Referencing styles
This information gives you an overview of referencing styles commonly used at the University of Warwick, including for each:
- a description of the style
- a Library quick guide to formatting references
- useful resources for further guidance
The drop-down boxes below can help you find out which style your department is likely to use. Links to departmental guidance are also provided where available. Please note, the Library cannot guarantee that these are the most up to date versions.
For more in-depth guidance, see our Plagiarism and Referencing tutorials on Moodle.
Please note: you should always check with your department or course tutors to ensure you are using their preferred style.
APA
APA is an author-date style commonly used in the Social Sciences. The reference list will be alphabetical by author surname.
Warwick Library APA Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
Reference type |
How to reference |
Reference notes |
How to cite |
---|---|---|---|
Book |
Liddicoat, A. (2022). An introduction to conversation analysis. (3rd ed.) Bloomsbury. |
The publisher location is no longer required in the 7th edition. Only include the edition if it is not the first edition. Add the edition information after the title. Use the same format for both print and e-books. |
Liddicoat (2022), argues that… Conversation analysis considers how people make sense of social interactions. (Liddicoat, 2022). “Quotation” (Liddicoat, 2022, p. 78). |
Journal article |
Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303542 |
Author and initials followed by year of pub. in round brackets. Title of article followed by journal title in italics. Issue in round brackets with page numbers or article number. Concludes with DOI Altbach and Knight (2007) note that… The internationalization of higher education is very important (Altbach & Knight, 2007). |
Altbach and Knight (2007) note that… The internationalization of higher education is very important (Altbach & Knight, 2007). “Quotation” (Altbach & Knight, 2007, p. 292). |
Edited book |
Tulviste, T., & Best, D.L, Gibbons, J.L. (Eds.). (2019). Children’s Social Worlds in Cultural Context. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27033-9 |
If the book includes a DOI, include the DOI in the reference after the publisher name. Do not include publisher location. |
(Tulviste, Best and Gibbons, 2019) indicated that… We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system (Tulviste, Best and Gibbons, 2019). “Quotation” (Tulviste, Best and Gibbons, 2019), p. 45). |
Book chapter |
Twigg, C. (2005). Overseas students in higher education. In C. Cullingford & S. Gunn (Eds.), Globalisation, education and culture shock (pp. 86-106). Ashgate Pub. |
Give the chapter details followed by the book details. Add the page numbers of the chapter after the book title. |
Twigg (2005) argues that… Overseas students are vital to success of higher education (Twigg, 2005). Twigg (2005, p. 92) concludes, “Quotation” |
Report |
Varghese, N. V. (2008). Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. |
You may find that a report does not have individual authors but is written by an organization. This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick. Always use the full corporate author name. The corporate author is often the publisher as well. |
Varghese (2008) reports that… student mobility is essential (Varghese, 2008). It is essential that, “Quotation” |
Web page |
Higgins-Walsh, E. (2023, January 27). What is Augmentative and Alternative Communication and how can it benefit autistic people? National Autistic Society. https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/professional-practice/aug-alt-comm. |
List Author, date the site was published/last updated (in round brackets) or use n.d. if no date. Put title in italics. Add organisation/publisher if different to the author. Add DOI or URL (Use Retrieved from URL and date if content is meant to change over time. ) |
Higgins-Walsh (2023) is concerned that…
Augmentative and alternative communication (Higgins-Walsh, 2023). Higgins-Walsh (2023, states, “Quotation”. |
General notes
Further information. Copies of the manual are in the Library:
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
Useful guidance about citing ChatGPT.
Useful resources
APS
APS is a numbered referencing style commonly used in Physics.
