Referencing styles

This information gives you an overview of referencing styles commonly used at the University of Warwick, including for each:

a description of the style
a Library quick guide to formatting references
useful resources for further guidance

The drop-down boxes below can help you find out which style your department is likely to use. Links to departmental guidance are also provided where available. Please note, the Library cannot guarantee that these are the most up to date versions.

For more in-depth guidance, see our Plagiarism and Referencing tutorials on Moodle.

Please note: you should always check with your department or course tutors to ensure you are using their preferred style.

Arts & Humanities

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Subject	Referencing style
Classics	In house
Comparative American Studies	MHRA
Cultural Policy Studies	Harvard or MHRA
English	MHRA or MLA
Film and Television Studies	MHRA
French	MHRA
German	MHRA
GSD	Harvard
Hispanic Studies	MHRA
History	MHRA
History of Art	MHRA
Italian	MHRA
Liberal Arts	Chicago
Renaissance Studies	MHRA
Theatre Studies	MLA

Social Sciences

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Subject	Referencing style
Applied Linguistics	APA
Business	Harvard
Childhood studies	Harvard
Counselling	Harvard
Economics	Harvard
Education	Harvard
Law	Oscola
Lifelong learning	APA or Harvard
PAIS	Harvard or footnote style
Philosophy	Harvard
Sociology	Harvard

Science & Medicine

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Subject	Referencing style
Chemistry	RSC or ACS
Engineering	Harvard or numerical style
Life Sciences	Vancouver or Harvard
Medicine	Harvard or Vancouver
Physics	APS
Psychology	APA
WMG	Harvard

APA

APA is an author-date style commonly used in the Social Sciences. The reference list will be alphabetical by author surname.

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Warwick Library APA Quick Guide

Warwick Library APA Quick Guide (PDF Document) (non-accessible PDF for download or print)

Reference type	Reference in your bibliography	Citation in your text	Notes
Book	Jarvis, P. (2007). Globalisation, lifelong learning and the learning society: Sociological perspectives. London: Routledge.	Only include the edition if it is not the 1st edition. Put the edition information after the title. If there is more than one place of publication, cite the 1st.	Jarvis (2007) argues that... Lifelong learning is a key component of an effective learning society (Jarvis, 2007). "Quotation" (Jarvis, 2007, p. 78).
Journal article	Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), 290-305	You can reference both print articles and their electronic equivalents this way. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and /or page numbers may not be available. You will also need to add in the URL or DOI.	Altbach and Knight (2007) note that… The internationalization of higher education is very important (Altbach & Knight, 2007, p.292). “Quotation” (Altbach & Knight, 2007, p. 292).
Edited book	Dale, R., & Robertson, S. L. (Eds.). (2009). Globalisation and europeanisation in education. Oxford: Symposium Books.	Indicate that the book is edited.	Dale & Robertson (2009) indicated that… We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system (Dale & Robertson, 2009). “Quotation” (Dale & Robertson, 2009, p. 45).
Book chapter	Twigg, C. (2005). Overseas students in higher education. In C. Cullingford & S. Gunn (Eds.), Globalisation, education and culture shock (pp. 86-106). Aldershot: Ashgate Pub.	Give the chapter details followed by the book details. Add the page numbers of the chapter after the book title.	Twigg (2005) argues that… Overseas students are vital to success of higher education (Twigg, 2005). Twigg (2005, p. 92) concludes, “Quotation”
Report	Varghese, N. V. (2008). Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.	You may find that a report does not have individual authors but is written by an organization. This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick. Always use the full corporate author name. The corporate author is often the publisher as well.	Varghese (2008) reports that… Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential (Varghese, 2008). It is essential that, “Quotation” (Varghese, 2008, p. 5).
Web page	Coughlan, S. (2014). Iran's students to have US online courses. Retrieve from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27637817	If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. If there are no page numbers, indicate the paragraph.	Coughlan (2014) is concerned that… Iranian students can now access some US online courses (Coughlan, 2014). Coughlan (2014, Paragraph 3) states, “Quotation”.

General notes

If you are unsure about the accuracy of any part of the reference or information is missing but you can make an “educated guess”, i.e., the year of publication or the publisher, you can put square brackets [ ] around the information to indicate that you are not 100% certain about this information.

Useful resources

APS

APS is a numbered referencing style commonly used in Physics.

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Warwick Library APS Quick Guide

Warwick Library APS Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)

