Fikret Adanir, "Non-Muslims in the Ottoman Army and the Ottoman Defeat in the Balkan War of 1912-13," in Ronald Grigor Suny et al (eds.), A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire (Oxford University Press, 2011), 113-25.

Michelle U. Campos, Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (Stanford University Press, 2011).

Dimitri Gondicas et al (eds.), Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy and Society in the Nineteenth Century (Darwin Press, 1999).

Cyril Mango, "The Phanariots and the Byzantine Tradition," in Richard Clogg (ed.), The Struggle for Greek Independence (Archon, 1973), 41-66.

Christine Philliou, "Communities on the Verge: Unravelling the Phanariot Ascendancy in Ottoman Governance," Comparative Studies in Society and History 51 (2009), 151-81.

Julia Phillips Cohen, Becoming Ottomans: Sephardi Jews and Imperial Citizenship in the Modern Era (Oxford University Press, 2014).

Masayuki Ueno, "For the Fatherland and the State: Armenians Negotiate the Tanzimat Reforms," International Journal of Middle East Studies 45 (2013), 93-109.