Warwick Library APS Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
Reference type |
Reference in your bibliography |
Citation in your text |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Book |
(1) P. Jarvis, Globalisation, Lifelong Learning and the Learning Society: Sociological Perspectives, (Routledge, London, 2007), p.78 |
Edition, volume and specific page number should follow the parenthesis, if provided and/or necessary. |
Lifelong learning is a key component of an effective learning society¹. “Quotation” ¹. |
Journal article |
(2) P.G. Altbach , J. Knight, Journal of Studies in International Education 11, 290,(2007), p.292 |
Author(s), journal name |
The internationalization of higher education is very important². “Quotation”². |
Edited book |
(3) R. Dale, S.L. Robertson, Globalisation and Europeanisation in Education, edited by R. Dale and S.L. Robertson (Symposium Books, Oxford, 2009), p.45 |
Editors should come after the title. Edition, volume and specific page number should follow the parenthesis, if provided and/or necessary. In your Lab Reports you should provide a new reference for each chapter cited. |
We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system³. “Quotation”³. |
Electronic book |
(4) J.I. Zajda, International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research. Global Pedagogies and Policies (Springer, 2005), p.44 |
Do not include the URL and access date. |
Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important⁴. “Quotation”⁴. |
Book chapter |
(5) Twigg C., in Globalisation, education and culture shock, edited by Cullingford C. and Gunn S. (Ashgate, Aldershot 2005), p.92 |
Give the author’s details (but not the chapter title or page numbers), followed by the book details. |
Overseas students are vital to success of higher education⁵. “Quotation”⁵. |
Report |
(6) N.V. Varghese, Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility, 2008, p.5. |
You may find that a report does not have individual authors but is written by an organization. This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick.
If a report is unpublished, add |
Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential⁶. “Quotation”⁶. |
Web page |
(7) S. Coughlan, Iran's students to have US online courses |
If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. If there are no page numbers, indicate the paragraph. Do not insert the words "e-print" or "unpublished" or a year |
Iranian students can now access some US online courses⁷. “Quotation”⁷. |
General notes
If you are unsure about the accuracy of any part of the reference or information is missing but you can make an “educated guess”, i.e., the year of publication or the publisher, you can put square brackets [ ] around the information to indicate that you are not 100% certain about this information.
Useful resources
Chicago
Chicago gives two options: 1) Notes and Bibliography (most common in the arts and humanities); 2) Author-Date (most common in the sciences and social sciences).
Harvard
Harvard is a commonly used author-date style. There are lots of different Harvard styles, so please make sure that you are using a version that your department recognises. The differences between the different styles relates to which parts of the reference are put into capitals, brackets, bold and italics. The order in which you cite the different parts of the reference remains the same.
Harvard (Warwick WMS) Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
Reference type |
Reference in your bibliography |
Citation in your text |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Book |
Aveyard, H. (2019) Doing a literature review in health and social care: a practical guide. 4th edn. London: Open University Press. |
Only include the edition if it is not the 1st edition. Put the edition information after the title in the format: 4th edn. If there is more than one place of publication, cite the 1st. |
Aveyard (2019) argues that… Lifelong learning is a key component of an effective learning society (Aveyard, 2019). “Quotation” (Aveyard, 2019:78). |
Journal article (two authors) |
Altbach, P. G. & Knight, J. (2007) The internationalization of higher education: motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11 (3-4): 290-305. |
You can reference both print articles and their electronic equivalents this way. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and /or page numbers may not be available. You will also need to add in the URL or DOI and the date accessed. |
Altbach & Knight (2007) note that… The internationalization of higher education is very important (Altbach & Knight, 2007). “Quotation” (Altbach & Knight, 2007:292). |
Journal article: (three or more authors) |
Sidebotham, P., Fraser, J., Covington, T., Freemantle, J., Petrou, S., Pulikottil-Jacob, R., Cutler, T. & Ellis, C.(2014) Understanding why children die in high-income countries. The Lancet, 384 (9946): 915-927. |
Use an “&” before the last author. Use a comma between the other authors. |
Sidebotham et al. (2014), argue that… It is important that we understand the reasons why children die in high income countries (Sidebotham et al., 2014) |
Electronic article |
Stansfield, C., Dickson, K. & Bangpan, M.(2016) Exploring issues in the conduct of website searching and other online sources for systematic reviews:how can we be systematic? Systematic Reviews 5 (1): 191. Available from:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-0160371-910.1186/s13643-016-0371-9 (Accessed 9th May 2018). |
Use an “&” before the last author. Use a comma between the other authors. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and /or page numbers may not be available. You will also need to add in the URL or DOI and the date accessed. |
