Blog Post 20

 

26 November 2024

While the period of funded project leave has ended, research activities continue. In early November, reading week provided an opportunity to conduct field work in the Czech Republic, kindly facilitated by a lecture invitation and preparatory work of two anthropologist colleagues at West Bohemia University, Gabriela Fatková & Tereza Šlehoferová (pictured). They set up a meeting with communal officials at Dolní Lukavice, where documents were placed in spheres on top of two different church towers in 2009 and 2020 as well as in a staircase of the village hall in 2018 (photos). Just a short train journey away, I then had the opportunity to present some ideas on the role of building workers in capsule deposits to the early modern seminar at the University of Regensburg and, reflecting a previous research interest in public houses, try out the city’s ‘sausage kitchen’ with roots stretching back to the Middle Ages.

Pilsen & Regensburg

 

Blog Post 18: A New Project Website in German

2 September 2024

 

The short url for the site is:
https://towercapsules.warwick.ac.uk/

To date, the phenomenon of tower capsule deposits appears restricted to (former) German lands in Central Europe, so it seems sensible to disseminate research findings to – and invite feedback from –the respective communities more directly. Today marks the launch of an Omeka S project website in German. It has been developed with Sarah Roggendorf and Godwin Yeboah (Warwick Research Technology Platforms) and depicts existing data in a complementary fashion. For the first time, it is possible to see ALL tower sites together on a map of Europe (on the homepage), while dedicated sections for the regional case studies visualize the chronological sequence of first deposits (on scrollable timelines as well as grouped by centuries). It is hoped that this online presence raises the project’s profile and manages to engage audiences beyond the Anglophone world.

Blog Post 17: Case study 4?

8 August 2024

 
My Göttingen colleague & advisory board member Arnd Reitemeier has long suspected that Lower Saxony might prove a fertile hunting ground for the project. So, when it turned out that there were some funds left in the travel kitty, a July trip to church archives in Hanover and Wolfenbüttel seemed a good idea.

The former – more specifically: the Kunstreferat of the Landeskirche – offered the chance to go through a rare illustrated catalogue of different types of tower-top ornamentations (crosses, weathervanes, spheres …, in numerous combinations), while the latter has assembled a dedicated collection documenting nearly a hundred tower capsule sites in the territory of the Brunswick Lutheran church.

Alongside, the Landeskirchliches Archiv Wolfenbüttel (LAW) stores material culture associated with the custom, e.g. various kinds of cartridges (metal tubes and boxes, but - at Klein Flöthe - also bottles of bubbly) and even a decommissioned tower sphere itself (from the parish of Scheppau; see pictures in the final box). The pickings were so rich that they raise the possibility of creating a fourth regional case study – the provisional map below (click on it to enlarge) illustrates just how dense the survival is.
 

Work-in-progress map of sites in the Brunswick region.

Material culture in the LAW

Pics: BK, used with kind permission from LAW.

Blog Post 16: Mysteries & Surprises

15 July 2024

When looking over the now pretty substantial media coverage of the project, it's clear that journalists & broadcasters find the 'secrets' that many capsules hold particularly intriguing. The stories and objects mysteriously hidden away high up in the sky seem to prompt the biggest interest among wider audiences. The latest radio feature and supporting online article explore aspects like how big a proportion of spheres hold any content (perhaps half?) and which finds figure among the most 'curious' items discovered so far (the turtle deposited at Zurich's Fraumünster church in the nineteenth century being among everbody's favourites, even sparking scientific interest).

In terms of 'regular' project activities, last week saw the third and final workshop, which provided valuable feedback on these pages, a (planned) companion site aimed at a Germanic audience as well as some of the emerging themes outlined in post #15. I am very grateful to colleagues from Erfurt, Leipzig, Roma Tre, Sheffield and Warwick who generously took time to discuss research progress.

 
Pic: For Swiss radio SRF 2 Kultur, it's the element of surprise that makes tower capsules fascinating.