Reference type	Reference in your bibliography	Citation in your text	Notes
Book	(1) P. Jarvis, Globalisation, Lifelong Learning and the Learning Society: Sociological Perspectives, (Routledge, London, 2007), p.78	Edition, volume and specific page number should follow the parenthesis, if provided and/or necessary. In your Lab Reports you should provide a new reference for each chapter cited.	Lifelong learning is a key component of an effective learning society¹. “Quotation” ¹.
Journal article	(2) P.G. Altbach , J. Knight, Journal of Studies in International Education 11, 290,(2007), p.292	Author(s), journal name (abbreviated whenever possible), volume number (in bold), page or article number, and year of publication. Titles and ranges of page numbers are generally not required. If there are more than 10 authors write out the first 10 in full and use et. al. for the rest.	The internationalization of higher education is very important². “Quotation”².
Edited book	(3) R. Dale, S.L. Robertson, Globalisation and Europeanisation in Education, edited by R. Dale and S.L. Robertson (Symposium Books, Oxford, 2009), p.45	Editors should come after the title. Edition, volume and specific page number should follow the parenthesis, if provided and/or necessary. In your Lab Reports you should provide a new reference for each chapter cited.	We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system³. “Quotation”³.
Electronic book	(4) J.I. Zajda, International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research. Global Pedagogies and Policies (Springer, 2005), p.44	Do not include the URL and access date.	Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important⁴. “Quotation”⁴.
Book chapter	(5) Twigg C., in Globalisation, education and culture shock, edited by Cullingford C. and Gunn S. (Ashgate, Aldershot 2005), p.92	Give the author’s details (but not the chapter title or page numbers), followed by the book details.	Overseas students are vital to success of higher education⁵. “Quotation”⁵.
Report	(6) N.V. Varghese, Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility, 2008, p.5.	You may find that a report does not have individual authors but is written by an organization. This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick. Always use the full corporate author name. If a report is unpublished, add (unpublished) at the end of the reference	Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential⁶. “Quotation”⁶.
Web page	(7) S. Coughlan, Iran's students to have US online courses (London: BBC)	If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. If there are no page numbers, indicate the paragraph. Do not insert the words "e-print" or "unpublished" or a year	Iranian students can now access some US online courses⁷. “Quotation”⁷.

General notes

Useful resources

Chicago

Chicago gives two options: 1) Notes and Bibliography (most common in the arts and humanities); 2) Author-Date (most common in the sciences and social sciences).

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Harvard

Harvard is a commonly used author-date style. There are lots of different Harvard styles, so please make sure that you are using a version that your department recognises. The differences between the different styles relates to which parts of the reference are put into capitals, brackets, bold and italics. The order in which you cite the different parts of the reference remains the same.

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Harvard (Warwick WMS) Quick Guide

Harvard (Warwick WMS) Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)

Reference type	Reference in your bibliography	Citation in your text	Notes
Book	Aveyard, H. (2019) Doing a literature review in health and social care: a practical guide. 4th edn. London: Open University Press.	Only include the edition if it is not the 1st edition. Put the edition information after the title in the format: 4th edn. If there is more than one place of publication, cite the 1st.	Aveyard (2019) argues that… Lifelong learning is a key component of an effective learning society (Aveyard, 2019). “Quotation” (Aveyard, 2019:78).
Journal article (two authors)	Altbach, P. G. & Knight, J. (2007) The internationalization of higher education: motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11 (3-4): 290-305.	You can reference both print articles and their electronic equivalents this way. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and /or page numbers may not be available. You will also need to add in the URL or DOI and the date accessed.	Altbach & Knight (2007) note that… The internationalization of higher education is very important (Altbach & Knight, 2007). “Quotation” (Altbach & Knight, 2007:292). Page
Journal article: (three or more authors)	Sidebotham, P., Fraser, J., Covington, T., Freemantle, J., Petrou, S., Pulikottil-Jacob, R., Cutler, T. & Ellis, C.(2014) Understanding why children die in high-income countries. The Lancet, 384 (9946): 915-927.	Use an “&” before the last author. Use a comma between the other authors.	Sidebotham et al. (2014), argue that… It is important that we understand the reasons why children die in high income countries (Sidebotham et al., 2014)
Electronic article	Stansfield, C., Dickson, K. & Bangpan, M.(2016) Exploring issues in the conduct of website searching and other online sources for systematic reviews:how can we be systematic? Systematic Reviews 5 (1): 191. Available from:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-0160371-910.1186/s13643-016-0371-9 (Accessed 9th May 2018).	Use an “&” before the last author. Use a comma between the other authors. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and /or page numbers may not be available. You will also need to add in the URL or DOI and the date accessed.	Stansfield et al. (2016) argue that… It is important that searches are systematic (Stansfield et al., 2016)
Edited book	Dale, R. & Robertson, S. L. ed. (2009) Globalisation and europeanisation in education. Oxford: Symposium Books.	Indicate that the book is edited.	Dale & Robertson (2009) indicated that… We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system (Dale & Robertson, 2009). “Quotation” (Dale & Robertson, 2009:45).
Electronic book	Zajda, J. I. (2005) International handbook on globalisation, education and policy research global pedagogies and policies. [online] Dordrecht: Springer. Available from: http://0dx.doi.org.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/1 0.1007/1-4020-2960-8 (Accessed 30 September 2014).	Indicate that this is an e-book by using [online]. Include the URL and access date.	Zajda (2005) argues that… Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important (Zajda, 2005). Zajda (2005:44) concludes, “Quotation”
Book chapter	Twigg, C. (2005) Overseas students in higher education. In: Cullingford, C. & Gunn, S. eds. Globalisation, education and culture shock. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing: 86-106.	Give the chapter details followed by the book details. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end.	Twigg (2005) argues that… Overseas students are vital to the success of higher education (Twigg, 2005). Twigg (2005:92) concludes, “Quotation”
Report or Guidelines: (personal author)	Varghese, N. V. (2008) Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.	If there is a report number, add this to the end of the reference.	Varghese (2008) reports that… Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential (Varghese, 2008). It is essential that, “Quotation” (Varghese, 2008:5).
Report or Guidelines: (corporate author and online)	World Health Organization. (2016) WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl e/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed 06 January 2021). Geneva: World Health Organization.	You may find that a report does not have individual authors but is written by an organisation. The organization name is often also the publisher.	The World Health Organization (2016) reports that… Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential (World Health Organization, 2016). It is essential that, “Quotation” (World Health Organization, 2016:5).
Web page	Coughlan, S. (2014) Iran's students to have US online courses. [online] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business27637817 (Accessed 09 September 2014).	If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. If there are no page numbers, indicate the paragraph.	Coughlan (2014) is concerned that… Iranian students can now access some US online courses (Coughlan, 2014). Coughlan (2014: Paragraph 3) states, “Quotation”.