Stansfield et al. (2016) argue that… It is important that searches are systematic (Stansfield et al., 2016) |
Edited book |
Dale, R. & Robertson, S. L. ed. (2009) Globalisation and europeanisation in education. Oxford: Symposium Books. |
Indicate that the book is edited. |
Dale & Robertson (2009) indicated that… We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system (Dale & Robertson, 2009). “Quotation” (Dale & Robertson, 2009:45). |
Electronic book |
Zajda, J. I. (2005) International handbook on globalisation, education and policy research global pedagogies and policies. [online] Dordrecht: Springer. Available from: http://0dx.doi.org.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/1 0.1007/1-4020-2960-8 (Accessed 30 September 2014). |
Indicate that this is an e-book by using [online]. Include the URL and access date. |
Zajda (2005) argues that… Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important (Zajda, 2005). Zajda (2005:44) concludes, “Quotation” |
Book chapter |
Twigg, C. (2005) Overseas students in higher education. In: Cullingford, C. & Gunn, S. eds. Globalisation, education and culture shock. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing: 86-106. |
Give the chapter details followed by the book details. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end. |
Twigg (2005) argues that… Overseas students are vital to the success of higher education (Twigg, 2005). Twigg (2005:92) concludes, “Quotation” |
Report or Guidelines: (personal author) |
Varghese, N. V. (2008) Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. |
If there is a report number, add this to the end of the reference. |
Varghese (2008) reports that… Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential (Varghese, 2008). It is essential that, “Quotation” (Varghese, 2008:5). |
Report or Guidelines: (corporate author and online) |
World Health Organization. (2016) WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl e/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed 06 January 2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. |
You may find that a report does not have individual authors but is written by an organisation. The organization name is often also the publisher. |
The World Health Organization (2016) reports that… Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential (World Health Organization, 2016). It is essential that, “Quotation” (World Health Organization, 2016:5). |
Web page |
Coughlan, S. (2014) Iran's students to have US online courses. [online] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business27637817 (Accessed 09 September 2014). |
If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. If there are no page numbers, indicate the paragraph. |
Coughlan (2014) is concerned that… Iranian students can now access some US online courses (Coughlan, 2014). Coughlan (2014: Paragraph 3) states, “Quotation”. |
General notes
If you are unsure about the accuracy of any part of the reference or information is missing but you can make an “educated guess”, i.e., the year of publication or the publisher, you can put square brackets [ ] around the information to indicate that you are not 100% certain about this information.
There are lots of different Harvard styles, so please make sure that you are using a version that your department recognises. The differences between the different styles relates to which parts of the reference are put into capitals, brackets, bold and italics. The order in which you cite the different parts of the reference remains the same.
Harvard (Warwick Economics) Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
Reference type |
How to reference |
How to cite |
---|---|---|
Book |
Piketty, T. and Goldhammer, A. (2014) Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. |
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: If citation is included at the end of a sentence: If citing a direct quotation or specific table/figure: or |
Notes:
|
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Edited book chapter
|
Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., and Firpo, S. (2011) 'Decomposition methods in economics', in Card, D. and Krueger, A.B. (eds.) Handbook of Labor Economics. Vol. 4A. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 1-102. |
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Fortin et al. (2011)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Fortin et al., 2011). |
Notes:
|
||
Journal articles
|
Card, D. and Krueger, A.B. (1994) 'Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania', American Economic Review, 84(4), pp. 772-793. |
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Card and Krueger (1994)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Card and Krueger, 1994). If you cite more than one article in a sentence, separate them using a semi-colon: … (Card and Krueger, 1994; Fortin et al., 2011). |
Notes:
|
||
Working papers
|
Card, D. and Krueger, A.B. (1993) Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, NBER Working Paper Series No. 4509. |
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Card and Krueger (1993)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Card and Krueger, 1993). |
Notes:
|
||
Published reports
|
Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2022) Public Sector Employment, UK: June 2022. ONS website, statistical bulletin One can include the URL Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2022) Public Sector Employment, UK: June 2022. ONS website, statistical bulletin. Available at: Public sector employment, UK - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk) |
If the organization’s name is included in the body of text: … ONS (2022)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (ONS, 2022).