Blog Post 15: Emerging Themes

30 June 2024

 

Having read numerous works, visited multiple places and collected plenty of data, what are the emerging themes that may be worth pursuing in various forms of dissemination? In all projects, I guess, anticipated priorities shift in the course of conducting the actual work and this one is no different. The original ambition of ‘comprehensive’ coverage of sites, deposits and interpretations now appears over-ambitious for a single researcher. While substantial inroads have been made for the general phenomenon on the one hand and the three case studies of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Vorarlberg and Zurich on the other, there are regions which remain rather underexplored at the moment. Over the next few months, some of the most glaring holes might yet be plugged, but it increasingly looks as if a collaborative / interdisciplinary follow-on initiative would be needed to arrive at overarching conclusions for the German lands as a whole.

 

Still, some thematic priorities for exploration over the summer can be identified: the specific place of tower capsules in the wider deposit culture of the premodern period; the migration of the custom to areas of Germanic settlement in (south-)eastern Europe; and a scalar analysis of macro / meso / micro components of the self-representations placed into golden spheres from the Middle Ages to the present. Time to get started!

 

 

Golden spheres abound in many European settings
(as here on top of St Mary le Strand in London)
but it remains something of a mystery why filling them
with deposits appears restricted to the German lands. Pic: BK.

Blog Post 14: 'Parish Memory' - the Project Conference

16 May 2024

The 22nd Warwick Symposium on Parish Research, co-organized with Miia Kuha (Jyväskylä University / My-Parish Fellow) and Warwick research students Angus Crawford & Kristi Flake, doubled up as the project conference this year. Support from the Gerda Henkel Foundation and Warwick's Humanities Research Centre allowed us to invite Katalin Szende (Central European University) as our keynote speaker. Her address on 'The Parish as a Place of Memory in Medieval Central Europe' (pictured) featured the region's distinctive 'wall chronicles', yielding intriguing links to the records in my contribution ('Conceal to Connect', exploring the place of tower capsules in the wider deposit culture of the German lands), while 14 further papers covered sources, concepts and case studies relating to different parts of Europe right up to the present. The hybrid format enabled some 40 researchers from eight countries to participate in the proceedings.

Assembling such an international group of delegates at different career stages (ranging from postgraduate students via independent scholars and postdocs to senior academics) affords the opportunity for fruitful general reflections on the day's findings. This year's conclusions focused on the fluidity, manipulation and loss of memory on the one hand, and the overlapping layers of individual, collective and universal recollections on the other. The full programme, abstracts of all papers and (shortly) a conference report can be accessed from the Symposium homepage.

Blog Post 13:
A busy week

24 April 2024

A conference on images of the European peasantry held at Lublin on 16-17 April (see poster) afforded a welcome opportunity to present preliminary project findings to an international audience. As it happens, there were lots of golden tower spheres to admire in the skyline of this charming city, too, e.g. on top of the Kraków gate (pictured), the town hall, Trinitarian tower and St John Baptist Cathedral (alongside ruins of Lublin’s first parish church of St Michael, which occupy an entire square in the centre).

All of these spheres appear to be empty, in contrast to a few in communities with Germanic connections elsewhere in the country (18thC deposits have come to light e.g. at Wschowie / Fraustadt, which Polish colleagues kindly alerted me to).

Alongside, it is pleasing to see continued press interest. Over the last few days, I have spoken to a number of journalist from different countries, one of which has since published an online article on possible ‘hidden treasures’ for Germany’s largest tabloid.
 

 

Above: A moment of anticipation in the (cosy) Lavater lounge opposite St Peter's church in Zurich on 13 March 2024: what might be in this intriguing package kept in the parish archive? Pic: BK.

 

Pic left: The present tower of the village church at Fällanden was added in 1933 (building history). Previously, deposits had been made in a sphere on a roof turret on no fewer than 8 occasions.

Blog Post 12:
Rounding off Research

25 March 2024

Earlier this month I returned to the Canton of Zurich to see some sources which had been inaccessible back in the autumn. One set was in the newly opened central archive of all the capital's Reformed parishes, another in the nearby rural community of Fällanden (including a craftsmen note from 1600). The highlights were 6 small lead plates engraved between 1505-1641. Now preserved in a cigar box (!) at St Peter in Zurich, they provided me with the first opportunity to study metal deposits in the original.