General notes

There are lots of different Harvard styles, so please make sure that you are using a version that your department recognises. The differences between the different styles relates to which parts of the reference are put into capitals, brackets, bold and italics. The order in which you cite the different parts of the reference remains the same.

Harvard (Warwick Economics) Quick Guide

Harvard (Warwick Economics) Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)

Reference type	How to reference	How to cite
Book	Piketty, T. and Goldhammer, A. (2014) Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.	If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Piketty and Goldhammer (2014)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Piketty and Goldhammer, 2014). If citing a direct quotation or specific table/figure: … Piketty and Goldhammer (2014, p. 18). or … (Piketty and Goldhammer, 2014, p. 18)
Notes: For more examples see Pears and Shields (2019, pp. 29-33) Only include the edition if it is not the 1st edition. Put the edition information after the title in the format: “… . 4th edn.” When citing an e-book (published online) you may need to include additional information: DOI or ‘Available at: URL (Accessed: date)’. For more information on how to reference an e-book see Pearl and Shields (2019, p. 31)
Edited book chapter	Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., and Firpo, S. (2011)  'Decomposition methods in economics', in Card, D. and Krueger, A.B. (eds.) Handbook of Labor Economics. Vol. 4A. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 1-102.	If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Fortin et al. (2011)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Fortin et al., 2011).
Notes: For more examples see Pears and Shields (2019, pp. 33-34) Use single quotation marks around the title of the chapter, but italicize the book title When citing a text that has three or more authors you can use ‘et al.’ to shorten the citation.² However, your bibliography (reference list) should include the names of all authors. Many articles have multiple authors and the full list of authors is often needed to order the papers in correct (ascending) alphabetical order in the bibliography.³ When citing a book chapter, you cite the authors of the chapter and not the editors
Journal articles	Card, D. and Krueger, A.B. (1994) 'Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania', American Economic Review, 84(4), pp. 772-793.	If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Card and Krueger (1994)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Card and Krueger, 1994). If you cite more than one article in a sentence, separate them using a semi-colon: … (Card and Krueger, 1994; Fortin et al., 2011).
Notes: For more examples see Pears and Shields (2019, pp. 39-40) See Pears and Shields (2019, p.45) for examples on how to cite conference papers published in journals The title of the article is not italicized, only the title of the journal. As with edited book chapters, the article’s title is placed inside single quotations. Do not use ‘&’ in place of ‘and’ Journal articles are published in-print, in-print and online, or online-only (i.e. e-journals). For journals published online, it is common to include the following information: either a DOI or ‘Available at: URL (Accessed: date)’ (see examples in Pears and Shields, 2019, pp. 39-41). This is not necessary if there is an in-print version of the journal, but should technically be included for online-only e-journals As it can be difficult to know whether a journal article has been published in-print, you will not be penalized for failing to include a DOI or URL In general, DOI is preferred to URL. You will also not be penalized for including DOI or URL where it is not required This format can be used for peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed journal articles
Working papers	Card, D. and Krueger, A.B. (1993) Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, NBER Working Paper Series No. 4509.	If the authors’ names are included in the body of text: … Card and Krueger (1993)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (Card and Krueger, 1993).
Notes: For more examples see Pears and Shields (2019, pp. 51-52) This format is used widely for unpublished papers: working papers, discussion papers, and briefing papers. See Pears and Shields (2019, pp.44-46) for examples on how to cite conference proceedings or papers from conference proceedings The title of the paper is italicized Most working papers are distributed by a research organization, which will have a series title. For example, the NBER Working Paper series and the IZA Discussion Paper series. In this instance, the paper will be given a number (or date), which should be included in the bibliography You may choose to include a DOI or URL if the working paper has not been distributed by a research organization
Published reports	Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2022) Public Sector Employment, UK: June 2022. ONS website, statistical bulletin One can include the URL Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2022) Public Sector Employment, UK: June 2022. ONS website, statistical bulletin. Available at: Public sector employment, UK - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)	If the organization’s name is included in the body of text: … ONS (2022)… If citation is included at the end of a sentence: … (ONS, 2022).
Notes: The title of the report is italicized You may introduce an acronym for the name of the organization that can then be used in the citations. It is better to use acronyms when the publishing organization is well known by that acronym. In Economics, readers will be familiar with the IMF as an acronym for the International Monetary Fund, but not WB as an acronym for the World Bank. The UN, OECD, ONS, and HMRC are other examples of commonly referenced acronyms See Pears and Shields (2019, p. 52) for examples on how to cite company reports

Reference type

How to reference

How to cite

Book

Piketty, T. and Goldhammer, A. (2014) Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

If the authors’ names are included in the body of text:
… Piketty and Goldhammer (2014)…

If citation is included at the end of a sentence:
… (Piketty and Goldhammer, 2014).