|
Notes:
|
1 Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) Cite Them Right: The Essential Referencing Guide. 11th rev. edn. London: Red Globe Press
2 Pears and Shields (2019) use et al. only when there are four or more authors. We suggest using et al. when there are three or more authors
3 Pears and Shields (2019) includes examples with et al. in the reference list. The discussion on page 29 notes that the inclusion of et al. in the reference list depends on the preference of the institution. At Warwick, we would prefer you to include all authors names in the reference list
Reference type |
Reference in your bibliography |
Citation in your text |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Book |
Surname, First Name (year of publication) Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. e.g., Annas, Julia (1981) An Introduction to Plato’s Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
[‘quotation’ or your own words] (Annas 1981: 50) Annas (1981: 50) argues that [‘quotation’ or your own words] |
You can reference both print books and their electronic equivalents this way, but note that the normal expectation is that you give a page reference to the page where the relevant text appears in the printed book. You can usually find out about this from the pdf version of the text, or the publisher will insert the page numbers in the electronic text. |
Journal article |
Surname, First Name (year of publication) ‘Title of Article.’ Title of Journalvolume number (issue number): page range. e.g., Chappell, Sophie-Grace (1993) ‘The Virtues of Thrasymachus.’ Phronesis 38 (1): 1–17. |
[‘quotation’ or your own words] (Chappell 1993: 12) Chappell (1993: 12) concludes that [‘quotation’ or your own words] |
You can reference both print articles and their electronic equivalents this way. Typically, you can find out about page numbers from the pdf version of the text. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and /or page numbers may not be available. In that case, follow the advice under ‘Web page’ below. |
Book chapter |
Author Surname, Author First Name (year of publication) ‘Title of Chapter.’ In: Editor Name ed. Title of edited book. Place of publication: Publisher. e.g., Barney, Rachel (2006) ‘Socrates’ Refutation of Thrasymachus.’ In: G. Santas ed. Blackwell Guide to Plato’s Republic. Oxford: Blackwell. |
[‘quotation’ or your own words] (Barney 2006: 45) Barney (2006: 45) objects that [‘quotation’ or your own words] |
Give the chapter details followed by the book details. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end. |
Edited collection |
Surname, First Name ed. (year of publication) Title of Edited Collection. Place of publication: Publisher. e.g., Fine, Gail ed. (1999) Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul. >Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
[your own words] (Fine 1999) Fine (1999) contains a number of contributions to recent debates about x. |
If you are quoting from or drawing on a chapter from an edited book, use the directions under ‘Book chapter’ above, as it should always be clear to your reader who the particular author of the piece you are discussing is. Use the advice in this row only when trying to direct your reader to a resource containing a number of relevant papers. |
Web page |
Author Surname, Author Name (year of publication) ‘Title of Article’ Title of Publication. [online] Available from: web address (date accessed) e.g., Burnyeat, M. F. (1997) ‘Culture and Society in Plato’s Republic.’Tanner Lectures on Human Values. [online] Available from: https://tavaana.org/sites/default/files/Burnyeat99.pdf (Accessed 05 January 2021). |
[‘quotation’ or your own words] (Burnyeat 1997: 217) Burnyeat (1997: 217) claims that [‘quotation’ or your own words] |
If there are no page numbers, indicate the section or paragraph. Some websites have their own guidance for how to cite their articles, e.g., the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. |
Example bibliography
Annas, Julia (1981) An Introduction to Plato’s Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barney, Rachel (2006) ‘Socrates’ Refutation of Thrasymachus.’ In: G. Santas ed. Blackwell Guide to Plato’s Republic. Oxford: Blackwell.
Burnyeat, M. F. (1997) ‘Culture and Society in Plato’s Republic.’ Tanner Lectures on Human Values. [online] Available from: https://tavaana.org/sites/default/files/Burnyeat99.pdf (Accessed 05 January 2021).
Chappell, Sophie-Grace (1993) ‘The Virtues of Thrasymachus.’ Phronesis38 (1): 1–17.
Fine, Gail ed. (1999) Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Note: The bibliography is presented in ascending alphabetical order by author surname. The bibliography is not included in the wordcount. Everything else is included in the wordcount, including citations (whether they are in-text, footnotes, or endnotes).
Harvard (Warwick Business School) Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
Reference type |
How to reference |
How to cite |
---|---|---|
Book |
Gopal, R., Philps, D. and Weyde T. (2023). Foundations of Programming, Statistics, and Machine Learning for Business Analytics. Sage Publications: London (UK).