Last week brought helpful discussions with advisory board members, who encouraged a move from data gathering to interpretation, while the Munich daily Süddeutsche Zeitung featured project materials relating to Bavaria.

Fällanden church. Pic: BK.

 

'Tower Capsules' reviewed: James Brown (Sheffield), Chris Langley (Open University), Tom Pert (Warwick), Luca Scholz (Manchester) and Felicita Tramontana (Roma 3) kindly agreed to assess project progress so far.

Blog Post 11 - Workshop II: Data

20 February 2024

Over the last few months, the project's emphasis has been on field work. Visits to archives, libraries and sites have yielded plenty of information on locations (over 1300 at the last count), deposit chronologies (from the late 14thC to the present) and contents of tower capsules (from brief written notes to multimedia packages). First attempts to process case study data have been made available on the ‘sites & distribution’ section, using Google Maps based on Excel spreadsheets (the 'start-up' package identified back in September; see Blog Post 4 below). It was thus very helpful to get further feedback during PROJECT WORKSHOP II held in hybrid format last week. Digital Humanities practitioners and researchers with extensive dissemination experience advised on software options, related sites (including ‘The Concealed Revealed’, addressing comparable customs from the finders’ perspective) and further analytical tools. On the whole, the comments were encouraging and I’m indebted to all colleagues for sharing their impressions and ideas so generously.

Memories in the Making

Just a few days ago, I got the rare chance to participate in a tower capsule filling ceremony myself. It took place at the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine in Neuwied / German Rhineland, where hailstorm damage had necessitated major repairs to the church.

 
On the night, we started off in the workshop of the craftsmen – Peter Gampp & Sezai Dani – who are currently re-painting and -gilding the globe, weathervane (carrying the date of 1784, when the Kirchensaal was built as part of a settlement scheme granting Moravian Brethren a quadrangle in the Prince of Wied’s newly-founded town) and morning star (symbolizing Christ at the very top of the turret). They had all last been restored in 1972 - remarkably by Karl Gampp, the father of today’s painter - and the deposits from that occasion were duly found at the capsule-opening back in December.

Then, at the ceremony in the packed assembly hall, attended by heritage / museum experts and covered by the local media, pastor Christoph Huss (pictured) kindly invited me to say a few words on the history of the phenomenon. The highlight followed when a range of new items – including a fresh 'charter' (calligraphically written on stone paper), postcard, copy of the Rhein Zeitung and set of Euro coins – were carefully fitted in the protective cartridge (in fact a piece of drainpipe!) to be placed inside & set up with the globe upon completion of all roofing work.

Blog Post 10

6 February 2024

For me, it was a privilege to get up close & personal with a real tower sphere, find out more about the Herrnhuter community (with roots in 15thC Bohemia), witness the custom at the core of my project actually practiced and a total surprise to be presented with a specially commissioned gilded micro globe as part of the proceedings!

Blog Post 9

22 January 2024

Ex voto painting, commissioned in gratitude for the healing of an animal in 1683, displayed at the pilgrimage church of Bildstein overlooking the Rhine valley. Pic: BK.

Another change of scenery – this time field work has taken me to western Austria. Vorarlberg enriches the project for many reasons: Alpine setting, rich cultural exchange – it borders on Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland – and agricultural heritage mixed with early industrialization (the 1893 tower capsule document of Bürs near Bludenz records longstanding tensions between the commune and powerful factory owners). Perhaps most striking of all, compared to Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Zurich, is the Catholic spirituality which still pervades the scenery: wayside chapels & crosses, religious houses, frequent sounding of bells, numerous pilgrimage sites and votive paintings (pictured). Direct invocations of God’s might appear a little less prominent in the chronicles here, but they come with a great range of devotional supplements: images of saints, prayers, relics and indulgences. A nice fusion of academic, monastic and customary dimensions can be found at the Vorarlberger Landesbibliothek in Bregenz, where a deposit was made for the first time just a few decades ago, even though the tower sphere had been found empty when opened in 1992.

Vorarlberg

(Austria)

The dome over the former abbey church of the Gallusstift, now a reading room of the Vorarlberger Landesbibliothek. A tower ball deposit was made here thirty-two years ago. Pic: BK.