If citing a direct quotation or specific table/figure:
… Piketty and Goldhammer (2014, p. 18).

or
… (Piketty and Goldhammer, 2014, p. 18)

Notes:

For more examples see Pears and Shields (2019, pp. 29-33)
Only include the edition if it is not the 1st edition. Put the edition information after the title in the format: “… . 4th edn.”
When citing an e-book (published online) you may need to include additional information: DOI or ‘Available at: URL (Accessed: date)’. For more information on how to reference an e-book see Pearl and Shields (2019, p. 31)

Edited book chapter

Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., and Firpo, S. (2011)  'Decomposition methods in economics', in Card, D. and Krueger, A.B. (eds.) Handbook of Labor Economics. Vol. 4A. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 1-102.

If the authors’ names are included in the body of text:

… Fortin et al. (2011)…

If citation is included at the end of a sentence:

… (Fortin et al., 2011).

Notes:

For more examples see Pears and Shields (2019, pp. 33-34)
Use single quotation marks around the title of the chapter, but italicize the book title
When citing a text that has three or more authors you can use ‘et al.’ to shorten the citation.² However, your bibliography (reference list) should include the names of all authors. Many articles have multiple authors and the full list of authors is often needed to order the papers in correct (ascending) alphabetical order in the bibliography.³
When citing a book chapter, you cite the authors of the chapter and not the editors

Journal articles

Card, D. and Krueger, A.B. (1994) 'Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania', American Economic Review, 84(4), pp. 772-793.

If the authors’ names are included in the body of text:

… Card and Krueger (1994)…

If citation is included at the end of a sentence:

… (Card and Krueger, 1994).

If you cite more than one article in a sentence, separate them using a semi-colon:

… (Card and Krueger, 1994; Fortin et al., 2011).

Notes:

For more examples see Pears and Shields (2019, pp. 39-40)
See Pears and Shields (2019, p.45) for examples on how to cite conference papers published in journals
The title of the article is not italicized, only the title of the journal. As with edited book chapters, the article’s title is placed inside single quotations.
Do not use ‘&’ in place of ‘and’
Journal articles are published in-print, in-print and online, or online-only (i.e. e-journals). For journals published online, it is common to include the following information: either a DOI or ‘Available at: URL (Accessed: date)’ (see examples in Pears and Shields, 2019, pp. 39-41). This is not necessary if there is an in-print version of the journal, but should technically be included for online-only e-journals
As it can be difficult to know whether a journal article has been published in-print, you will not be penalized for failing to include a DOI or URL
In general, DOI is preferred to URL. You will also not be penalized for including DOI or URL where it is not required
This format can be used for peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed journal articles

Working papers

Card, D. and Krueger, A.B. (1993) Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, NBER Working Paper Series No. 4509.

If the authors’ names are included in the body of text:

… Card and Krueger (1993)…

If citation is included at the end of a sentence:

… (Card and Krueger, 1993).

Notes:

For more examples see Pears and Shields (2019, pp. 51-52)
This format is used widely for unpublished papers: working papers, discussion papers, and briefing papers. See Pears and Shields (2019, pp.44-46) for examples on how to cite conference proceedings or papers from conference proceedings
The title of the paper is italicized
Most working papers are distributed by a research organization, which will have a series title. For example, the NBER Working Paper series and the IZA Discussion Paper series. In this instance, the paper will be given a number (or date), which should be included in the bibliography
You may choose to include a DOI or URL if the working paper has not been distributed by a research organization

Published reports

Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2022) Public Sector Employment, UK: June 2022. ONS website, statistical bulletin

One can include the URL

Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2022) Public Sector Employment, UK: June 2022. ONS website, statistical bulletin. Available at: Public sector employment, UK - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)

If the organization’s name is included in the body of text:

… ONS (2022)…

If citation is included at the end of a sentence:

… (ONS, 2022).

Notes:

The title of the report is italicized
You may introduce an acronym for the name of the organization that can then be used in the citations. It is better to use acronyms when the publishing organization is well known by that acronym. In Economics, readers will be familiar with the IMF as an acronym for the International Monetary Fund, but not WB as an acronym for the World Bank. The UN, OECD, ONS, and HMRC are other examples of commonly referenced acronyms
See Pears and Shields (2019, p. 52) for examples on how to cite company reports

¹ Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) Cite Them Right: The Essential Referencing Guide. 11th rev. edn. London: Red Globe Press

² Pears and Shields (2019) use et al. only when there are four or more authors. We suggest using et al. when there are three or more authors
³ Pears and Shields (2019) includes examples with et al. in the reference list. The discussion on page 29 notes that the inclusion of et al. in the reference list depends on the preference of the institution. At Warwick, we would prefer you to include all authors names in the reference list

Harvard (Warwick Philosophy) Quick Guide

Good referencing protects you from plagiarism.