Camerer, C. F., Loewenstein, G. & Rabin, M. (2011) Advances in behavioral economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press |
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text:
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: |
Notes:
|
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Edited book chapter
|
Alpern, S. and Lee, V. (2020). ‘A Normal Form Game Model of Search and Pursuit.’ In: Ramsey, D.M. and Renault, J. (eds) Advances in Dynamic Games. Annals of the International Society of Dynamic Games, 17. Birkhäuser: Cham (Switzerland).
Bartram, S.M., G.W. Brown and J.E. Hund, 2005. Estimating Systemic Risk in the International Financial System, in European Central Bank [ed.]: “Risk Measurement and Systemic Risk”, (European Central Bank), 2007, Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Central Bank Conference 8-9 November 2005, in Co-operation with the Committee on the Global Financial System, 210-218.
Ucbasaran, D., Wright, M., Westhead, P. and Busenitz, L. W. (2003) ‘The impact of entrepreneurial experience on opportunity identification and exploitation: Habitual and novice entrepreneurs’, in Katz, J.A. and Shepherd, D.A. (eds.) Cognitive Approaches to Entrepreneurship Research (Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, Vol. 6), Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 231-263. |
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Alpern and Lee (2020)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Alpern and Lee, 2020)
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Bartram et al. (2007)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Bartram et al, 2007)
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Ucbasaran et al. (2003)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Ucbasaran et al., 2003) |
Notes:
|
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Journal articles
|
Zhang, Z., Nandhakumar, J., Hummel, J.T., and Waardenburg, L. (2020). ‘Addressing the Key Challenges of Developing Machine Learning AI Systems for Knowledge-Intensive Work’. MIS Quarterly Executive 19 (4).
Smolka, K.M. and Heugens, P.P.M.A.R. (2020) ‘The emergence of proto‐institutions in the new normal business landscape: dialectic institutional work and the Dutch drone industry’, Journal of Management Studies, 57(3), pp. 626-663. |
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Zhang et al. (2020) … If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Zhang et al., 2020)
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Smolka and Heugens (2020)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Smolka and Heugens, 2020). If you cite more than one article in a sentence, separate them using a semi-colon: … (Smolka and Heugens, 2020; Ucbasaran et al., 2003). |
Notes:
|
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Conference/ Working papers
|
Olbrich, S. (2009). ‘Reflecting the Past Decades of ICIS, ECIS and AMCIS Proceedings - A Design Science Perspective’. ICIS 2009 Proceedings.
Bartram, S.M., J. Branke and M. Motahari, 2020. Artificial Intelligence in Asset Management, CFAI Research Foundation, Charlottesville (VA), 2020.
|
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Olbrich (2009) … If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Olbrich, 2009)
If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Bartram et al. (2020) … If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Bartram et al., 2020) |
Notes:
|
||
Published reports
|
Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2022) Public Sector Employment, UK: June 2022. ONS website, statistical bulletin One can include the URL Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2022) Public Sector Employment, UK: June 2022. ONS website, statistical bulletin. Available at: Public sector employment, UK - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk) |
If the organization’s name is included in the body of text: … ONS (2022)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (ONS, 2022).
|
Notes:
|
1 Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) Cite Them Right: The Essential Referencing Guide. 11th rev. edn. London: Red Globe Press
2 Pears and Shields (2019) use et al. only when there are four or more authors. We suggest using et al. when there are three or more authors
3 Pears and Shields (2019) includes examples with et al. in the reference list. The discussion on page 29 notes that the inclusion of et al. in the reference list depends on the preference of the institution. At Warwick, we would prefer you to include all authors names in the reference list
Useful resources
MHRA
MHRA is a footnote style commonly used in the Humanities. Superscript numbers are placed in the body of the text, and corresponding notes are placed at the end of each page to cite the resources used.