Blog Post 8: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

23 November 2023

 
Straight after a first dissemination opportunity, a lecture on ‘Parishes & Plurality’ for the POLY research college at Frankfurt a.M. (which provided encouraging feedback), Field Trip 2 has brought me to Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in northern Germany. Compared to Zurich, there are equally beautiful landscapes, but the region is more sparsely populated, punctuated by large forests and entirely flat!

Apart from enjoyable trips to several sites in the lake district and notable Hanseatic cities like Stralsund & Rostock, archival visits have yielded gems like original tower chronicles (at the Kirchenkreisarchiv Mecklenburg, in the case of Ankershagen parish complete with the – rather rusty - metal cartridge in which it was placed) and detailed documentation for the building of a new tower (PICTURED) at the Marienkirche in picturesque Alt-Röbel during the 1850s (at the Landeshauptarchiv Schwerin, shedding light on the compilation process and associated costs, including for ‘calligraphic writing’). Today it's the turn of Stralsund's city archive promising a range of parchment deposits and inscribed metal plates from its tower capsule sites.

From Gersau, meanwhile, came the news that our filming there last month for a Gerda Henkel video series has made the regional newspaper (see the article in the Schwyz daily Bote der Urschweiz).

Blog post 7: Contextual Evidence

3 November 2023

Running around historic sites yields collateral benefits; you may be looking for particular things – like evidence of tower capsules – but then spot a lot besides. For early modern ecclesiastical historians, the Zurich region certainly has much to offer. Atop the twin towers of the former monastic church of Rheinau on the border with Germany, for example, you find deposits not just in the golden spheres themselves, but also the trumpet angels placed above them (not to mention that, at one point, gusts of wind made their instruments sound out across the island they overlook!). At Hombrechtikon, numerous assigned pews survive in both choir (for members of the Stillstand – Zurich’s consistory) and nave (ordinary householders). Most feature the owner’s name, place of residence, year of acquisition and some even family crests (pictured is Casper Kuntz from Langacher in 1785 with a crossbow). Outside the church, on the south-west corner, the foundation stone was placed in 1758 and likely filled with deposits, too. Last but not least, in Uster’s parish archive, a visit with my film crew (sic – watch out for the video series coming in autumn 2024!) revealed not only the chronicle of 1656 we came to see, but also a copy of a previously unknown 1781 document (BELOW) flanked by corroborating evidence in the consistory records and churchwardens’ accounts of the same year.

Blog Post 6: Workshop Paper & Zurich Field Trip

18 October 2023

An early modern workshop within the Dresden-Warwick exchange provided the first opportunity to present project findings: I talked about a ‘Custom in Exile’, referring to tower capsule deposits among Transylvanian Saxons. At Mediasch in present-day Romania, these included a clandestine note from Hungarian workers in 1927, stating that they had to do all the hard jobs but were barred from adding something in their own language.

Straight after I embarked on an extended field trip to the Zurich region. Over the first few days, I visited the city’s tower capsule sites (see the panorama below); at nearby Rümlang, however, I got distracted by the legacy of Kleinjogg, an 18thC peasant pioneer of agricultural reform who gained sufficient celebrity status to attract guests like Goethe; after his first visit in 1775, the German poet wrote to a friend that he had met ‘one of the most splendid creatures that the earth has produced’! Now it's the turn of document research: at Zurich's Central Library, appropriately, the reading room looks out to the Predigerkirche, one of the sites of particular interest.

Jakob Gujer ('Kleinjogg') lived in this house at Katzenrüti, a hamlet of Rümlang near Zurich.

His innovations included better fertilization of fields, using clover for animal feed and the cultivation of potatoes.

Blog Post 5: Data Collation & Visualization

3 October 2023

Time to start thinking about standardizing & presenting some data collected for this project! Equipped with advice from advisory board and workshop discussions, I intend to use the three case studies in Austria, Germany & Switzerland as 'guinea pigs', experimenting with ways to disseminate tower capsule information (such as locations, types of buildings and references) as well as visualize the distribution of sites in different regional settings - mindful of both my technical limitations and the fact that such collations will always be 'work in progress'. Considering the main audience, textual elements appear in German.