Reference type	Reference in your bibliography	Citation in your text	Notes
Book	Surname, First Name (year of publication) Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. e.g., Annas, Julia (1981) An Introduction to Plato’s Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.	[‘quotation’ or your own words] (Annas 1981: 50) Annas (1981: 50) argues that [‘quotation’ or your own words]	You can reference both print books and their electronic equivalents this way, but note that the normal expectation is that you give a page reference to the page where the relevant text appears in the printed book. You can usually find out about this from the pdf version of the text, or the publisher will insert the page numbers in the electronic text.
Journal article	Surname, First Name (year of publication) ‘Title of Article.’ Title of Journalvolume number (issue number): page range. e.g., Chappell, Sophie-Grace (1993) ‘The Virtues of Thrasymachus.’ Phronesis 38 (1): 1–17.	[‘quotation’ or your own words] (Chappell 1993: 12) Chappell (1993: 12) concludes that [‘quotation’ or your own words]	You can reference both print articles and their electronic equivalents this way. Typically, you can find out about page numbers from the pdf version of the text. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and /or page numbers may not be available. In that case, follow the advice under ‘Web page’ below.
Book chapter	Author Surname, Author First Name (year of publication) ‘Title of Chapter.’ In: Editor Name ed. Title of edited book. Place of publication: Publisher. e.g., Barney, Rachel (2006) ‘Socrates’ Refutation of Thrasymachus.’ In: G. Santas ed. Blackwell Guide to Plato’s Republic. Oxford: Blackwell.	[‘quotation’ or your own words] (Barney 2006: 45) Barney (2006: 45) objects that [‘quotation’ or your own words]	Give the chapter details followed by the book details. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end.
Edited collection	Surname, First Name ed. (year of publication) Title of Edited Collection. Place of publication: Publisher. e.g., Fine, Gail ed. (1999) Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul. >Oxford: Oxford University Press.	[your own words] (Fine 1999) Fine (1999) contains a number of contributions to recent debates about x.	If you are quoting from or drawing on a chapter from an edited book, use the directions under ‘Book chapter’ above, as it should always be clear to your reader who the particular author of the piece you are discussing is. Use the advice in this row only when trying to direct your reader to a resource containing a number of relevant papers.
Web page	Author Surname, Author Name (year of publication) ‘Title of Article’ Title of Publication. [online] Available from: web address (date accessed) e.g., Burnyeat, M. F. (1997) ‘Culture and Society in Plato’s Republic.’Tanner Lectures on Human Values. [online] Available from: https://tavaana.org/sites/default/files/Burnyeat99.pdf (Accessed 05 January 2021).	[‘quotation’ or your own words] (Burnyeat 1997: 217) Burnyeat (1997: 217) claims that [‘quotation’ or your own words]	If there are no page numbers, indicate the section or paragraph. Some websites have their own guidance for how to cite their articles, e.g., the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy.

Example bibliography

Annas, Julia (1981) An Introduction to Plato’s Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Barney, Rachel (2006) ‘Socrates’ Refutation of Thrasymachus.’ In: G. Santas ed. Blackwell Guide to Plato’s Republic. Oxford: Blackwell.

Burnyeat, M. F. (1997) ‘Culture and Society in Plato’s Republic.’ Tanner Lectures on Human Values. [online] Available from: https://tavaana.org/sites/default/files/Burnyeat99.pdf (Accessed 05 January 2021).

Chappell, Sophie-Grace (1993) ‘The Virtues of Thrasymachus.’ Phronesis38 (1): 1–17.

Fine, Gail ed. (1999) Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Note: The bibliography is presented in ascending alphabetical order by author surname. The bibliography is not included in the wordcount. Everything else is included in the wordcount, including citations (whether they are in-text, footnotes, or endnotes).

Useful resources

MHRA

MHRA is a footnote style commonly used in the Humanities. Superscript numbers are placed in the body of the text, and corresponding notes are placed at the end of each page to cite the resources used.

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Warwick Library MHRA Quick Guide

Warwick Library MHRA Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)

Reference type	Reference in your bibliography	Citation in your text	Notes
Book	Peter Jarvis, Globalisation, Lifelong Learning and the Learning Society: Sociological Perspectives (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. xii, 238.	Only include the edition if it is not the first edition. If there is more than one place of publication, cite the first.	Jarvis argues that…¹ Lifelong learning is key for an effective learning society.¹ “Quotation.”¹
Journal article	Philip G Altbach and Jane Knight, 'The Internationalization of Higher Education: Motivations and Realities', Journal of Studies in International Education, 11 (2007), 290-305.	You can reference both print articles and their electronic equivalents this way. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and/or page numbers may not be available. You will need to add in the URL/DOI and date accessed. Do not include pp. for page numbers for journal articles.	Altbach and Knight note that…2 The internationalization of higher education is very important.2 “Quotation.”2
Edited book	Globalisation and Europeanisation in Education, ed. by Roger Dale and Susan L. Robertson (Oxford: Symposium Books, 2009), p. 264.	Indicate that the book is edited. Include p. for page numbers for book sections.	Dale and Robertson indicated that…3 We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system.3 “Quotation.”3
Electronic book	International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research global Pedagogies and Policies ed. by Joseph I. Zajda (Dordrecht: Springer, 2005), p. 1. Springer ebook.	Indicate that this is an e-book and the provider of the e-book.	Zajda argues that…4 Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important.4 Zajda concludes, “Quotation.”4
Book chapter	Christine Twigg, 'Overseas Students in Higher Education', in Globalisation, Education and Culture Shock, ed. by Cedric Cullingford and Stanley Gunn (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), pp. 86-106	Give the chapter details followed by the book details. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end, with pp. included.	Twigg argues that…5 Overseas students are vital to success of higher education.5 Twigg concludes, “Quotation.”5
Report	N. V. Varghese, 'Globalization of Higher Education and Cross-Border Student Mobility', in Research Papers IIEP (Paris: Unesco, 2008).	You may find that a report does not have individual authors but is written by an organization. This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick. Always use the full corporate author name. Note that the corporate author is often the publisher as well.	Varghese reports that…6 Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential.6 It is essential that, “Quotation.”6
Web page	Sean Coughlan, 'Iran's Students to Have US Online Courses', BBC News, 4 June 2014, <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27637817> [Accessed 09 September 2014].	If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author. If there are no page numbers, indicate the paragraph.	Coughlan is concerned that…7 Iranian students can now access some US online courses.7 Coughlan states, “Quotation.”7