Warwick Library MHRA Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
Reference type |
Reference in your bibliography |
Citation in your text |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Book |
Peter Jarvis, Globalisation, Lifelong Learning and the Learning Society: Sociological Perspectives (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. xii, 238. |
Only include the edition if it is not the first edition. If there is more than one place of publication, cite the first. |
Jarvis argues that…¹ Lifelong learning is key for an effective learning society.¹ “Quotation.”¹ |
Journal article |
Philip G Altbach and Jane Knight, 'The Internationalization of Higher Education: Motivations and Realities', Journal of Studies in International Education, 11 |
You can reference both print articles and their electronic equivalents this way. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and/or page numbers may not be available. You will need to add in the URL/DOI and date accessed. Do not include pp. for page numbers for journal articles. |
Altbach and Knight note that…2 The internationalization of higher education is very important.2 “Quotation.”2 |
Edited book |
Globalisation and Europeanisation in Education, ed. by Roger Dale and Susan L. Robertson (Oxford: Symposium Books, 2009), p. 264. |
Indicate that the book is edited. Include p. for page numbers for book sections. |
Dale and Robertson indicated that…3 We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system.3 “Quotation.”3 |
Electronic book |
International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research global Pedagogies and Policies ed. by Joseph I. Zajda (Dordrecht: Springer, 2005), p. 1. Springer ebook. |
Indicate that this is an e-book and the provider of the e-book. |
Zajda argues that…4 Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important.4 Zajda concludes, |
Book chapter |
Christine Twigg, 'Overseas Students in Higher Education', in Globalisation, Education and Culture Shock, ed. by Cedric Cullingford and Stanley Gunn |
Give the chapter details followed by the book details. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end, with pp. included. |
Twigg argues that…5 Overseas students are vital to success of higher education.5 Twigg concludes, |
Report |
N. V. Varghese, 'Globalization of Higher Education and Cross-Border Student Mobility', in Research Papers IIEP (Paris: Unesco, 2008). |
You may find that a report does not have individual authors but is written by an organization. This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick.
|
Varghese reports that…6 Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential.6
|
Web page |
Sean Coughlan, 'Iran's Students to Have US Online Courses', BBC News, 4 June 2014, |
If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. If there are no page numbers, indicate the paragraph. |
Coughlan is concerned that…7 Iranian students can now access some US online courses.7 Coughlan states, |
General notes
If you are unsure about the accuracy of any part of the reference or information is missing but you can make an “educated guess”, i.e., the year of publication or the publisher, you can put square brackets [ ] around the information to indicate that you are not 100% certain about this information.
Note that in a bibliography you reverse the order of the author’s name, putting the surname first, and list the references alphabetically, by author surnames.
Useful resources
MLA
MLA is an author-date style commonly used in literature or language studies. In-text citations consist of the author surname in brackets.
Warwick Library MLA Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
Reference type |
Reference in your bibliography |
Citation in your text |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Book |
Jarvis, Peter. Globalisation, Lifelong Learning and the Learning Society: Sociological Perspectives. Routledge, 2007. |
You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. Only include the edition if it is not the first edition. MLA 8th edition no longer includes place of publication. |
Jarvis argues that… Lifelong learning is a key component of an effective learning society (Jarvis 78). “Quotation” (Jarvis 78). |
Journal article |
Altbach, Philip G, and Jane Knight. "The Internationalization of Higher Education: Motivations and Realities." Journal of studies in international education, vol. 11, no. 3-4, 2007, pp. 290-305. |
You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. If the article is in an electronic format, you will also need to add in the URL or DOI and the date accessed. |
Altbach and Knight note that… The internationalization of higher education is very important (Altbach and Kirk 292). “Quotation” (Altbach and Kirk 292). |
Edited book |
Dale, Roger, and Susan L. Robertson, editors. Globalisation and Europeanisation in Education. Symposium Books, 2009. |
You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. Indicate that the book is edited. “Editors” is written in full in the 8th edition of the MLA style. |
Dale and Robertson indicated that… We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system (Dale and Robertson 45). “Quotation” (Dale and Robertson 45). |
Electronic book |
Zajda, Joseph I. International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research global Pedagogies and Policies. Springer, 2005. doi:10.1007/1-4020-2960-8. Accessed 30 Sep. 2014. |
You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.