I've had a first stab at the Zurich material (image left: screenshot from Google Maps - click on pic to get to interactive version; provisional dataLink opens in a new window) - feedback & suggestions very welcome !

As for preliminary impressions, Reformed parish churches (green symbols) predominate and the custom seems to be spread across all areas and (urban / rural) settings of the canton.

Blog Post 4: Workshop I - Planning

18 September 2023

A key element of project management is periodic review. At the outset, the formulation of clear research questions and the identification of feasible targets / methods seems particularly important.

Confronted with a complex phenomenon, extensive primary & secondary materials, diverging conceptual frameworks and numerous possible avenues to pursue, I was keen to get some peer feedback on my plans and current priorities.

I am very grateful to Chris Langley (Open University), Ulinka Rublack (Cambridge), Felicita Tramontana (Roma Tre) and Peter Wilson (Oxford) as well as Warwick Leverhulme Research Fellow Thomas Pert (Centre for the Study of the Renaissance) and my PGR student Daniel Gettings (History) for taking the time to take part in Project Workshop I, held in hybrid format on 14 September 2023, and offer their advice. Among the many helpful suggestions were new leads about English terminology (‘tower capsules’), database structure (clarification of core fields), outreach potential (via archives / museums) and visualization opportunities (offered by various software options).

The outcome left me reassured about many aspects but also with plenty of food for thought!

Blog post 3: Berlin

26 August 2023

Got through a lot of rare and some obscure materials during a trip to Berlin’s great state library, where the service is excellent and the café known for delicious cakes.

Now I think I have a good sense of edited tower capsule contents and related scholarship.

In nearly every case, there are intriguing peculiarities, be it in terms of taking down / setting up ceremonies or anticipated future developments which – for us, of course – now lie in the distant past.

In and around the capital, there are plenty of actual sites to admire (the pic shows Dom, Schloss and – to the far right – the twin towers of St Nikolai, all rebuilt after WW2, in Berlin-Mitte). St Nikolai is now a museum, which features deposits notable for numismatic treasures and recovered by chance decades after the church's WW2 destruction.

When visiting nearby Brandenburg an der Havel, on the other hand, I was sorry to find that Holy Trinity – a Catholic church known to have placed writings in its tower capsule at least in 1850 – seems to have lost the architectural feature altogether.

Blog post 2: UK Research Libraries

9 August 2023
 
Spent some time catching up on recent memory work in the Bodleian’s congenial Radcliffe Camera (pictured) and came across a couple of intriguing literary reflections of my topic when going through printed sources at the British Library: in a 1782 ‘epistle’, the personified Turmkugel of St Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna addresses a sphere overlooking the nearby church of Maria am Gestade with some observations on the ‘new world below’ (noting declining clerical power and rising lay literacy under the ‘enlightened’ reforms of Emperor Joseph II), while in Joseph von Eichendorff’s nineteenth-century short story Schloβ Dürande a Turmknopf appears – albeit fleetingly – as an incorruptible repository of law, unaffected by any violations of rights down on earth.

Gersau Parish Archive (Pics: BK)

Blog post 1: Getting Started !

12 July 2023

It’s always exciting to embark on a new project, although – to be fair – this one has been with me for a while. I first came across tower capsules during my work on imperial villages, at Gersau on Lake Lucerne about a decade ago. Here, the oldest preserved document of 1655 (pictured) opens - very typically, as it has since turned out - with an account of church repairs, but further deposits found in 1983 also included objects: a strip from the Gospel, pictures of saints and a tiny bag of relics. Why did local communities do this, which kinds of messages were selected and what did their descendants make of it? How widespread is the custom? At present, it looks as if we are dealing with a peculiarity of areas which once belonged to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

Ever since, I have looked up prominent buildings to watch out for the – often gilded – metal spheres which may or may not hold information from the past and, whenever there was a chance, searched library catalogues and archival holdings for related evidence. By now, nearly 1000 sites with known deposits have made it into my ‘work in progress’ database (see some examples here). Over the next academic year, I’ll attempt to investigate the phenomenon more thoroughly, look forward to interacting with local communities and am very grateful to the Gerda Henkel Foundation for making this possible.