General notes

Note that in a bibliography you reverse the order of the author’s name, putting the surname first, and list the references alphabetically, by author surnames.

Useful resources

MLA

MLA is an author-date style commonly used in literature or language studies. In-text citations consist of the author surname in brackets.

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Warwick Library MLA Quick Guide

Warwick Library MLA Quick Guide (PDF Document) (non-accessible PDF for download or print)

Reference type	Reference in your bibliography	Citation in your text	Notes
Book	Jarvis, Peter. Globalisation, Lifelong Learning and the Learning Society: Sociological Perspectives. Routledge, 2007.	You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. Only include the edition if it is not the first edition. MLA 8th edition no longer includes place of publication.	Jarvis argues that… Lifelong learning is a key component of an effective learning society (Jarvis 78). “Quotation” (Jarvis 78).
Journal article	Altbach, Philip G, and Jane Knight. "The Internationalization of Higher Education: Motivations and Realities." Journal of studies in international education, vol. 11, no. 3-4, 2007, pp. 290-305.	You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. If the article is in an electronic format, you will also need to add in the URL or DOI and the date accessed.	Altbach and Knight note that… The internationalization of higher education is very important (Altbach and Kirk 292). “Quotation” (Altbach and Kirk 292).
Edited book	Dale, Roger, and Susan L. Robertson, editors. Globalisation and Europeanisation in Education. Symposium Books, 2009.	You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. Indicate that the book is edited. “Editors” is written in full in the 8th edition of the MLA style.	Dale and Robertson indicated that… We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system (Dale and Robertson 45). “Quotation” (Dale and Robertson 45).
Electronic book	Zajda, Joseph I. International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research global Pedagogies and Policies. Springer, 2005. doi:10.1007/1-4020-2960-8. Accessed 30 Sep. 2014.	You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. The 8th edition of the MLA style includes the DOI or permanent URL, as well as the accessed date.	Zajda argues that… Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important (Zajda 44). Zajda (44) concludes, “Quotation”
Book chapter	Twigg, Christine. "Overseas Students in Higher Education." Globalisation, Education and Culture Shock, edited by Cedric Cullingford and Stanley Gunn, Ashgate, 2005, pp. 86-106.	You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. Give the chapter details followed by the book details. “Edited by” is written in full in the 8th edition of the MLA style. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end.	Twigg argues that… Overseas students are vital to success of higher education (Twigg 92). Twigg (92) concludes, “Quotation”
Report	Varghese, N.V. Globalization of Higher Education and Cross-Border Student Mobility. Unesco, 2008.	You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. You may find that a report is written by an organization. This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick. Always use the full corporate author name. The corporate author is often the publisher as well.	Varghese reports that… Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential (Vargehese 5). t is essential that, “Quotation” (Varghese 5).
Web page	Coughlan, Sean. "Iran's Students to Have US Online Courses." BBC News, 4 Jun. 2014. www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27637817. Accessed 9 Sep. 2014.	You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. The 8th edition of the MLA style includes the DOI or permanent URL, as well as the accessed date. If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author.	Coughlan is concerned that… Iranian students can now access some US online courses (Coughlan paragraph 3). Coughlan (Paragraph 3) states, “Quotation”.

Reference type

Reference in your bibliography

Citation in your text

Notes

Book

Jarvis, Peter. Globalisation, Lifelong

Learning and the Learning Society: Sociological Perspectives. Routledge, 2007.

You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

Only include the edition if it is not the first edition.

MLA 8th edition no longer includes place of publication.

Jarvis argues that…

Lifelong learning is a key component of an effective learning society (Jarvis 78).

“Quotation” (Jarvis 78).

Journal article

Altbach, Philip G, and Jane Knight. "The

Internationalization of Higher Education: Motivations and Realities." Journal of studies in international education, vol. 11, no. 3-4, 2007, pp. 290-305.

You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

If the article is in an electronic format, you will also need to add in the URL or DOI and the date accessed.

Altbach and Knight note that…

The internationalization of higher education is very important (Altbach and Kirk 292).

“Quotation” (Altbach and Kirk 292).

Edited book

Dale, Roger, and Susan L. Robertson,

editors. Globalisation and Europeanisation in Education. Symposium Books, 2009.