|
Zajda argues that… Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important (Zajda 44). Zajda (44) concludes, “Quotation” |
Book chapter |
Twigg, Christine. "Overseas Students in Higher Education." Globalisation, Education and Culture Shock, edited by Cedric Cullingford and Stanley Gunn, Ashgate, 2005, pp. 86-106. |
You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. Give the chapter details followed by the book details. “Edited by” is written in full in the 8th edition of the MLA style. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end. |
Twigg argues that… Overseas students are vital to success of higher education (Twigg 92). Twigg (92) concludes, |
Report |
Varghese, N.V. Globalization of Higher Education and Cross-Border Student Mobility. Unesco, 2008. |
You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. You may find that a report is written by an organization. This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick. Always use the full corporate author name. The corporate author is often the publisher as well. |
Varghese reports that… Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential (Vargehese 5). t is essential that, |
Web page |
Coughlan, Sean. "Iran's Students to Have US Online Courses." BBC News, 4 Jun. 2014. |
You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. The 8th edition of the MLA style includes the DOI or permanent URL, as well as the accessed date. If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. |
Coughlan is concerned that… Iranian students can now access some US online courses (Coughlan paragraph 3). Coughlan (Paragraph 3) states, “Quotation”. |
General notes
MLA reference lists indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.
The latest, 8th edition of the MLA style guide contains a number of changes from previous versions. These include omitting the place of publication for books and including the DOI or URL for electronic sources. If you need more guidance, please look at the OWL Purdue MLA Formatting and Style Guide or ask your Academic Support Librarian for help.
If you are unsure about the accuracy of any part of the reference or information is missing but you can make an “educated guess”, i.e., the year of publication or the publisher, you can put square brackets [ ] around the information to indicate that you are not 100% certain about this information.
Useful resources
Oscola
Oscola stands for Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities. It is designed to facilitate accurate citation of authorities, legislation, and other legal materials.
Useful resources
RSC/ACS
RSC and ACS are referencing styles commonly used in Chemistry.
- Warwick Library RSC Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
- Warwick Library ACS Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
RSC
Reference type |
Reference in your bibliography |
Citation in your text |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Book |
G. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, Wiley, Hoboken N.J., 4th edn, 2004. |
Use initials for the author’s first name. Only include the edition if not the first edition. |
Odian argues that… ¹ Polymerization is… ¹ “Quotation” ¹ |
Edited book |
Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions, ed. F. Diederich, P. J. Stang, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999. |
If a reference has 2 authors, give both names joined “and”. If a reference has more than 2 authors, give only the first name listed, followed by “et al.” For co-authors use “and colleagues”. |
Diederich et al. argues that…² The role of metal-catalyzed methods … ² “Quotation” ² |
Book chapter in an authored book |
P. W. Atkins and J. de Paula, |
The page numbers (pp.) go at the end. |
Atkins and De Paula argue that…³ The definition of enthalpy may appear arbitrary.³ “Quotation” ³ |
Book chapter in an edited book |
T. N. Mitchell, Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions, ed. F. Diederich and P. J. Stang, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999, ch. 4, pp. 167-202. |
If there is one, indicate the series number or information after “Ed.” The page numbers (pp.) go at the end. |
Mitchell argues that…⁴ The role of metal-catalyzed methods …⁴ “Quotation”⁴ |
Thesis |
A. Alzhrani, PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. |
Indicate the level field (e.g. Ma/PhD), the university name and the year of completion. |
Alzhrani argues that…⁶ Formation of hydrophilic polymer brushes…⁶ “Quotation” ⁶ |
Journal article |
R. Chen, D. J. G. Pearce, S. Fortuna, D. L. Cheung and S. A. F. Bon, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 2151. |
Note that journal titles are abbreviated. For more information refer to the CAS Source Index (CASSI) search tool: http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp Some journals do not number pages continuously through issues that make up a volume, i.e. each issue begins at p. 1. For such journals the issue number must be included. If you cannot locate an authoritative abbreviation for a journal, you should include the full title. |
Chen et al. argue that…⁵ The fabrication of polymer vesicles…⁵ “Quotation” ⁵ |
Web page |
IUPAC Polymer Education |
If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. |
According to IUPAC ⁷, … Polymers are named…⁷ “Quotation” ⁷ |
General notes
If you are unsure about the accuracy of any part of the reference or information is missing but you can make an “educated guess”, i.e., the year of publication or the publisher, you can put square brackets [ ] around the information to indicate that you are not 100% certain about this information.
ACS
Reference type |
Reference in your bibliography |
Citation in your text |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Book |
Odian, G. Principles of Polymerization, 4th ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2004. |
Use initials for the author’s first name. Only include the edition if not the first edition. |
You may cite references in text in 3 different ways but must remain consistent throughout your work: 1. By superscript numbers¹ |
Edited book |
Diederich, F; Stang, P. J. Eds.; Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 1999. |
If a reference has 2 authors, give both names joined “and”. If a reference has more than 2 authors, give only the first name listed, followed by “et al.” For co-authors use “and colleagues”. |
Choose one of the following:
|
Book chapter in an authored book |
Atkins, P.W; de Paula, J. Atkins’ Physical Chemistry, 9th ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2010, pp. 831-875. |
The page numbers (pp.) go at the end. |
Choose one of the following:
|
Book chapter in an edited book |
Mitchell, T. N. Organotin Reagents in Cross-Coupling. In Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions; Diederich, F; Stang, P. J., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 1999, pp. 167-202. |
If there is one, indicate the series number or information after “Ed.” The page numbers (pp.) go at the end. |
Choose one of the following:
|
Journal article |
Chen, R; Pearce, D. J. G; Fortuna, S; Cheung, D. L; Bon, S. A. F. Polymer Vesicles with a Colloidal Armor of Nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, pp. 21512153. |
Note that journal titles are abbreviated. For more information refer to the CAS Source Index (CASSI) search tool: Some journals do not number pages continuously through issues that make up a volume, i.e. each issue begins at p. 1. For such journals the issue number must be included. If you cannot locate an authoritative abbreviation for a journal, you should include the full title. |
|
Thesis |
Alzhrani, A. PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. |
Indicate the level field (e.g. Ma/PhD), the university name and the year of completion. |
Choose one of the following:
|
Web page |
IUPAC Polymer Education Website. |
If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. |
Choose one of the following:
|
General notes
If you are unsure about the accuracy of any part of the reference or information is missing but you can make an “educated guess”, i.e., the year of publication or the publisher, you can put square brackets [ ] around the information to indicate that you are not 100% certain about this information.
Useful resources
Vancouver
Vancouver is a numbered referencing style. There are variations of the Vancouver style, for example the numbers may be in superscript or brackets and repeated references may be given a new number or use the number previously allocated to the source.
Warwick Library Vancouver Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
Reference type |
Reference in your bibliography |
Citation in your text |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Book |
1. Jarvis P. Globalisation, lifelong learning and the learning society: sociological |
Only include the edition if it is not the first edition. Add the edition information after the title. If there is more than one place of publication, cite the first. |
Lifelong learning is a key component of “Quotation” (1, p78). |
Journal article |
2. Altbach PG, Knight J. The |
You can reference both print articles and their electronic equivalents this If the article only exists in an |
The internationalization of higher education is very important (2). “Quotation” (2, p292). |
Edited book |
3. Dale R, Robertson SL, editors. |
Indicate that the book is edited. |
We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system (3). “Quotation” (3, p45). |
Electronic book |
4. Zajda JI. International handbook |
Indicate that this is an e-book by using Include the URL and access date. |
Developing global research pedagogies “Quotation” (4, p44). |
Book chapter |
5. Twigg C. Overseas students in higher education. In: Cullingford C, Gunn S, editors. Globalisation, education and culture shock. Aldershot: Ashgate Pub.; 2005. p. 86-106. |
Give the chapter details followed by the book details. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end. |
Overseas students are vital to success of “Quotation” (5, p92) |
Report |
6. Varghese NV. Globalization of |
You may find that a report does not This is a corporate Always use the full corporate author The corporate author is often the |
Encouraging cross-border student “Quotation” (6, p5). |
Web page |
7. Coughlan S. Iran's students to |
If there are no page numbers, indicate the paragraph. |
Iranian students can now access some US online courses (7). “Quotation” (7, paragraph 3) |
General notes
If you are unsure about the accuracy of any part of the reference or information is missing but you can make an “educated guess”, i.e., the year of publication or the publisher, you can put square brackets [ ] around the information to indicate that you are not 100% certain about this information.
Useful resources
- International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). (2003). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals: Sample References
- Patrias, K. and Wendling, D. (2007). Citing Medicine, 2nd edition. The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers.
Note that these sources may differ from each other in minor points of detail.