You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

Indicate that the book is edited. “Editors” is written in full in the 8th edition of the MLA style.

Dale and Robertson indicated that…

We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system (Dale and Robertson 45).

“Quotation” (Dale and Robertson 45).

Electronic book

Zajda, Joseph I. International Handbook

on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research global Pedagogies and Policies. Springer, 2005. doi:10.1007/1-4020-2960-8. Accessed 30 Sep. 2014.

You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

The 8th edition of the MLA style includes the DOI or permanent URL, as well as the accessed date.

Zajda argues that…

Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important (Zajda 44).

Zajda (44) concludes, “Quotation”

Book chapter

Twigg, Christine. "Overseas Students in

Higher Education." Globalisation, Education and Culture Shock, edited by Cedric Cullingford and Stanley Gunn, Ashgate, 2005, pp. 86-106.

You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

Give the chapter details followed by the book details. “Edited by” is written in full in the 8th edition of the MLA style. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end.

Twigg argues that…

Overseas students are vital to success of higher education (Twigg 92).

Twigg (92) concludes,
“Quotation”

Report

Varghese, N.V. Globalization of Higher

Education and Cross-Border Student Mobility. Unesco, 2008.

You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

You may find that a report is written by an organization.

This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick.

Always use the full corporate author name. The corporate author is often the publisher as well.

Varghese reports that…

Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential (Vargehese 5).

t is essential that,
“Quotation” (Varghese 5).

Web page

Coughlan, Sean. "Iran's Students to Have

US Online Courses." BBC News, 4 Jun. 2014.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27637817. Accessed 9 Sep. 2014.

You need to indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

The 8th edition of the MLA style includes the DOI or permanent URL, as well as the accessed date.

If there is no author, use Anon.

Remember, it may be a corporate author.

Coughlan is concerned that…

Iranian students can now access some US online courses (Coughlan paragraph 3).

Coughlan (Paragraph 3) states, “Quotation”.

General notes

MLA reference lists indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

The latest, 8th edition of the MLA style guide contains a number of changes from previous versions. These include omitting the place of publication for books and including the DOI or URL for electronic sources. If you need more guidance, please look at the OWL Purdue MLA Formatting and Style Guide or ask your Academic Support Librarian for help.

Useful resources

Oscola

Oscola stands for Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities. It is designed to facilitate accurate citation of authorities, legislation, and other legal materials.

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Useful resources

RSC/ACS

RSC and ACS are referencing styles commonly used in Chemistry.

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RSC/ACS Quick Guides

Warwick Library RSC Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)
Warwick Library ACS Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)

RSC

Reference type	Reference in your bibliography	Citation in your text	Notes
Book	G. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, Wiley, Hoboken N.J., 4th edn, 2004.	Use initials for the author’s first name. Only include the edition if not the first edition.	Odian argues that… ¹ Polymerization is… ¹ “Quotation” ¹
Edited book	Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions, ed. F. Diederich, P. J. Stang, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999.	If a reference has 2 authors, give both names joined “and”. If a reference has more than 2 authors, give only the first name listed, followed by “et al.” For co-authors use “and colleagues”.	Diederich et al. argues that…² The role of metal-catalyzed methods … ² “Quotation” ²
Book chapter in an authored book	P. W. Atkins and J. de Paula, Atkins’ Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 9th edn, 2010, ch. 22, pp. 831-875	The page numbers (pp.) go at the end.	Atkins and De Paula argue that…³ The definition of enthalpy may appear arbitrary.³ “Quotation” ³
Book chapter in an edited book	T. N. Mitchell, Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions, ed. F. Diederich and P. J. Stang, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999, ch. 4, pp. 167-202.	If there is one, indicate the series number or information after “Ed.” The page numbers (pp.) go at the end.	Mitchell argues that…⁴ The role of metal-catalyzed methods …⁴ “Quotation”⁴
Thesis	A. Alzhrani, PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 2011.	Indicate the level field (e.g. Ma/PhD), the university name and the year of completion.	Alzhrani argues that…⁶ Formation of hydrophilic polymer brushes…⁶ “Quotation” ⁶
Journal article	R. Chen, D. J. G. Pearce, S. Fortuna, D. L. Cheung and S. A. F. Bon, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 2151.	Note that journal titles are abbreviated. For more information refer to the CAS Source Index (CASSI) search tool: http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp Some journals do not number pages continuously through issues that make up a volume, i.e. each issue begins at p. 1. For such journals the issue number must be included. If you cannot locate an authoritative abbreviation for a journal, you should include the full title.	Chen et al. argue that…⁵ The fabrication of polymer vesicles…⁵ “Quotation” ⁵
Web page	IUPAC Polymer Education Website, https://iupac.org/polymer-edu/, (accessed 16 June 2017).	If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author.	According to IUPAC ⁷, … Polymers are named…⁷ “Quotation” ⁷

General notes

ACS

Reference type	Reference in your bibliography	Citation in your text	Notes
Book	Odian, G. Principles of Polymerization, 4th ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2004.	Use initials for the author’s first name. Only include the edition if not the first edition.	You may cite references in text in 3 different ways but must remain consistent throughout your work: 1. By superscript numbers¹ 2. By italic numbers in parentheses (1) 3. By author name and year (Odian, 2004)
Edited book	Diederich, F; Stang, P. J. Eds.; Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 1999.	If a reference has 2 authors, give both names joined “and”. If a reference has more than 2 authors, give only the first name listed, followed by “et al.” For co-authors use “and colleagues”.	Choose one of the following: Cross-coupling reactions are…² Cross-coupling reactions are …(2) … (Diederich and Stang, 1999)
Book chapter in an authored book	Atkins, P.W; de Paula, J. Atkins’ Physical Chemistry, 9th ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2010, pp. 831-875.	The page numbers (pp.) go at the end.	Choose one of the following: Atkins and De Paula argue that…³ Atkins and De Paula (3) argue that… … (Atkins and De Paula, 2010)
Book chapter in an edited book	Mitchell, T. N. Organotin Reagents in Cross-Coupling. In Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions; Diederich, F; Stang, P. J., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 1999, pp. 167-202.	If there is one, indicate the series number or information after “Ed.” The page numbers (pp.) go at the end.	Choose one of the following: Mitchell argues that…⁴ Mitchell (4) argues that… … (Mitchell, 1999)
Journal article	Chen, R; Pearce, D. J. G; Fortuna, S; Cheung, D. L; Bon, S. A. F. Polymer Vesicles with a Colloidal Armor of Nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, pp. 21512153.	Note that journal titles are abbreviated. For more information refer to the CAS Source Index (CASSI) search tool: http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp Some journals do not number pages continuously through issues that make up a volume, i.e. each issue begins at p. 1. For such journals the issue number must be included. If you cannot locate an authoritative abbreviation for a journal, you should include the full title.	Chen et al. argue that…⁵ Chen et al. (5) argue that… … (Chen et al., 2011)
Thesis	Alzhrani, A. PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 2011.	Indicate the level field (e.g. Ma/PhD), the university name and the year of completion.	Choose one of the following: 1. Alzhrani argues that…⁶ 2. Alzhrani (6) argues that… 3. … (Alzhrani, 2011)
Web page	IUPAC Polymer Education Website. https://iupac.org/polymer-edu/ (accessed 16 June 2017).	If there is no author, use Anon. Remember, it may be a corporate author.	Choose one of the following: According to IUPAC ⁷, According to IUPAC (7), … Polymers are named… (IUPAC, 2017)

General notes

Useful resources

Vancouver

Vancouver is a numbered referencing style. There are variations of the Vancouver style, for example the numbers may be in superscript or brackets and repeated references may be given a new number or use the number previously allocated to the source.

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Warwick Library Vancouver Quick Guide

Warwick Library Vancouver Quick Guide (non-accessible PDF for download or print)

Reference type	Reference in your bibliography	Citation in your text	Notes
Book	1. Jarvis P. Globalisation, lifelong learning and the learning society: sociological perspectives. London: Routledge; 2007.	Only include the edition if it is not the first edition. Add the edition information after the title. If there is more than one place of publication, cite the first.	Lifelong learning is a key component of an effective learning society (1). “Quotation” (1, p78).
Journal article	2. Altbach PG, Knight J. The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education. 2007;11(3-4):290-305.	You can reference both print articles and their electronic equivalents this way. If the article only exists in an electronic format, volume, issue and / or page numbers may not be available. You will need to add in the URL or DOI and the date accessed.	The internationalization of higher education is very important (2). “Quotation” (2, p292).
Edited book	3. Dale R, Robertson SL, editors. Globalisation and europeanisation in education. Oxford: Symposium Books; 2009.	Indicate that the book is edited.	We are witnessing an increasing Europeanisation of the education system (3). “Quotation” (3, p45).
Electronic book	4. Zajda JI. International handbook on globalisation, education and policy research global pedagogies and policies. [online] Dordrecht: Springer; 2005. [cited 2017 May 3] Available from: http://0- dx.doi.org.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac. uk/10.1007/1-4020-2960-8.	Indicate that this is an e-book by using [online]. Include the URL and access date.	Developing global research pedagogies will become increasingly important (4). “Quotation” (4, p44).
Book chapter	5. Twigg C. Overseas students in higher education. In: Cullingford C, Gunn S, editors. Globalisation, education and culture shock. Aldershot: Ashgate Pub.; 2005. p. 86-106.	Give the chapter details followed by the book details. The page numbers of the chapter go at the end.	Overseas students are vital to success of higher education (5). “Quotation” (5, p92)
Report	6. Varghese NV. Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; 2008.	You may find that a report does not have individual authors but is written by an organization. This is a corporate author, for example, The University of Warwick. Always use the full corporate author name. The corporate author is often the publisher as well.	Encouraging cross-border student mobility is essential (6). “Quotation” (6, p5).
Web page	7. Coughlan S. Iran's students to have US online courses [online]. If there is no author, use Anon. Iranian students can now access some US online courses (7). London: BBC; 2014 [cited 2014 Sep Remember, it may be a corporate 09]. Available from: author. “Quotation” (7, paragraph 3) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/busine ss-27637817	If there are no page numbers, indicate the paragraph.	Iranian students can now access some US online courses (7). “Quotation” (7, paragraph 3)

General notes

Useful resources

Note that these sources may differ from each other in minor points of detail.